Adriana ndi Leonora Baroni, Georgina, Maupin (Leonora Baroni) |

Leonora Baroni

Zoyamba za prima donnas

Kodi prima donnas anawonekera liti? Pambuyo pa maonekedwe a opera, ndithudi, koma izi sizikutanthauza kuti nthawi yomweyo. Mutuwu unapeza ufulu wokhala nzika panthawi yomwe mbiri yachisokonezo ndi yosinthika ya opera inali ikupita kutali ndi chaka choyamba, ndipo mawonekedwe enieni a zojambulajambulazi anabadwira kumalo osiyana ndi ochita bwino omwe ankaimira. "Daphne" yolembedwa ndi Jacopo Peri, sewero loyamba lodzazidwa ndi mzimu wa umunthu wakale komanso woyenera dzina la opera, lidachitika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1597. Ngakhale tsiku lenileni limadziwika - chaka cha XNUMX. Chiwonetserocho chinaperekedwa m'nyumba ya mkulu wa Florentine Jacopo Corsi, sitejiyi inali holo wamba yolandirira alendo. Panalibe makatani kapena zokongoletsa. Ndipo komabe, tsikuli ndi chizindikiro cha kusintha kwa mbiri ya nyimbo ndi zisudzo.

Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi awiri a Florentines ophunzira kwambiri, kuphatikizapo katswiri wa nyimbo Count Bardi, olemba ndakatulo Rinuccini ndi Cabriera, olemba Peri, Caccini, Marco di Gagliano, ndi atate wa katswiri wa zakuthambo Vincenzo Galilei - adadabwa momwe angagwiritsire ntchito nyimbo zapamwamba. sewero la Agiriki akale ku zofunikira zatsopano. Iwo anali otsimikiza kuti pa siteji ya Athens yakale, masoka a Aeschylus ndi Sophocles sanawerengedwe ndi kusewera, komanso anaimbidwa. Bwanji? Idakali chinsinsi. Mu "Dialogue" yomwe yatsikira kwa ife, Galileo adafotokoza za chikhulupiriro chake m'mawu akuti "Oratio harmoniae domina absoluta" (Kulankhula ndi mbuye wa mgwirizano - lat.). Zinali zovuta zowonekera kwa chikhalidwe chapamwamba cha Renaissance polyphony, chomwe chinafika pamtunda wake pantchito ya Palestrina. Chofunikira chake chinali chakuti mawuwo anali kumira mu polyphony yovuta, mu kuluka mwaluso kwa mizere ya nyimbo. Kodi logos, yomwe ndi moyo wa sewero lililonse, ingakhale ndi chiyambukiro chotani ngati palibe liwu limodzi la zomwe zikuchitika pabwalo lomwe lingamveke?

N'zosadabwitsa kuti zoyesayesa zambiri zidapangidwa kuti nyimbo zikhale zothandiza kwambiri. Kuti omvera asatope, ntchito yochititsa chidwi kwambiri idaphatikizidwa ndi zoimbira zoimbidwa m'malo osayenera kwambiri, kuvina mpaka ma XNUMX ndi fumbi la masks otayidwa, ma comic interludes ndi kwaya ndi canzones, ngakhale comedies-madrigals mu. zomwe kwaya inafunsa ndikuyankha. Izi zidatsatiridwa ndi chikondi cha zisudzo, chigoba, zonyansa komanso, pomaliza, nyimbo. Koma zizolowezi zachibadwa za anthu aku Italiya, omwe amakonda nyimbo ndi zisudzo monga anthu ena onse, zidatsogolera njira yozungulira kuti zisudzo ziwonekere. Zowona, kuwonekera kwa sewero lanyimbo, kalambulabwalo wa opera uyu, zinali zotheka pokhapokha pachikhalidwe chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri - nyimbo zokongola, zokondweretsa khutu, zidayenera kukakamizidwa kutengera gawo la kutsagana komwe kumatsagana ndi liwu limodzi lolekanitsidwa ndi polyphonic. kusiyanasiyana, kutha kutchula mawu, ndi zotere Kutha kukhala liwu la munthu.

Sizovuta kulingalira zomwe omvera anakumana nazo pamasewero oyambirira a opera: mawu a ochita masewerowa sanalinso omveka m'maphokoso a nyimbo, monga momwe zinalili ndi madrigals omwe ankawakonda, villanellas ndi frottolas. M'malo mwake, oimbawo anatchula momveka bwino malemba a gawo lawo, kungodalira thandizo la oimba, kotero kuti omvera amvetsetse mawu aliwonse ndikutsatira zomwe zikuchitika pa siteji. Anthu, kumbali ina, anali ndi anthu ophunzira, makamaka, osankhidwa, omwe anali amtundu wapamwamba wa anthu - kwa olemekezeka ndi a patricians - omwe munthu angayembekezere kumvetsetsa kwatsopano. Komabe, mawu odzudzula sanachedwe kubwera: adatsutsa "kubwereza kotopetsa", adakwiya chifukwa chosiya nyimbo kumbuyo, ndikudandaula kusowa kwake ndi misozi yowawa. Ndi kugonjera kwawo, pofuna kusangalatsa omvera, madrigals ndi ritornellos adalowetsedwa m'masewerowa, ndipo malowa adakongoletsedwa ndi maonekedwe a kumbuyo kuti atsitsimutse. Komabe sewero lanyimbo la Florentine linakhalabe chowonera kwa aluntha ndi olemekezeka.

Chotero, m’mikhalidwe yoteroyo, kodi prima donnas (kapena chirichonse chimene iwo ankatchedwa panthaŵiyo?) angakhale azamba pakubadwa kwa opera? Zikuoneka kuti akazi akhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri mu bizinesi iyi kuyambira pachiyambi. Ngakhale monga olemba. Giulio Caccini, yemwenso anali woimba ndi wopeka masewero oimba, anali ndi ana aakazi anayi, ndipo onse ankaimba nyimbo, kuimba, kuimba zida zosiyanasiyana. Wokhoza kwambiri mwa iwo, Francesca, wotchedwa Cecchina, analemba opera Ruggiero. Izi sizinadabwitse anthu a m'nthawi yake - onse "virtuosos", monga momwe oimba amatchulidwira panthawiyo, adalandira maphunziro a nyimbo. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, Vittoria Arkilei adawonedwa ngati mfumukazi pakati pawo. Aristocratic Florence adamuyamikira ngati wolengeza zaluso latsopano. Mwina mmenemo muyenera kuyang'ana chitsanzo cha prima donna.

M'chaka cha 1610, mtsikana wa ku Neapolitan anaonekera mumzinda umene unali poyambira zisudzo. Adriana Basile ankadziwika kwawo monga woimba nyimbo ndipo ankakondedwa ndi khoti la ku Spain. Anabwera ku Florence ataitanidwa ndi olemekezeka ake oimba. Zomwe adayimba, sitikudziwa. Koma ndithudi osati ma opera, omwe sankadziwika kwa iye panthawiyo, ngakhale kuti kutchuka kwa Ariadne ndi Claudio Monteverdi kunafika kumwera kwa Italy, ndipo Basile anachita aria wotchuka - Madandaulo a Ariadne. Mwinamwake nyimbo yake inaphatikizapo madrigals, mawu omwe analembedwa ndi mchimwene wake, ndipo nyimbo, makamaka kwa Adriana, inapangidwa ndi woyang'anira wake komanso womukonda, Kadinala Ferdinand Gonzaga wazaka makumi awiri kuchokera ku banja lolemekezeka la Italy lomwe linalamulira ku Mantua. Koma pali chinthu chinanso chofunika kwa ife: Adriana Basile anadutsa Vittoria Arcilei. Ndi chiyani? Mawu, luso lachiwonetsero? Ndizokayikitsa, chifukwa momwe tingaganizire, okonda nyimbo za Florentine anali ndi zofunikira zapamwamba. Koma Arkilei, ngakhale anali wamng'ono komanso wonyansa, adadzisunga yekha pa siteji ndi kudzidalira kwakukulu, monga momwe zimakhalira mayi weniweni wa anthu. Adriana Basile ndi nkhani ina: adakopa omvera osati kokha ndi kuimba ndi kuimba gitala, komanso ndi tsitsi lokongola la blond pamwamba pa malasha-wakuda, maso a Neapolitan, chithunzi chowoneka bwino, chithumwa chachikazi, chomwe adachigwiritsa ntchito mwaluso.

Msonkhano pakati pa Arkileia ndi wokongola Adriana, womwe unatha mu kupambana kwa chiwerewere pa uzimu (kuwala kwake kwafika kwa ife kupyolera mu makulidwe a zaka mazana ambiri), kunatenga gawo lalikulu m'zaka zakutali pamene prima donna yoyamba inabadwa. Pachiyambi cha opera ya Florentine, pafupi ndi zongopeka zopanda malire, panali zifukwa ndi luso. Iwo sanali okwanira kupanga opera ndi khalidwe lake lalikulu - "virtuoso" - yotheka; apa panafunika mphamvu zina ziwiri zolenga - luso lazoimba nyimbo (Claudio Monteverdi anakhala izo) ndi eros. The Florentines anamasula mawu a anthu kuchokera ku kugonjera kwa nyimbo zaka mazana ambiri. Kuyambira pachiyambi, liwu lalitali lachikazi limakhala ngati pathos mu tanthauzo lake loyambirira - ndiko kuti, kuzunzika komwe kumakhudzana ndi tsoka lachikondi. Kodi Daphne, Eurydice ndi Ariadne, omwe anabwerezedwa nthaŵi zonse panthaŵiyo, akanakhudza bwanji omvera awo mosiyana ndi zochitika zachikondi zimene anthu onse amakhala nazo popanda kusiyana kulikonse, zimene zinkaperekedwa kwa omvera pokhapokha ngati mawu oimbidwawo akugwirizana kwambiri ndi maonekedwe onse a gululo. woyimba? Pokhapokha zitakhala zopanda nzeru, ndipo kuzunzika pa siteji ndi kusadziŵika kwa zochitikazo kunapanga nthaka yachonde kwa zododometsa zonse za opera, ola linagunda kuti awonekere wojambulayo, yemwe tili ndi ufulu womutcha kuti wojambula. choyamba chotsatira.

Poyamba anali mkazi wachibwibwi yemwe ankasewera pamaso pa omvera mofanana. Pokhapokha mu chikhalidwe chapamwamba chopanda malire ndi momwe mlengalenga womwe unali mwa iye yekha unalengedwa - chikhalidwe chosilira kukhudzika, kukhudzika ndi amayi monga choncho, osati kwa virtuoso waluso ngati Arkileya. Poyamba, kunalibe chikhalidwe choterocho, ngakhale kukongola kwa bwalo lamilandu la Medici, ngakhale ku Florence ndi akatswiri ake okongola a opera, kapena ku Roma waupapa, kumene castrati anali atalanda akazi kwa nthawi yaitali ndi kuwathamangitsa pabwalo, ngakhale pansi pa masewero. kum'mwera kwa Naples, ngati kuti n'koyenera kuimba . Idapangidwa ku Mantua, tawuni yaying'ono kumpoto kwa Italy, komwe kunkakhala nduna zamphamvu, ndipo pambuyo pake ku likulu ladziko lapansi - ku Venice.

Wokongola Adriana Basile, wotchulidwa pamwambapa, anabwera ku Florence paulendo: atakwatiwa ndi Venetian wotchedwa Muzio Baroni, akupita naye ku khoti la Duke wa Mantua. Womaliza, Vincenzo Gonzaga, anali munthu wokonda chidwi kwambiri yemwe analibe wofanana ndi olamulira a Baroque oyambirira. Pokhala ndi katundu wachabechabe, wopanikizidwa kumbali zonse ndi mizinda yamphamvu, nthawi zonse poopsezedwa ndi Parma yomwe ikulimbana ndi nkhondo chifukwa cha cholowa, Gonzaga sanasangalale ndi chikoka cha ndale, koma adalipira pochita mbali yofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. . Mipikisano itatu yolimbana ndi a Turks, yomwe iye, yemwe anali msilikali wochedwa, adatenga nawo mbali mwa iye yekha, mpaka atadwala gout mumsasa wa ku Hungary, adamutsimikizira kuti kuyika ndalama zake mamiliyoni ambiri mwa ndakatulo, oimba ndi ojambula ndizopindulitsa kwambiri. chofunika kwambiri, chosangalatsa kuposa asilikali, ndale zankhondo ndi malinga.

Duke wofuna kutchukayu ankafuna kuti adziwike ngati woyang'anira wamkulu wa ma muses ku Italy. Wokongola blond, iye anali cavalier ku mafuta a mafupa ake, iye anali lupanga wabwino kwambiri ndi kukwera, zomwe sizinamulepheretse kuimba harpsichord ndi kupanga madrigals ndi talente, ngakhale amateurishly. Kupyolera mwa kuyesetsa kwake kuti kunyada kwa Italy, wolemba ndakatulo Torquato Tasso, adamasulidwa ku nyumba ya amonke ku Ferrara, komwe adasungidwa pakati pa amisala. Rubens anali wojambula pabwalo lake; Claudio Monteverdi anakhala zaka makumi awiri ndi ziwiri ku khoti la Vincenzo, apa analemba "Orpheus" ndi "Ariadne".

Zojambulajambula ndi eros zinali mbali zofunika kwambiri za moyo wotsitsimula zomwe zinalimbikitsa wokonda moyo wokoma uyu. Kalanga, mu chikondi iye anasonyeza kukoma koipa kwambiri kuposa luso. Amadziwika kuti kamodzi anapuma incognito kwa usiku ndi mtsikana ku chipinda chodyeramo, pakhomo limene waganyu wakupha anagona modikirira, pamapeto pake, molakwa, iye anaponya lupanga lake mu wina. Ngati nthawi yomweyo nyimbo yopusa ya Duke wa Mantua idayimbidwanso, bwanji simungakonde mawonekedwe omwewo omwe adapangidwanso mu opera yotchuka ya Verdi? Oimba ankakonda kwambiri kalongayu. Anagula m'modzi wa iwo, Caterina Martinelli, ku Rome ndikumuphunzitsa ntchito kwa wosewera wa bwalo lamilandu Monteverdi - atsikana achichepere anali chakudya chokoma kwambiri cha gourmet yakale. Katerina anali wosatsutsika mu Orpheus, koma ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu anatengedwa ndi imfa yachinsinsi.

Tsopano Vincenzo ali ndi diso lake pa "siren yochokera kumapiri a Posillipo," Adriana Baroni wa ku Naples. Mphekesera za kukongola kwake ndi luso loimba zidafika kumpoto kwa Italy. Adriana, komabe, atamvanso za Duke ku Naples, musakhale wopusa, adaganiza zogulitsa kukongola kwake ndi luso lake momwe angathere.

Sikuti aliyense amavomereza kuti Baroni anayenerera udindo waulemu wa prima donna yoyamba, koma zomwe simungamukane ndikuti khalidwe lake silinali losiyana kwambiri ndi zizoloŵezi zonyansa za prima donnas zotchuka kwambiri za opera. Motsogozedwa ndi chibadwa chake chachikazi, adakana malingaliro anzeru a Duke, adapereka malingaliro otsutsa omwe anali opindulitsa kwambiri kwa iye, adatembenukira ku thandizo la amkhalapakati, omwe mchimwene wake wa Duke adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Zinali zovuta kwambiri chifukwa mkulu wa zaka makumi awiri, yemwe anali ndi udindo wa kadinala ku Roma, anali mutu wapamwamba m'chikondi ndi Adrian. Pomaliza, woimbayo adamuuza zomwe adachita, kuphatikiza ndime yomwe, kuti asunge mbiri yake ngati mayi wokwatiwa, idanenedwa kuti alowe ntchito osati ya Don Juan, koma mkazi wake, yemwe, komabe. anali atachotsedwa kale ntchito zake zaukwati. Malinga ndi mwambo wabwino wa Neapolitan, Adriana adabweretsa banja lake lonse ngati cholumikizira - mwamuna wake, amayi, ana aakazi, mchimwene wake, mlongo wake - komanso antchito. Kuchoka ku Naples kunkawoneka ngati mwambo wamilandu - makamu a anthu adasonkhana mozungulira ngolo zodzaza, akusangalala akuwona woimba wawo wokondedwa, madalitso olekanitsa a abusa auzimu ankamveka nthawi ndi nthawi.

Ku Mantua, cortege idalandiridwa mwachikondi chimodzimodzi. Chifukwa cha Adriana Baroni, makonsati pabwalo la Duke apeza nzeru zatsopano. Ngakhale Monteverdi wokhwima adayamikira luso la virtuoso, yemwe mwachiwonekere anali katswiri waluso. Zowona, a Florentines adayesetsa m'njira zonse kuchepetsa njira zonse zomwe odzitukumula amakometsera kuyimba kwawo - amawonedwa kuti ndi osagwirizana ndi sewero lapamwamba la sewero lakale la nyimbo. Caccini wamkulu mwiniwake, omwe alipo ochepa oimba, adachenjeza za kukongoletsa kwambiri. Mfundo yake ndi chiyani?! Sensuality ndi nyimbo, zomwe zinkafuna kuti ziwonekere kupitirira kubwereza, posakhalitsa zinalowa mu sewero la nyimbo monga aria, ndipo zisudzo za konsati zinatsegula virtuoso yodabwitsa monga Baroni ndi mwayi waukulu kwambiri wodabwitsa omvera ndi ma trills, zosiyana ndi zosiyana. zida zina zamtunduwu.

Ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti, pokhala ku khoti la Mantua, Adriana sakanatha kusunga chiyero chake kwa nthawi yaitali. Mwamuna wake, atalandira sinecure yonyansa, posakhalitsa anatumizidwa monga woyang'anira ku malo akutali a Duke, ndipo iye yekha, akugawana tsogolo la akale ake, anabala mwana Vincenzo. Posakhalitsa, mkuluyo anamwalira, ndipo Monteverdi anatsanzikana ndi Mantua ndikupita ku Venice. Izi zinathetsa luso lapamwamba kwambiri ku Mantua, lomwe Adriana adapezabe. Atangotsala pang'ono kufika, Vincenzo anamanga zisudzo zake zamatabwa kuti apange Ariadne ndi Monteverdi, momwe, mothandizidwa ndi zingwe ndi zipangizo zamakina, kusintha kozizwitsa kunachitika pa siteji. Chitomero cha mwana wamkazi wa Duke chinali chikubwera, ndipo seweroli linali loti likhale losangalatsa kwambiri pamwambowu. Sewero lapamwambali linawononga ma skudi mamiliyoni awiri. Poyerekeza, tiyeni tinene kuti Monteverdi, woimba bwino kwambiri wa nthawi imeneyo, analandira scuds makumi asanu pamwezi, ndipo Adrian pafupifupi mazana awiri. Ngakhale pamenepo, ma prima donnas anali amtengo wapatali kuposa olemba ntchito zomwe adachita.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Duke, bwalo lapamwamba la woyang'anira, pamodzi ndi opera ndi amayi, adagwa pansi chifukwa cha ngongole za mamiliyoni ambiri. Mu 1630, ma landsknechts a Aldringen General Aldringen - achifwamba ndi owononga - adamaliza mzindawu. Zosonkhanitsa za Vincenzo, zolembedwa pamanja za Monteverdi zamtengo wapatali kwambiri zidawonongeka pamoto - zochitika zomvetsa chisoni za kulira kwake zidapulumuka kuchokera kwa Ariadne. Malo oyamba achitetezo a opera adasanduka mabwinja achisoni. Zomwe adakumana nazo zomvetsa chisoni zidawonetsa mawonekedwe onse ndi zotsutsana za zojambulajambula zovuta izi kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko: kuwonongeka ndi nzeru, mbali imodzi, ndi bankirapuse kwathunthu, kwina, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri, malo odzaza ndi zokopa, popanda zomwe. ngakhale opera yokha kapena prima donna sizingakhalepo. .

Tsopano Adriana Baroni akuwonekera ku Venice. Republic of San Marco adakhala wolowa m'malo mwanyimbo wa Mantua, koma wa demokalase komanso wotsimikiza, motero adakhudza kwambiri tsogolo la opera. Osati kokha chifukwa, mpaka imfa yake itatsala pang'ono kufa, Monteverdi anali wotsogolera tchalitchichi ndipo adapanga nyimbo zazikulu. Venice payokha inatsegula mipata yabwino kwambiri yopangira sewero lanyimbo. Linali lidakali limodzi mwa mayiko amphamvu kwambiri ku Italy, lomwe linali ndi likulu lolemera kwambiri lomwe linatsagana ndi kupambana kwake pazandale ndi maphwando apamwamba kwambiri omwe anali asanakhalepo. Kukonda masquerade, kubadwanso kwina, kunapereka chithumwa chodabwitsa osati ku Carnival ya Venetian yokha.

Kuchita ndi kusewera nyimbo kunakhala chikhalidwe chachiwiri cha anthu okondwa. Komanso, si anthu olemera okha amene ankachita nawo zosangalatsa zamtunduwu. Venice anali republic, ngakhale olemekezeka, koma dziko lonse ankakhala pa malonda, kutanthauza kuti m'munsi mwa anthu sakanatha kuchotsedwa luso. Woimbayo adakhala katswiri mu zisudzo, anthu adapeza. Kuyambira pano, ma opera a Honor ndi Cavalli sanamvedwe ndi alendo oitanidwa, koma ndi omwe adalipira pakhomo. Opera, yomwe inali yosangalatsa kwambiri ku Mantua, inasanduka bizinesi yopindulitsa.

Mu 1637, banja la Patrician Throne linamanga nyumba yoyamba ya opera ku San Cassiano. Zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi palazzo yakale yokhala ndi bwalo lamasewera, monga, mwachitsanzo, Teatro Olimpico ku Vicenza, yomwe yakhalapo mpaka lero. Nyumba yatsopanoyi, yowoneka mosiyana kwambiri, inakwaniritsa zofunikira za opera ndi cholinga chake chapagulu. Sitejiyo inalekanitsidwa ndi omvera ndi nsalu yotchinga, yomwe panthawiyi inali yobisika kwa iwo zodabwitsa za malo. Anthu wamba ankakhala m’makola pa mabenchi amatabwa, ndipo anthu olemekezeka ankakhala m’mabokosi amene anthu ankabwereka kuti agwiritse ntchito banja lonse. Malo ogonawo anali chipinda chozama kwambiri momwe moyo wakuthupi unali utakhazikika. Apa, osati ochita zisudzo okha omwe amawomberedwa m'manja kapena kunyozedwa, koma masiku achikondi achinsinsi nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa. Chiwombankhanga chenicheni cha opera chinayamba ku Venice. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, malo osachepera khumi ndi asanu ndi atatu adamangidwa pano. Iwo anakula bwino, kenako anagwa mu kuwonongeka, kenako anadutsa m'manja mwa eni ake atsopano ndikutsitsimutsidwa kachiwiri - chirichonse chimadalira kutchuka kwa zisudzo ndi kukongola kwa nyenyezi za siteji ya opera.

Luso loimba linapeza mwachangu mbali za chikhalidwe chapamwamba. Nthawi zambiri amavomereza kuti mawu akuti "coloratura" adayambitsidwa mu nyimbo ndi woimba waku Venetian Pietro Andrea Ciani. Ndime za Virtuoso - ma trills, mamba, ndi zina zotero - kukongoletsa nyimbo yaikulu, adakondweretsa khutu. Miyambo yolembedwa mu 1630 ndi wolemba nyimbo wachiroma dzina lake Domenico Mazzocchi kaamba ka ophunzira ake ikupereka umboni wa kuchuluka kwa zofunika kwa oimba a opera. “Choyamba. M'mawa. Ola la kuphunzira ndime zovuta za opera, ola la kuphunzira ma trills, ndi zina zotero, ola la masewera olimbitsa thupi, ola la kubwerezabwereza, ola la mawu omveka kutsogolo kwa galasi kuti akwaniritse mawonekedwe ogwirizana ndi kalembedwe ka nyimbo. Chachiwiri. Pambuyo pa nkhomaliro. Theka la ola chiphunzitso, theka la ola counterpoint, theka la ola mabuku. Tsiku lonse linali lokhazikika polemba ma canzonettes, motets kapena masalmo.

Mwachionekere, kufalikira kwapadziko lonse ndi kusamalitsa kwa maphunziro oterowo sikunali kofunikira. Zinayamba chifukwa cha kufunikira koopsa, chifukwa oimba achichepere anakakamizika kupikisana ndi othena, othena muubwana. Mwa lamulo la papa, akazi achiroma analetsedwa kuseŵera pa siteji, ndipo malo awo anatengedwa ndi amuna opanda umuna. Mwa kuyimba, amunawo adapanga zophophonya za siteji ya opera ya munthu wonenepa kwambiri. Soprano yachimuna yochita kupanga (kapena alto) inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi liwu lachibadwa lachikazi; munalibe kuwala kwachikazi kapena kutentha mwa iye, koma munali mphamvu chifukwa cha chifuwa champhamvu kwambiri. Mudzanena kuti - zachilendo, zopanda pake, zachiwerewere ... Palibe zotsutsa zomwe zinathandiza: mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1601, zomwe zinadziwika ndi pempho la Rousseau kuti abwerere ku chilengedwe, theka la munthu ndi amene adalamulira zochitika za opaleshoni ku Ulaya. Tchalitchicho chinanyalanyaza mfundo yakuti kwaya za tchalitchizo zinawonjezeredwa kuchokera kugwero lomwelo, ngakhale kuti zimenezi zinali zolakwa. Mu XNUMX, woyamba castrato-sopranist adawonekera mu tchalitchi cha apapa, mwa njira, m'busa.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, anthu odulidwa, mofanana ndi mafumu enieni a zisudzo za zisudzo, anasisita ndi kuwathira golide. M'modzi mwa otchuka kwambiri - Caffarelli, yemwe amakhala pansi pa Louis XV, adatha kugula duchy yonse ndi chindapusa chake, ndipo Farinelli wocheperako adalandira ma franc zikwi makumi asanu pachaka kuchokera kwa Mfumu Philip V waku Spain chifukwa chongosangalatsa mfumu yotopetsa tsiku lililonse. ndi anayi opera arias.

Ndipo komabe, ziribe kanthu momwe ma castrati anali kuchitidwa milungu, prima donna sinakhalebe mumithunzi. Anali ndi mphamvu, zomwe angagwiritse ntchito mothandizidwa ndi njira zovomerezeka za opera - mphamvu ya mkazi. Mawu ake anamveka mu mawonekedwe okonzedwa bwino omwe amakhudza munthu aliyense - chikondi, chidani, nsanje, kukhumba, kuzunzika. Pozunguliridwa ndi nthano, chifaniziro cha woyimbayo atavala mikanjo yapamwamba chinali cholinga cha chikhumbo cha anthu omwe malamulo awo amakhalidwe abwino anali olamulidwa ndi amuna. Lolani olemekezeka kuti asalole kukhalapo kwa oimba osavuta - chipatso choletsedwa, monga mukudziwa, chimakhala chokoma nthawi zonse. Ngakhale kuti zotuluka pa siteji zinali zotsekedwa ndi kulondera kuti zikhale zovuta kulowa m'mabokosi amdima a njonda, chikondi chinagonjetsa zopinga zonse. Ndi iko komwe, zinali zokopa kwambiri kukhala ndi chinthu chosirira padziko lonse! Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, zisudzo zakhala ngati magwero a maloto achikondi chifukwa cha ma prima donnas omwe amawayerekeza ndi akatswiri amakono aku Hollywood chifukwa amatha kuchita zambiri.

M'zaka zovuta za kupangidwa kwa opera, zizindikiro za Adriana Baroni zatayika. Atachoka ku Mantua, akuwonekera tsopano ku Milan, kenako ku Venice. Amayimba udindo waukulu mu zisudzo za Francesco Cavalli, wotchuka masiku amenewo. Wolembayo anali wochuluka kwambiri, choncho Adriana amawonekera pa siteji nthawi zambiri. Alakatuli amalemekeza Baroni wokongola mu sonnets, alongo ake amapanganso ntchito pa mbiri ya kutchuka kwa woimbayo. Adriana wokalamba akupitirizabe kukondweretsa okonda talente yake. Umu ndi mmene woyimba zeze wa Kadinala Richelieu, Pater Mogard, akulongosolera nyimbo ya konsati ya banja la Baroni kuti: “Amayi (Adriana) ankaimba zeze, mwana wamkazi mmodzi ankaimba zeze, ndipo wachiŵiri (Leonora) ankaimba theorbo. Konsati ya mawu atatu ndi zoimbira zitatu inandisangalatsa kwambiri kotero kuti zinawoneka kwa ine kuti sindinalinso munthu wamba, koma ndinali pagulu la angelo.

Pomaliza atachoka pa siteji, wokongola Adriana analemba buku lomwe lingathe kutchedwa chipilala cha ulemerero wake. Ndipo, chomwe chinali chosowa kwambiri, chinasindikizidwa ku Venice pansi pa dzina lakuti "The Theatre of Glory Signora Adriana Basile." Kuwonjezera pa zikumbutso, munalinso ndakatulo zimene olemba ndakatulo ndi njonda anaziika pamapazi a diva ya zisudzo.

Ulemerero wa Adriana unabadwanso m'thupi ndi magazi ake - mwa mwana wake wamkazi Leonora. Wotsirizirayo ngakhale kuposa amayi ake, ngakhale Adriana akadali woyamba mu gawo la opera. Leonora Baroni anakopa a Venetians, Florentines ndi Aroma, mumzinda wamuyaya anakumana ndi Mngelezi wamkulu Milton, amene anaimba za iye mu imodzi mwa epigrams ake. Omwe amamukonda anali kazembe waku France ku Roma, Giulio Mazzarino. Pokhala woweruza wamphamvu zonse za tsogolo la France monga Kadinala Mazarin, adayitana Leonora ndi gulu la oimba a ku Italy ku Paris kuti a French asangalale ndi zozizwitsa za bel canto. Pakatikati mwa zaka za zana la XNUMX (wolemba Jean-Baptiste Lully ndi Moliere panthawiyo anali akatswiri amalingaliro), khothi la ku France linamva kwa nthawi yoyamba sewero lachi Italiya limodzi ndi "virtuoso" wamkulu ndi castrato. Kotero ulemerero wa prima donna unadutsa malire a mayiko ndipo unakhala mutu wotumizira kunja. Bambo Mogar yemweyo, akuyamika luso la Leonora Baroni ku Rome, makamaka amasilira luso lake lochepetsera phokoso kuti apange kusiyana kochenjera pakati pa magulu a chromatic ndi enharmony, chomwe chinali chizindikiro cha maphunziro a Leonora ozama kwambiri. Nzosadabwitsa kuti iye, mwa zina, ankaimba viola ndi theorbo.

Potsatira chitsanzo cha amayi ake, adatsata njira yopambana, koma opera inayamba, kutchuka kwa Leonora kunaposa amayi ake, kupitirira Venice ndikufalikira ku Italy. Anazunguliridwanso ndi kupembedzedwa, ndakatulo zimaperekedwa kwa iye m'Chilatini, Chigiriki, Chiitaliya, Chifalansa ndi Chisipanishi, chofalitsidwa m'nkhani ya ndakatulo ya Ulemerero wa Signora Leonora Baroni.

Iye ankadziwika, pamodzi ndi Margherita Bertolazzi, monga virtuoso wamkulu pa chiyambi cha mbiri ya opera Italy. Zinkaoneka kuti nsanje ndi miseche zikanamuphimba moyo wake. Palibe chinachitika. Kukangana, kusakhazikika komanso kusakhazikika komwe pambuyo pake kudakhala kofananira ndi ma prima donnas, kutengera zomwe zabwera kwa ife, sizinali zachibadwidwe m'mawu oyamba a mawu. Ndizovuta kunena chifukwa chake. Kaya ku Venice, Florence ndi Rome pa nthawi ya Baroque oyambirira, ngakhale kuti anali ndi ludzu lachisangalalo, makhalidwe okhwima kwambiri anali adakalipo, kapena panali ochepa virtuosos, ndipo omwe anali osazindikira kuti mphamvu zawo zinali zazikulu bwanji. Pokhapokha opera atasintha maonekedwe ake kachitatu pansi pa dzuwa lotentha la Naples, ndi aria da capo, ndipo pambuyo pake liwu lapamwamba kwambiri linakhazikika mu sewero lakale la musica, ochita masewera oyambirira, mahule ndi zigawenga. kuwonekera pakati pa zisudzo-oyimba.

Ntchito yabwino, mwachitsanzo, idapangidwa ndi Julia de Caro, mwana wamkazi wa wophika ndi woimba woyendayenda, yemwe adakhala msungwana wamsewu. Anakwanitsa kutsogolera nyumba ya zisudzo. Zikuoneka kuti atapha mwamuna wake woyamba n’kukwatiwa ndi mwana wamwamuna, anamuchitira chipongwe ndipo anamuletsa. Anayenera kubisala, osati ndi chikwama chopanda kanthu, ndi kukhala mosadziwika kwa masiku ake onse.

Mzimu wa Neapolitan wa intrigue, koma pazigawo za ndale ndi boma, zimalowa mu mbiri yonse ya Georgina, imodzi mwa olemekezeka kwambiri mwa oyamba a prima donnas a Baroque oyambirira. Ali ku Roma, iye sanasangalale ndi papa ndipo anaopsezedwa kuti amumanga. Anathawira ku Sweden, mothandizidwa ndi mwana wamkazi wa Gustavus Adolf, Mfumukazi Christina. Ngakhale pamenepo, misewu yonse inali yotsegukira kwa ma prima donna okondedwa ku Ulaya! Christina anali ndi kufooka kwa opera kotero kuti sikungakhale kosakhululukidwa kukhala chete ponena za iye. Atakana mpando wachifumu, anatembenukira ku Chikatolika, nasamukira ku Roma, ndipo kokha mwa khama lake akazi analoledwa kuchita pa nyumba yoyamba ya zisudzo yapagulu ku Tordinon. Kuletsedwa kwa apapa sikunatsutse zithumwa za prima donnas, ndipo zikanatheka bwanji ngati kadinala mmodzi adathandizira ochita zisudzo, atavala zovala zachimuna, kuzembera pabwalo, ndipo winayo - Rospigliosi, pambuyo pake Papa Clement IX, analemba ndakatulo. kwa Leonora Baroni ndi kupanga masewero.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mfumukazi Christina, Georgina akuwonekeranso pakati pa akuluakulu a ndale. Amakhala mbuye wa Neapolitan Viceroy Medinaceli, yemwe, mosataya ndalama, adathandizira operayo. Koma posakhalitsa anathamangitsidwa, anathaŵira ku Spain limodzi ndi Georgina. Kenako anadzukanso, ulendo uno kwa mpando wa nduna, koma chifukwa cha chiwembu ndi chiwembu, iye anaponyedwa m'ndende, kumene anafera. Koma mwayi utatembenukira Medinaceli, Georgina anasonyeza khalidwe limene kuyambira kale ankaona ngati prima donnas: kukhulupirika! M'mbuyomu, adagawana nzeru za chuma ndi ulemu ndi wokondedwa wake, koma tsopano adagawana naye umphawi, adapita kundende, koma patapita nthawi adamasulidwa, adabwerera ku Italy ndikukhala bwino ku Rome mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake. .

Tsoka lamkuntho kwambiri lidadikirira prima donna padziko la France, kutsogolo kwa bwalo lamilandu lamilandu ku likulu ladziko lapansi - Paris. Patatha zaka theka pambuyo pa Italy, adamva kukongola kwa zisudzo, koma ndiye kuti chipembedzo cha prima donna chinafika pamtunda womwe sunachitikepo. Apainiya a zisudzo za ku France anali makadinala awiri ndi akuluakulu a boma: Richelieu, yemwe ankayang'anira tsoka la dziko komanso mwiniwake Corneille, ndi Mazarin, amene anabweretsa masewero a ku Italy ku France, ndipo anathandiza French kuti ayambe kuyenda. Ballet wakhala akuyanjidwa ndi khothi kwa nthawi yayitali, koma tsoka lanyimbo - opera - lidalandira kuzindikira kwathunthu pansi pa Louis XIV. Muulamuliro wake, Mfalansa wa ku Italy, Jean-Baptiste Lully, yemwe kale anali wophika, wovina komanso woyimba zeze, anakhala wolemba nyimbo wotchuka wa m’khoti amene analemba zomvetsa chisoni zoimba nyimbo. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1669, ku nyumba ya zisudzo, yotchedwa Royal Academy of Music, inkaonetsedwa masoka anyimbo ndi kusakanikirana koyenera kwa magule.

Opambana a prima donna woyamba ku France ndi a Martha le Rochois. Anali ndi wotsogolera woyenera - Hilaire le Puy, koma pansi pake opera anali asanakhalepo mawonekedwe ake omaliza. Le Puy anali ndi ulemu waukulu - adachita nawo sewero lomwe mfumu mwiniyo adavina Aigupto. Martha le Rochois sanali wokongola ayi. Anthu a m'nthawi yake amamuwonetsa ngati mkazi wofooka, wokhala ndi manja owonda kwambiri, omwe amakakamizika kuphimba ndi magolovesi aatali. Koma iye anadziwa bwino kalembedwe grandiloquent khalidwe pa siteji, popanda mavuto akale a Lully sakanakhoza kukhala. Martha le Rochois adalemekezedwa kwambiri ndi Armida wake, yemwe adadabwitsa omvera ndi kuyimba kwake kopatsa chidwi komanso kuyimba kwake. Wojambulayo wakhala, wina anganene, kunyada kwa dziko. Pokhapokha ali ndi zaka 48 adachoka pa siteji, atalandira udindo wa mphunzitsi wa mawu ndi penshoni ya moyo wa franc chikwi. Le Rochois ankakhala moyo wabata, wolemekezeka, wokumbukira nyenyezi zamasiku ano, ndipo anamwalira mu 1728 ali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri mphambu zisanu ndi zitatu. Ndizovuta kukhulupirira kuti adani ake anali awiri odziwika bwino ngati Dematin ndi Maupin. Izi zikusonyeza kuti n'zosatheka kuyandikira ma prima donnas ndi miyezo yofanana. Amadziwika kuti Dematin anaponya botolo la lapel potion pamaso pa mtsikana wokongola, yemwe ankawoneka wokongola kwambiri, ndipo wotsogolera nyimboyi, yemwe adamudutsa pogawira maudindo, adatsala pang'ono kumupha ndi manja. wa wakupha wolembedwa ntchito. Pochita nsanje ndi kupambana kwa Roshua, Moreau ndi munthu wina, adatsala pang'ono kuwatumiza kudziko lotsatira, koma "poizoniyo sanakonzekere nthawi yake, ndipo watsoka anapulumuka imfa." Koma kwa Archbishopu wa ku Paris, amene anamunyengerera ndi dona wina, komabe “anatha kuponya chiphe chofulumira, kotero kuti posakhalitsa anafera m’nyumba yake yachisangalalo.”

Koma zonsezi zikuwoneka ngati sewero la ana poyerekeza ndi zonyansa za Maupin. Nthawi zina amafanana ndi dziko lamisala la a Dumas 'Atatu Musketeers, mosiyana, komabe, kuti ngati nkhani ya moyo wa Maupin idalembedwa m'buku, zitha kuwoneka ngati chipatso cha malingaliro olemera a wolemba.

Chiyambi chake sichidziwika, zimangodziwika kuti anabadwa mu 1673 ku Paris ndipo mtsikana wina adalumpha kuti akwatiwe ndi boma. Pamene Monsieur Maupin anasamutsidwa kukatumikira m’zigawo, anali ndi mwano kusiya mkazi wake wamng’ono ku Paris. Pokhala wokonda ntchito zachimuna chabe, anayamba kuphunzira za mpanda ndipo nthawi yomweyo anayamba kukondana ndi mphunzitsi wake wamng’ono. Okonda anathawira ku Marseilles, ndipo Maupin anasintha kukhala kavalidwe ka mwamuna, osati chifukwa chodziwikiratu: ayenera kuti analankhula za chikhumbo cha chikondi cha amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, akadali osadziwa. Ndipo pamene msungwana wamng'ono adakondana ndi mnyamata wonyenga uyu, Maupin poyamba adamuseka, koma posakhalitsa kugonana kwachilendo kunakhala chilakolako chake. Panthawiyi, atasakaza ndalama zonse zomwe anali nazo, anthu angapo othawa kwawo anapeza kuti kuimba kungathandize kupeza zofunika pa moyo, ngakhale kupita m'gulu linalake la zisudzo. Apa Maupin, akuchita ngati Monsieur d'Aubigny, amakondana ndi mtsikana wochokera kugulu lapamwamba la Marseille. Makolo ake, ndithudi, safuna kumva za ukwati wa mwana wawo wamkazi ndi comedian wokayikitsa ndipo pofuna chitetezo amamubisa ku nyumba ya amonke.

Malipoti a olemba mbiri ya Maupin okhudza tsogolo lake akhoza, mwakufuna kwake, kutengedwa ndi chikhulupiriro kapena chifukwa cha malingaliro apamwamba a olemba. Ndizothekanso kuti iwo ndi chipatso cha kudzikweza kwake - chibadwa chodziwika bwino cha Maupin chinanena kuti mbiri yoyipa nthawi zina imatha kusinthidwa kukhala ndalama. Chifukwa chake, tikuphunzira kuti Maupin, nthawi ino ali ngati mkazi, adalowa m'nyumba ya amonke yomweyi kuti akhale pafupi ndi wokondedwa wake, ndikudikirira nthawi yabwino kuti athawe. Izi n’zimene zimaonekera sisitere wachikulire akamwalira. Maupin akuti adakumba mtembo wake ndikuuyika pakama wa wokondedwa wake. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zimayamba kukhala zaupandu kwambiri: Maupin amayatsa moto, mantha amayamba, ndipo m'chipwirikiti chotsatira, amathamanga ndi mtsikanayo. Mlanduwo, komabe, wapezeka, mtsikanayo amabwezeretsedwa kwa makolo ake, ndipo Maupin amamangidwa, akuzengedwa mlandu ndikuweruzidwa kuti aphedwe. Koma mwanjira ina amatha kuthawa, pambuyo pake zotsatira zake zimatayika kwa kanthawi - mwachiwonekere, amakhala moyo woyendayenda ndipo sakonda kukhala pamalo amodzi.

Ku Paris, amatha kudziwonetsa kwa Lully. Luso lake limadziwika, maestro amamuphunzitsa, ndipo m'kanthawi kochepa amamupanga ku Royal Academy pansi pa dzina lake lenileni. Kuimba mu opera Lully Cadmus et Hermione, iye anagonjetsa Paris, ndakatulo kuimba za nyenyezi yotuluka. Kukongola kwake kodabwitsa, mawonekedwe ake komanso talente yachilengedwe imakopa omvera. Ankachita bwino kwambiri maudindo achimuna, zomwe sizodabwitsa chifukwa cha zomwe amakonda. Koma Paris wowolowa manja amawachitira zabwino. Izi zikuwoneka zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ngati tikumbukira kuti, mosiyana ndi malo ena olimba aluso ku France, castrati sanaloledwe kulowa mu siteji. Amayesa kuti asatengeke ndi prima donna wamng'ono. Nthawi ina atakangana ndi mnzake, woimba wina dzina lake Dumesnil, adapempha kupepesa kwa iye, ndipo osalandira, adamenyana ndi mnyamata wathanzi ndi nkhonya mofulumira kotero kuti analibe nthawi yoti aphethire diso. Sanangomumenya, komanso adachotsa bokosi la fodya ndi wotchi, zomwe pambuyo pake zidakhala umboni wofunikira. Tsiku lotsatira munthu wosaukayo atayamba kufotokozera anzake kuti mikwingwirima yake yambiri idachitika chifukwa cha zigawenga, Maupin adalengeza mopambana kuti iyi inali ntchito ya manja ake ndipo, chifukwa chokopa kwambiri, adaponya zinthu pamapazi a gulu lankhondo. wozunzidwa.

Koma si zokhazo. Kamodzi anawonekera pa phwando, kachiwiri mu diresi lachimuna. Mkangano unayambika pakati pa iye ndi m'modzi mwa alendowo, Maupin adamutsutsa kuti achite mpikisano. Anamenyana ndi mfuti. Mopan adakhala wowombera mochenjera kwambiri ndikuphwanya mkono wa mdaniyo. Kuphatikiza pa kuvulazidwa, adakumananso ndi kuwonongeka kwamakhalidwe: mlanduwo unadziwika, kukhomerera wosaukayo kosatha ku pillory: adagonjetsedwa ndi mkazi! Chochitika chodabwitsa kwambiri chinachitika pa mpira wamasquerade - pamenepo Maupin m'munda wachifumu adamenyana ndi malupanga ndi olemekezeka atatu nthawi imodzi. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, adapha mmodzi wa iwo, malinga ndi ena - onse atatu. Sizinali zotheka kutseka chitonzocho, oweruza adachita nawo chidwi, ndipo Maupin adayenera kuyang'ana magawo atsopano. Kukhalabe ku France kunali, mwachiwonekere, koopsa, ndiyeno timakumana naye kale ku Brussels, kumene mwachibadwa amavomerezedwa ngati nyenyezi ya opera. Amayamba kukondana ndi Elector Maximilian wa ku Bavaria ndipo amakhala mbuye wake, zomwe sizimamulepheretsa kuvutika kwambiri ndi malingaliro osayenerera kwa mtsikanayo kuti amayesa kuyika manja pa iye yekha. Koma wosankhidwayo ali ndi chizolowezi chatsopano, ndipo iye - munthu wolemekezeka - amatumiza Maupin ma franc zikwi makumi anayi. Maupin wokwiya akuponya chikwama chokhala ndi ndalama pamutu wa mesenjalayo ndikusambitsa wosankhidwayo ndi mawu omaliza. Chochititsa manyazi chikuwukanso, sangathenso kukhala ku Brussels. Amayesa mwayi ku Spain, koma amatsikira pansi pagulu la anthu ndikukhala mdzakazi kwa munthu wosawerengeka. Akusowa kwa nthawi yayitali - amanyamuka ndikupita zonse - kuyesera kuti agonjetsenso gawo la Parisian, pomwe adapambana zigonjetso zambiri. Ndipo ndithudi - prima donna wanzeru wakhululukidwa machimo ake onse, amapeza mwayi watsopano. Koma, tsoka, iye salinso yemweyo. Moyo wotayirira sunali wachabechabe kwa iye. Pazaka makumi atatu ndi ziwiri kapena makumi atatu ndi zinayi zokha, amakakamizika kuchoka pabwalo. Moyo wake wowonjezereka, wodekha komanso wodyetsedwa bwino, alibe chidwi. Phiri lamoto latuluka!

Pali chidziwitso chochepa kwambiri chodalirika chokhudza moyo wovuta wa mkazi uyu, ndipo izi ndizosiyana. Momwemonso, ngakhale mayina a omwe adayambitsa luso latsopano, omwe adagwira ntchito m'munda wa opera m'masiku oyambirira a maonekedwe a prima donnas, akumira mumdima kapena mumdima wathunthu wa tsoka. Koma sizofunikira ngati mbiri ya Maupin ndi yowona kapena nthano. Chachikulu ndichakuti limalankhula za kukonzeka kwa anthu kuwonetsa mikhalidwe yonseyi ku prima donna yofunika kwambiri ndikumuganizira zakugonana, adventurism, zopotoza zakugonana, ndi zina zambiri.

K. Khonolka (kumasulira - R. Solodovnyk, A. Katsura)