Mbiri ya Cello

Cello ndi chida choimbira, gulu la zingwe, mwachitsanzo, kuyimba, chinthu chapadera choyendetsa pazingwe chimafunika - uta. Kawirikawiri ndodo iyi imapangidwa ndi matabwa ndi ubweya wa akavalo. Palinso njira yosewera ndi zala, momwe zingwe "zimadulidwa". Amatchedwa pizzicato. Cello ndi chida chokhala ndi zingwe zinayi za makulidwe osiyanasiyana. Chingwe chilichonse chili ndi zolemba zake. Poyamba, zingwezo zinkapangidwa kuchokera ku ndowe za nkhosa, kenako n’kukhala chitsulo.

Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa cello kumatha kuwoneka mu fresco ndi Gaudenzio Ferrari kuyambira 1535-1536. Dzina lomwelo "cello" adatchulidwa m'gulu la soneti la J.Ch. Arresti mu 1665.

Ngati titembenukira ku Chingerezi, ndiye kuti dzina la chidacho likumveka motere - cello kapena violoncello. Kuchokera pa izi zikuwonekeratu kuti cello ndi yochokera ku liwu la Chiitaliya "violoncello", lomwe limatanthauza bass yaing'ono iwiri.

Pang'onopang'ono cello mbiri

Potsata mbiri ya mapangidwe a chida choweramirachi, njira zotsatirazi pakupangidwira kwake zimasiyanitsidwa:

1) Ma cello oyamba amatchulidwa cha m'ma 1560, ku Italy. Mlengi wawo anali Andrea Mati. Kenaka chidacho chinagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida choimba, nyimbo zinkachitidwa pansi pake kapena chida china.

2) Komanso, Paolo Magini ndi Gasparo da Salo (zaka za XVI-XVII) adagwira ntchito yofunikira. Wachiwiri wa iwo adatha kubweretsa chidacho pafupi ndi chomwe chilipo m'nthawi yathu ino.

3) Koma zolakwa zonse zinathetsedwa ndi mbuye wamkulu wa zida zoimbira zingwe, Antonio Stradivari. Mu 1711, adapanga Cello ya Duport, yomwe pakadali pano imatengedwa ngati chida choimbira chokwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lapansi.

4) Giovanni Gabrieli (chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17) adayamba kupanga ma sonata ndi ma ricercars a cello. Munthawi ya Baroque, Antonio Vivaldi ndi Luigi Boccherini adalemba ma suites a chida ichi.

5) Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 18 adakhala pachimake cha kutchuka kwa zida zoweramira, zomwe zimawoneka ngati chida chakonsati. Cello imalumikizana ndi ma symphonic ndi chamber ensembles. Ma concerto osiyana adamulembera iye ndi amatsenga a luso lawo - Jonas Brahms ndi Antonin Dvorak.

6) Ndizosatheka kusatchula Beethoven, yemwe adalenganso ntchito za cello. Paulendo wake mu 1796, woyimba wamkulu adayimba pamaso pa Friedrich Wilhelm II, Mfumu ya Prussia ndi cellist. Ludwig van Beethoven adapanga ma sonata awiri a cello ndi piyano, Op. 5, polemekeza mfumuyi. Ma cello a Beethoven a cello solo suites, omwe adalimbana ndi mayeso a nthawi, adasiyanitsidwa ndi zachilendo zawo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, woimba wamkulu amayika cello ndi piyano mofanana.

7) Kukhudza komaliza pakudziwika kwa cello kudapangidwa ndi Pablo Casals m'zaka za zana la 20, yemwe adapanga sukulu yapadera. Woyimba nyimboyu ankakonda zida zake. Choncho, malinga ndi nkhani ina, anaika miyala ya safiro mu mauta amodzi, mphatso yochokera kwa Mfumukazi ya ku Spain. SERGEY Prokofiev ndi Dmitri Shostakovich ankakonda cello mu ntchito yawo.

Titha kunena mosabisa kuti kutchuka kwa cello kwapambana chifukwa chakukula kwamitundu. Ndikoyenera kutchula kuti mawu achimuna kuchokera ku bass kupita ku tenor amafanana ndi chida choimbira. Ndiko kumveka kwa kukongola kwa zingwe za uta wofanana ndi mawu "otsika" aumunthu, ndipo kamvekedwe kake kamachokera ku zolemba zoyambirira ndi juiciness ndi kufotokoza kwake.

Cello lero

Ndizoyenera kuzindikira kuti pakali pano oimba onse amayamikira kwambiri cello - kutentha kwake, kuwona mtima ndi kuzama kwa mawu, ndi machitidwe ake oimba kwa nthawi yaitali adakopa mitima ya oimba okha ndi omvera awo achangu. Pambuyo pa violin ndi piyano, cello ndiye chida chokondedwa kwambiri chomwe oimba adatembenuzira maso awo, kupereka ntchito zawo kwa izo, zomwe zimapangidwira m'makonsati ndi oimba kapena piyano. Tchaikovsky makamaka adagwiritsa ntchito cello muzolemba zake, Kusiyana pa Mutu wa Rococo, pomwe adapereka cello ufulu kotero kuti adapanga ntchito yaying'ono iyi ya zokongoletsera zake zoyenera pamapulogalamu onse a konsati, kufunafuna ungwiro weniweni pakutha kudziwa chida chake. machitidwe.

Concerto ya Saint-Saëns, ndipo, mwatsoka, makonsati a Beethoven omwe samakonda kuchita katatu pa piano, violin ndi cello, amasangalala kwambiri ndi omvera. Mwa zokonda, komanso zomwe sizichitika kawirikawiri, ndi Cello Concertos ya Schumann ndi Dvořák. Tsopano kuti kwathunthu. Kuti athetse nyimbo zonse za zida zoweramira zomwe tsopano zikuvomerezedwa mu okhestra ya symphony, ndimangonena mawu ochepa chabe ponena za bass awiri.

"Bass" kapena "contrabass viola" yoyambirira inali ndi zingwe zisanu ndi chimodzi ndipo, malinga ndi Michel Corratt, mlembi wa "School for Double Bass" yodziwika bwino, yofalitsidwa ndi iye mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 18, amatchedwa "violone." ” ndi anthu a ku Italy. Ndiye mabass awiri anali akadali osowa kotero kuti ngakhale mu 1750 Paris Opera inali ndi chida chimodzi chokha. Kodi oimba amakono a orchestral bass amatha kuchita chiyani? M'mawu aukadaulo, ndi nthawi yoti muzindikire ma bass awiri ngati chida changwiro. Mabasi awiri amapatsidwa magawo abwino kwambiri, opangidwa ndi iwo mwaluso komanso mwaluso.

Beethoven mu symphony yake yaubusa, ndi phokoso la phokoso la bass iwiri, amatsanzira bwino kwambiri kulira kwa mphepo, phokoso la bingu, ndipo nthawi zambiri amapanga kumverera kwathunthu kwa zinthu zowopsya panthawi ya mvula yamkuntho. Mu nyimbo za chipinda, ntchito za ma bass awiri nthawi zambiri zimangokhala zothandizira mzere wa bass. Izi ndizo, mwachidziwitso, luso lazojambula ndi machitidwe a mamembala a "gulu la zingwe". Koma m’gulu la oimba amakono, “bow quintet” kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito monga “gulu la oimba m’gulu la oimba.”