Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient |
Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient
Wilhelmina Schroeder anabadwa pa December 6, 1804 ku Hamburg. Iye anali mwana wamkazi wa baritone woimba Friedrich Ludwig Schröder ndi wotchuka zisudzo Ammayi Sophia Bürger-Schröder.
Pa msinkhu umene ana ena amathera nthaŵi m’maseŵera osasamala, Wilhelmina waphunzira kale mbali yofunika ya moyo.
“Kuyambira ndili ndi zaka zinayi,” akutero, “ndinali kale kugwira ntchito kuti ndipeze chakudya changa. Kenako gulu lodziwika bwino la ballet Kobler linayendayenda ku Germany; anafikanso ku Hamburg, kumene zinthu zinamuyendera bwino kwambiri. Mayi anga, omvetsera kwambiri, atatengeka ndi lingaliro linalake, mwamsanga anaganiza zondipanga wovina.
Mphunzitsi wanga wovina anali wa ku Africa; Mulungu akudziwa momwe adathera ku France, momwe adathera ku Paris, mu corps de ballet; kenako anasamukira ku Hamburg, kumene anakaphunzitsa. Bwana uyu, dzina lake Lindau, sanali wokwiya kwenikweni, koma wokwiya msanga, wokhwimitsa zinthu, nthawi zina ngakhale wankhanza ...
Ndili ndi zaka zisanu ndinali wokhoza kale kupanga chiyambi changa mu Pas de chale imodzi ndi kuvina kwa oyendetsa ngalawa a Chingerezi; Anandiveka pamutu panga chipewa chotuwa chotuwa pansi chokhala ndi nthimbi zabuluu, ndipo kumapazi anga amandiveka nsapato zokhala ndi matabwa. Chakumapeto koyambiriraku, ndikungokumbukira kuti omvera analandira mosangalala nyani wamng'onoyo, aphunzitsi anga anali osangalala kwambiri, ndipo bambo anga anandinyamula kupita nane kunyumba. Mayi anga anandilonjeza kuyambira m’mawa kuti adzandipatsa chidole kapena kundikwapula, malingana ndi mmene ndinamaliza ntchito yanga; ndipo ndiri wotsimikiza kuti mantha anathandizira kwambiri ku kusinthasintha ndi kupepuka kwa manja anga aubwana; Ndinadziwa kuti mayi anga sakonda nthabwala.
Mu 1819, ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, Wilhelmina anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake mu sewero. Panthawiyi, banja lake linali litasamukira ku Vienna, ndipo bambo ake anali atamwalira chaka chimodzi m'mbuyomo. Ataphunzira kwa nthawi yayitali kusukulu ya ballet, adachita bwino kwambiri udindo wa Aricia mu "Phaedra", Melitta mu "Sappho", Louise mu "Deceit and Love", Beatrice mu "Mkwatibwi wa Messina", Ophelia mu "Hamlet" . Panthawi imodzimodziyo, luso lake loimba linawululidwa momveka bwino - mawu ake anakhala amphamvu komanso okongola. Ataphunzira ndi aphunzitsi a ku Viennese D. Motsatti ndi J. Radiga, Schroeder anasintha sewero kukhala opera chaka chimodzi pambuyo pake.
Kuyamba kwake kunachitika pa Januware 20, 1821 ngati Pamina mu Mozart's The Magic Flute pa siteji ya Viennese Kärntnertorteatr. Mapepala oimba a tsikulo ankawoneka kuti apambana mkwatulo, kukondwerera kubwera kwa wojambula watsopano pa siteji.
Mu Marichi chaka chomwecho, adasewera Emeline mu The Swiss Family, patatha mwezi umodzi - Mary mu Gretry's Bluebeard, ndipo Freischutz atayamba kuchitidwa ku Vienna, udindo wa Agatha unaperekedwa kwa Wilhelmina Schroeder.
Kuchita kwachiwiri kwa Freischütz, pa Marichi 7, 1822, kudaperekedwa pakuchita bwino kwa Wilhelmina. Weber mwiniyo adachita, koma chisangalalo cha mafani ake chinapangitsa kuti ntchitoyi ikhale yosatheka. Nthawi zinayi maestro adaitanidwa ku siteji, akusambitsidwa ndi maluwa ndi ndakatulo, ndipo pamapeto pake adapeza nkhata ya laurel pamapazi ake.
Wilhelmina-Agatha adagawana nawo kupambana kwamadzulo. Uyu ndiye blonde, cholengedwa choyera, chofatsa chomwe wolemba ndi ndakatulo adalota; mwana wodekha, wamantha amene amawopa maloto amatayika m'malingaliro amtsogolo, ndipo panthawiyi, mwa chikondi ndi chikhulupiriro, ali wokonzeka kugonjetsa mphamvu zonse za gehena. Weber adati: "Ndiye Agatha woyamba padziko lapansi ndipo adaposa chilichonse chomwe ndimaganiza kuti ndipanga ntchitoyi."
Kutchuka kwenikweni kwa woimba wamng'onoyo kunabweretsa ntchito ya Leonora mu "Fidelio" ya Beethoven mu 1822. Beethoven anadabwa kwambiri ndikuwonetsa kusasangalala, zingatheke bwanji udindo waukulu woterewu kuperekedwa kwa mwana woteroyo.
Ndipo nayi sewero ... Schroeder - Leonora asonkhanitsa mphamvu zake ndikudziponya pakati pa mwamuna wake ndi lupanga la wakuphayo. Nthawi yoyipa yafika. Oimba oimba ali chete. Koma mzimu wakuthedwa nzeru unamgwira iye: mokweza ndi momveka, kuposa kulira, akutuluka mwa iye: "Iphani mkazi wake poyamba!" Ndi Wilhelmina, uku kunalidi kulira kwa munthu womasulidwa ku mantha oopsa, phokoso limene linagwedeza omvera mpaka m’mafupa awo. Pamene Leonora anapemphera kwa Florestan kuti: “Mkazi wanga, wavutika bwanji chifukwa cha ine!” - kaya ndi misozi, kapena mokondwera, amamuuza kuti: "Palibe, palibe, palibe!" - ndikugwera m'manja mwa mwamuna wake - ndiye ngati kuti kulemera kunagwa m'mitima ya owonerera ndipo aliyense adausa moyo momasuka. Kunamveka kuwomba m’manja komwe kunkaoneka kuti sikutha. Wojambulayo adamupeza Fidelio, ndipo ngakhale adagwira ntchito mwakhama komanso mozama pa ntchitoyi, mbali zazikulu za ntchitoyi sizinali zofanana ndi zomwe zinalengedwa usiku womwewo mosazindikira. Beethoven adapezanso Leonora wake mwa iye. Inde, iye sakanakhoza kumva mawu ake, ndipo kokha kuchokera ku maonekedwe a nkhope, kuchokera ku zomwe zinawonetsedwa pa nkhope yake, m'maso mwake, akhoza kuweruza momwe ntchitoyi ikuyendera. Pambuyo pa sewerolo, anapita kwa iye. Nthawi zambiri maso ake aukali ankamuyang'ana mwachikondi. Anamusisita pamasaya, kumuthokoza chifukwa cha Fidelio, ndipo adalonjeza kuti amulembera opera yatsopano, lonjezo lomwe mwatsoka silinakwaniritsidwe. Wilhelmina sanakumanenso ndi wojambula wamkulu, koma pakati pa matamando onse omwe woimba wotchuka adatsitsimutsidwa nawo pambuyo pake, mawu ochepa a Beethoven anali mphoto yake yaikulu.
Posakhalitsa Wilhelmina anakumana ndi wosewera Karl Devrient. Posakhalitsa, mwamuna wina wokongola wakhalidwe labwino anautenga mtima wake. Ukwati ndi wokondedwa ndi maloto amene ankafuna, ndipo m'chilimwe cha 1823 ukwati wawo unachitika ku Berlin. Atayenda kwa nthawi ndithu ku Germany, banjali linakhazikika ku Dresden, kumene onse awiri anali pachibwenzi.
Ukwatiwo unali wosasangalala m’njira iriyonse, ndipo okwatiranawo anasudzulana mwalamulo mu 1828. “Ndinafunikira ufulu,” anatero Wilhelmina, “kuti ndisafe monga mkazi ndi wojambula.
Ufulu umenewu unamutayitsa zinthu zambiri. Wilhelmina anafunika kusiyana ndi ana amene ankawakonda kwambiri. The caress wa ana - ali ndi ana aamuna awiri ndi aakazi awiri - iyenso anataya.
Pambuyo pa chisudzulo ndi mwamuna wake, Schroeder-Devrient anali ndi nthawi yovuta komanso yovuta. Art inali ndipo idatsalira kwa iye mpaka pamapeto pake chinthu chopatulika. Luso lake silinadalirenso kudzoza kokha: khama ndi sayansi zidalimbitsa luso lake. Iye anaphunzira kujambula, chosema, ankadziwa zinenero zingapo, kutsatira zonse zimene anachita mu sayansi ndi luso. Anapandukira mokwiya lingaliro lopanda pake lakuti luso silifunikira sayansi.
Iye anati: “Kwa zaka zonse za m’ma XNUMX, takhala tikuyang’ana, kupeza zinthu zina muzojambula, ndipo wojambulayo anafa, anafera zaluso, amene amaganiza kuti cholinga chake chatheka. Inde, ndizosavuta kwambiri, pamodzi ndi chovalacho, kusiya nkhawa zonse za udindo wanu mpaka ntchito ina. Kwa ine zinali zosatheka. Nditawomba m'manja kwambiri, ndikusamba ndi maluwa, nthawi zambiri ndimapita kuchipinda changa, ngati ndikudzifufuza: ndachita chiyani lero? Onse ankawoneka oipa kwa ine; nkhawa idandigwira; usana ndi usiku ndinali kusinkhasinkha kuti ndipeze zabwino.
Kuchokera mu 1823 mpaka 1847, Schröder-Devrient anaimba ku Dresden Court Theatre. Clara Glumer analemba m’zolemba zake kuti: “Moyo wake wonse unali ulendo wachipambano wodutsa m’mizinda ya Germany. Leipzig, Vienna, Breslau, Munich, Hanover, Braunschweig, Nuremberg, Prague, Pest, ndipo nthawi zambiri Dresden, amakondwerera kufika kwake ndi maonekedwe awo pazigawo zawo, kotero kuti kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Germany kupita ku Alps, kuchokera ku Rhine kupita ku Oder, dzina lake linamveka, mobwerezabwereza ndi khamu lachidwi. Serenade, nkhata, ndakatulo, magulu ndi kuwomba m'manja adalonjera ndikumuwona, ndipo zikondwerero zonsezi zinakhudza Wilhelmina mofanana ndi momwe kutchuka kumakhudzira wojambula weniweni: adamukakamiza kuti akwere kwambiri mu luso lake! Panthawiyi, adapanga maudindo ake abwino kwambiri: Desdemona mu 1831, Romeo mu 1833, Norma mu 1835, Valentine mu 1838. Pamodzi, kuyambira 1828 mpaka 1838, adaphunzira ma opera atsopano makumi atatu ndi asanu ndi awiri.
Ammayi ankanyadira kutchuka kwake pakati pa anthu. Antchito wamba anavula zipewa zawo atakumana naye, ndipo amalondawo atamuwona, anakankhirana wina ndi mzake, kumutchula dzina lake. Pamene Wilhelmina anali atatsala pang’ono kunyamuka m’bwalo, mmisiri wa matabwa anabweretsa mwadala mwana wake wamkazi wazaka zisanu ku kuyesezako kuti: “Yang’anirani bwino mayi ameneyu,” iye anatero kwa wamng’onoyo, “uyu ndi Schroeder-Devrient. Osayang'ana ena, koma yesani kukumbukira izi kwa moyo wanu wonse.
Komabe, si Germany yokha yomwe inatha kuyamikira talente ya woimbayo. Kumayambiriro kwa 1830, Wilhelmina anali pachibwenzi ku Paris kwa miyezi iwiri ndi wotsogolera wa Italy Opera, amene analamula gulu German ku Aachen. “Sindinapite kokha kaamba ka ulemerero wanga, kunali ponena za ulemu wa nyimbo za ku Germany,” iye analemba motero, “ngati simundikonda, Mozart, Beethoven, Weber ayenera kuvutika ndi zimenezi! Zimenezi n’zimene zikundipha!”
Pa Meyi XNUMX, woimbayo adamupanga kukhala Agatha. Bwalo la zisudzo linali lodzaza. Omvera anali kuyembekezera zochitika za wojambulayo, yemwe kukongola kwake kunanenedwa ndi zozizwitsa. Ataona Wilhelmina anachita manyazi kwambiri, koma atangomaliza kuimba ndi Ankhen, kuwomba m’manja mwamphamvu kunamulimbikitsa. Pambuyo pake, chidwi chamkuntho cha anthu chinali champhamvu kwambiri kotero kuti woimbayo anayamba kuimba kanayi ndipo sanathe, chifukwa ochestra sankamveka. Kumapeto kwa zochitikazo, adasambitsidwa ndi maluwa m'lingaliro lonse la mawu, ndipo madzulo omwewo adamuchitira serenade - Paris adazindikira woimbayo.
"Fidelio" adachita chidwi kwambiri. Otsutsa analankhula za iye motere: “Iye anabadwira makamaka Fidelio wa Beethoven; samayimba ngati ena, samalankhula ngati ena, kachitidwe kake sikoyenera ku luso lililonse, amakhala ngati saganiziranso zomwe ali pabwalo! Amayimba kwambiri ndi moyo wake kuposa ndi mawu ake… amaiwala omvera, amadziiwala, kulowa mumunthu yemwe amamuwonetsa…” Chiwonetserocho chinali champhamvu kwambiri kotero kuti kumapeto kwa opera adayenera kukweza chinsalu kachiwiri ndikubwereza zomaliza. , zomwe zinali zisanachitikepo.
Fidelio adatsatiridwa ndi Euryant, Oberon, The Swiss Family, The Vestal Virgin ndi The Abduction from the Seraglio. Ngakhale kuti ndinachita bwino kwambiri, Wilhelmina anati: “Ku France kokha kumene ndinamvetsetsa bwino lomwe nyimbo zathu zonse, ndipo mosasamala kanthu kuti Afalansa anandilandira mopanda phokoso bwanji, nthawi zonse zinkandisangalatsa kwambiri kulandira anthu a ku Germany, ndinkadziwa. kuti adandimvetsetsa, pomwe mafashoni achi French amabwera koyamba. "
Chaka chotsatira, woimbayo anachitanso ku likulu la France ku Italy Opera. Polimbana ndi Malibran wotchuka, adadziwika kuti ndi wofanana.
Kuchita nawo ku Italy Opera kunathandizira kwambiri kutchuka kwake. Monck-Mazon, mtsogoleri wa German-Italian Opera ku London, adakambirana naye ndipo pa March 3, 1832, adachita nawo nyengo yonse ya chaka chimenecho. Pansi pa mgwirizano, adalonjezedwa ma franc 20 ndikupindula mu miyezi iwiri.
Mu London, iye ankayembekezera bwino, amene anali wofanana ndi bwino Paganini. M’bwalo la zisudzo anam’patsa moni ndi kuwomba m’manja. Akuluakulu achingelezi ankaona kuti ndi udindo wawo kwa luso kumumvetsera. Palibe konsati yomwe idatheka popanda woimba waku Germany. Komabe, Schroeder-Devrient anadzudzula zizindikiro zonsezi za chidwi: “Panthaŵi ya seŵerolo, sindinali kuzindikira kuti amandimvetsa,” iye analemba motero, “anthu ambiri anangodabwa nane monga chinthu chachilendo: kwa anthu, ndinadabwa. sichinali china koma chidole chomwe chili m'mafashoni ndipo mawa, mwina, chidzasiyidwa ... "
Mu May 1833, Schroeder-Devrient anapitanso ku England, ngakhale kuti chaka chapitacho anali asanalandire malipiro ake anagwirizana mu mgwirizano. nthawi iyi anasaina pangano ndi zisudzo "Drury Lane". Anayenera kuyimba nthawi makumi awiri ndi zisanu, kulandira mapaundi makumi anayi pakuchitapo ndi kupindula. Zina mwazoimba: "Fidelio", "Freischütz", "Eurianta", "Oberon", "Iphigenia", "Vestalka", "Magic Flute", "Jessonda", "Templar and Jewess", "Bluebeard", "Water carrier" “.
Mu 1837, woimbayo anali mu London kachitatu, chinkhoswe kwa zisudzo English, mu zisudzo onse - Covent Garden ndi Drury Lane. Anayenera kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la Fidelio mu Chingerezi; nkhaniyi inadzutsa chidwi chachikulu cha Chingerezi. Wojambula mu maminiti oyambirira sakanatha kugonjetsa manyazi. M'mawu oyamba omwe Fidelio akunena, ali ndi liwu lachilendo, koma atayamba kuimba, matchulidwe ake adakhala otsimikiza, olondola. Tsiku lotsatira, mapepalawo adalengeza mogwirizana kuti Schroeder-Devrient sanayimbepo mosangalatsa monga momwe adachitira chaka chino. “Iye anagonjetsa zovuta za chinenero,” iwo anawonjezera motero, “ndipo anatsimikizira mosakaikira kuti chinenero cha Chingelezi cha euphony n’chapamwamba kuposa Chijeremani monga momwe Chitaliyana nachonso chimaposa Chingelezi.”
Fidelio adatsatiridwa ndi Vestal, Norma ndi Romeo - kupambana kwakukulu. Pachimake chinali chochita ku La sonnambula, opera yomwe inkawoneka kuti inalengedwa kwa Malibran wosaiŵalika. Koma Amina Wilhelmina, mwa nkhani zonse, adaposa oyambirira ake onse mu kukongola, kutentha ndi choonadi.
Kupambana kunatsagana ndi woyimba m'tsogolomu. Schröder-Devrient adakhala woyamba kuchita nawo mbali za Adriano ku Wagner's Rienzi (1842), Senta mu The Flying Dutchman (1843), Venus ku Tannhäuser (1845).
Kuyambira 1847, Schroeder-Devrient wakhala akuimba monga woimba m'chipinda: adayendera mizinda ya Italy, ku Paris, London, Prague, ndi St. Mu 1849, woimbayo anathamangitsidwa Dresden chifukwa cha kutenga nawo mbali mu May Uprising.
Koma mu 1856 anayambanso kuchita poyera ngati woimba m'chipinda. Mawu ake ndiye analibenso opanda cholakwika, koma ntchitoyo idasiyanitsidwabe ndi chiyero cha mawu, mawu omveka, ndi kuya kwa kulowa mumtundu wa zithunzi zomwe zidapangidwa.
Kuchokera ku zolemba za Clara Glumer:
“Mu 1849, ndinakumana ndi Mayi Schröder-Devrient pa Tchalitchi cha St. Pambuyo pa msonkhano uwu sindinamuone kwa nthawi yaitali; Ndinkadziwa kuti wochita masewerowa adachoka pabwalo, kuti adakwatiwa ndi munthu wolemekezeka wochokera ku Livland, Herr von Bock, ndipo tsopano amakhala kumadera a mwamuna wake, tsopano ku Paris, tsopano ku Berlin. Mu 1858 anafika ku Dresden, kumene kwa nthawi yoyamba ndinamuwonanso mu konsati ya wojambula wachinyamata: adawonekera pamaso pa anthu kwa nthawi yoyamba pambuyo pa zaka zambiri za chete. Sindidzaiwala nthawi yomwe munthu wamtali, wolemekezeka wa wojambulayo adawonekera pabwalo, adakumana ndi kuwomba m'manja kwaphokoso kuchokera kwa anthu; kukhudzidwa, koma akumwetulira, adayamika, akuusa, ngati akumwa mumtsinje wa moyo atatha nthawi yayitali, ndipo potsiriza anayamba kuimba.
Anayamba ndi Schubert's Wanderer. Pa zolemba zoyamba ndidachita mantha mwachisawawa: sathanso kuyimba, ndimaganiza, mawu ake ndi ofooka, palibe kudzaza kapena kuyimba. Koma sanafikire mawu akuti: “Und immer fragt der Seufzer wo?” ("Ndipo nthawi zonse amafunsa kuusa moyo - kuti?"), Pamene adatenga kale omvera, adawakoka, kuwakakamiza kuti achoke ku chilakolako ndi kukhumudwa kupita ku chisangalalo cha chikondi ndi masika. Lessing akunena za Raphael kuti “akanakhala kuti alibe manja, akanakhalabe wojambula wamkulu”; momwemonso tinganene kuti Wilhelmina Schroeder-Devrient akanakhala woimba wamkulu ngakhale popanda mawu ake. Chithumwa cha mzimu ndi chowonadi chinali champhamvu kwambiri pakuyimba kwake kotero kuti sitinayenera kutero, ndipo sitiyenera kumva chilichonse chotere!
Woimbayo anamwalira pa January 26, 1860 ku Coburg.
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