Maxim Sozontovich Berezovsky |

Maxim Berezovsky

Kupanga kwa wopeka wotchuka waku Russia wa theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX. M. Berezovsky, pamodzi ndi ntchito ya D. Bortnyansky wotchuka wa nthawi yake, adawonetsa chiyambi cha siteji yatsopano, ya classicist mu luso loimba la Russia.

Wopeka anabadwira ku Chernihiv dera. Akuti adalandira maphunziro ake oimba ku Glukhov Music School, yotchuka chifukwa cha miyambo yake yoimba, ndipo adapitiliza ku Kiev Theological Academy. Atafika ku St. Petersburg (1758), mnyamatayo, chifukwa cha mawu ake okongola, adatumizidwa kwa oimba a wolowa m'malo a mpando wachifumu, Peter Fedorovich, kumene anayamba kulandira maphunziro a nyimbo kuchokera kwa F. Zoppis ndi mawu. kuchokera kwa mphunzitsi waku Italy Nunziani. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1750-60. Berezovsky anali atachita kale maudindo ofunikira m'maseŵera a F. Araya ndi V. Manfredini, omwe adachitidwa pabwalo lamilandu, akupikisana mu luso ndi ukoma ndi oimba abwino kwambiri a ku Italy. Pambuyo kulanda nyumba yachifumu mu 1762, Berezovsky, monga amisiri ena ku boma la Peter III, anasamutsidwa ndi Catherine II ku gulu Italy. Mu October 1763, wolembayo anakwatira Franziska Iberscher, wovina wa gululo. Polankhula ndi zigawo payekha mu zisudzo za opera, Berezovsky anaimbanso mu Kwaya ya Khoti, zomwe zinachititsa chidwi cha woimbayo ku nyimbo zakwaya. Malinga ndi wolemba mbiri P. Vorotnikov, makonsati ake oyambirira auzimu ("Bwerani mudzawone", "malirime onse", "Tikuyamika Mulungu kwa inu", "Ambuye akulamulira", "Lemekezani Ambuye kuchokera kumwamba") anasonyeza wapadera wake. luso ndi chidziwitso chabwino cha malamulo otsutsana ndi mgwirizano. Mu May 1769, Berezovsky anatumizidwa ku Italy kuti apititse patsogolo luso lake. Pa wotchuka Academy of Bologna, malinga ndi nthano, iye anaphunzira motsogozedwa ndi akatswiri kwambiri ndi mphunzitsi Padre Martini.

Pa May 15, 1771, patangopita nthawi pang'ono kuposa WA Mozart, atapambana mayeso pamodzi ndi wolemba nyimbo wa ku Czech I. Myslivechek, Berezovsky adalandiridwa ngati membala wa Academy. Mu 1773, atatumizidwa ku Livorno, adapanga opera yake yoyamba komanso mwina yokhayo, Demofont, kupambana kwake komwe kunadziwika mu nyuzipepala ya Livorno: "Mwa zisudzo zomwe zikuwonetsedwa paphwando lomaliza, ziyenera kudziwika mu utumiki wa Her Majness. Empress of All Russia, siginecha Maxim Berezovsky, yemwe amaphatikiza chisangalalo ndi kukoma kwabwino ndi chidziwitso cha nyimbo. Opera "Demofont" inafotokoza mwachidule nthawi ya "Italiya" ya moyo wa Berezovsky - pa October 19, 1773, adachoka ku Italy.

Kubwerera ku Russia mu mphamvu yake yolenga, Berezovsky sanakumane ndi maganizo oyenera talente yake kukhoti. Tikayang'ana zolemba zakale, wolembayo sanasankhidwe ku ntchito yofanana ndi mutu wa membala wa Bologna Academy. Pokhala pafupi ndi G. Potemkin, Berezovsky kwa nthawi yayitali adawerengera udindo wa Musical Academy yomwe ili kum'mwera kwa dzikolo (kupatula Berezovsky, kalonga nayenso adzakopa J. Sarti ndi I. Khandoshkin). Koma polojekiti ya Potemkin sinayambe yakhazikitsidwa, ndipo Berezovsky anapitirizabe kugwira ntchito mu tchalitchi monga wantchito wamba. Kupanda chiyembekezo kwa zinthu, kusungulumwa kwa wolemba m'zaka zaposachedwa kunachititsa kuti, atadwala malungo mu March 1777, Berezovsky anadzipha pa imodzi mwa matenda a matendawa.

Tsogolo la cholowa cha woimbayo ndi lodabwitsa: ntchito zambiri zomwe zidachitika m'zaka za zana la 4 zidakhalabe m'malembo apamanja kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo zidasungidwa ku Khothi Chapel. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lathu, iwo anali otayika kosatheka. Pazida zoimbira za Berezovsky, sonata imodzi ya violin ndi cembalo mu C yayikulu imadziwika. Zolemba za opera "Demofont", zomwe zidachitika ku Italy, zidatayika: 1818 arias okha ndi omwe adapulumuka mpaka lero. Pakati pa nyimbo zambiri zauzimu, Ma Liturgy okha ndi ma concerto ochepa auzimu adasungidwa. Zina mwa izo ndi The Lord Reign, chomwe ndi chitsanzo choyambirira cha nyimbo zakwaya za classicist ku Russia, ndi Osandikana mu Ukalamba, zomwe zidakhala chimake cha ntchito ya wopeka. Concerto iyi, poyerekeza ndi ntchito zina zazaka zaposachedwa, ili ndi tsogolo losangalatsa. Chifukwa cha kutchuka kwake, idafala kwambiri ndipo idasindikizidwa kawiri mu theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 1841. (XNUMX, XNUMX).

Chikoka cha nyimbo, njira zama polyphonic, mgwirizano ndi mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira a concerto amatha kutsatiridwa mu ntchito ya achichepere a Berezovsky - Bortnyansky, S. Degtyarev, A. Vedel. Pokhala katswiri weniweni wa luso lanyimbo, konsati "Musakane" ndi chiyambi cha siteji yachikale pakukula kwakwaya yapakhomo.

Ngakhale zitsanzo zapadera za ntchito ya Berezovsky zimatilola kulankhula za kukula kwa zokonda za wolembayo, za kuphatikiza kwa organic mu nyimbo zake za nyimbo za dziko ndi njira za pan-European ndi mitundu ya chitukuko.

A. Lebedeva