Otto Klemperer |

Otto Klemperer

Otto Klemperer, m'modzi mwa akatswiri ochita zaluso kwambiri, amadziwika bwino m'dziko lathu. Anachita koyamba ku Soviet Union m'ma makumi awiri.

“Pamene anamvetsetsa, kapena kuti, mwachibadwa, anazindikira chimene Klemperer anali, anayamba kupita kwa iye m’njira yakuti holo yaikulu ya Philharmonic sinathenso kukhala ndi aliyense amene anafuna kumvetsera, ndipo koposa zonse, kuyang’anira wochititsa wotchuka. Kusawona Klemperer ndikudziletsa kutengeka kwakukulu. Kuyambira pomwe adalowa mu siteji, Klemperer amalamulira chidwi cha omvera. Amatsatira manja ake ndi chidwi kwambiri. Mwamuna yemwe waima kumbuyo kwa cholembera chopanda kanthu (zolembazo zili m'mutu mwake) pang'onopang'ono amakula ndikudzaza holo yonse. Chilichonse chimalumikizana kukhala chinthu chimodzi cholenga, momwe aliyense wopezekapo akuwoneka kuti akutenga nawo mbali. Klemperer amatengera zolakwa za munthu payekhapayekha kuti athe kutulutsa mphamvu zamaganizidwe zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa m'malingaliro amphamvu, okopa komanso osangalatsa omwe sadziwa zopinga ... kukulitsa kuzindikira kwa luso la nyimbo zazikulu kwambiri, pali chinsinsi cha kupambana kwakukulu komwe Klemperer amasangalala nako m'dziko lathu.

Umu ndi momwe m'modzi mwa otsutsa a Leningrad adalemba zomwe adawona pamisonkhano yoyamba ndi wojambulayo. Mawu olingaliridwa bwino ameneŵa angapitirizidwe ndi mawu a wopenda ndemanga wina amene analemba m’zaka zimodzimodzizo: “Chiyembekezo, chisangalalo chodabwitsa chafalikira pa luso la Klemperer. Masewero ake, athunthu komanso aluso, nthawi zonse amakhala nyimbo zopanga, zopanda maphunziro ndi ziphunzitso. Ndi kulimba mtima kodabwitsa, Klemperer anakantha ndi kwenikweni pedantic ndi okhwima maganizo kubwereza yeniyeni ya nyimbo, malangizo ndi ndemanga za wolemba. Nthawi zambiri kutanthauzira kwake, kutali ndi nthawi zonse, kunayambitsa ziwonetsero ndi kusagwirizana. I. Klemperer nthawi zonse ankapambana."

Izi zinali ndipo zidakalipo mpaka lero luso la Klemperer. Izi ndi zomwe zidamupangitsa kukhala woyandikana komanso womveka kwa omvera padziko lonse lapansi, ndichifukwa chake wotsogolera adakondedwa kwambiri m'dziko lathu. "Klemperer Major" (kutanthauzira kolondola kwa wotsutsa wotchuka M. Sokolsky), mphamvu yamphamvu ya luso lake nthawizonse yakhala ikugwirizana ndi kugunda kwa anthu omwe akuyesetsa tsogolo, anthu omwe amathandizidwa ndi luso lalikulu kumanga moyo watsopano.

Chifukwa cha luso limeneli, Klemperer anakhala womasulira wosayerekezeka wa ntchito Beethoven. Aliyense amene adamva ndi chidwi ndi kudzoza komwe amakonzanso nyumba zazikuluzikulu za nyimbo za Beethoven amamvetsetsa chifukwa chake nthawi zonse zimawonekera kwa omvera kuti talente ya Klemperer idapangidwa kuti igwirizane ndi malingaliro aumunthu a Beethoven. Ndipo sizinali zopanda pake kuti m'modzi mwa otsutsa achingerezi adatcha ndemanga yake ya konsati yotsatira ya kondakitala motere: "Ludwig van Klemperer".

Inde, Beethoven si Klemperer yekha pachimake. Mphamvu yodziwikiratu ya kupsa mtima ndi chikhumbo champhamvu chimagonjetsa kutanthauzira kwake kwa ma symphonies a Mahler, momwe amatsindikanso chikhumbo cha kuwala, malingaliro a ubwino ndi ubale wa anthu. Mu repertoire yayikulu ya Klemperer, masamba ambiri akale amakhala ndi moyo mwanjira yatsopano, momwe amadziwa kupuma mwatsopano mwapadera. Ukulu wa Bach ndi Handel, chisangalalo chachikondi cha Schubert ndi Schumann, kuya kwa filosofi ya Brahms ndi Tchaikovsky, nzeru za Debussy ndi Stravinsky - zonsezi zimapeza mwa iye wotanthauzira wapadera komanso wangwiro.

Ndipo ngati tikumbukira kuti Klemperer amachita ndi chidwi chocheperako mu nyumba ya zisudzo, kupereka zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za machitidwe a zisudzo ndi Mozart, Beethoven, Wagner, Bizet, ndiye kukula ndi malire kulenga m'mphepete mwa wojambula adzaonekera bwino.

Moyo wonse ndi njira yolenga ya wotsogolera ndi chitsanzo cha utumiki wodzipereka, wodzipereka kwa luso. Wobadwira ku Breslau, mwana wa wamalonda, adalandira maphunziro ake oyamba a nyimbo kuchokera kwa amayi ake, woyimba piyano amateur. Nditamaliza sukulu ya sekondale, mnyamatayo anali kukhala woimba piyano, pa nthawi yomweyo anaphunzira chiphunzitso cha zikuchokera. “Nthaŵi yonseyi,” akukumbukira motero Klemperer, “sindinadziŵe kuti ndingakhale ndi luso la kutsogoza. Ndinakhala wotsogolera chifukwa cha mwayi umene ndinapeza mu 1906 pamene ndinakumana ndi Max Reinhardt, amene anandipempha kuti ndizichita nawo seŵero la Orpheus in Hell la Offenbach, limene anali atangopanga kumene. Nditalandira mwayi umenewu, nthawi yomweyo ndinapambana bwino kwambiri moti chinakopa chidwi cha Gustav Mahler. Apa ndi pamene ndinasintha kwambiri moyo wanga. Mahler anandilangiza kudzipereka kotheratu pakuwongolera, ndipo mu 1907 anandivomereza kuti ndikhale wotsogolera wamkulu wa German Opera House ku Prague.

Mutu ndiye nyumba za opera ku Hamburg, Strasbourg, Cologne, Berlin, kuyendera mayiko ambiri, Klemperer adadziwika kuti ndi m'modzi mwa oyendetsa bwino kwambiri padziko lapansi m'zaka za makumi awiri. Dzina lake linakhala mbendera yozungulira yomwe oimba abwino kwambiri amasiku ano komanso otsatira miyambo yayikulu ya luso lakale anasonkhana.

Ku Kroll Theatre ku Berlin, Klemperer sanachite masewera apamwamba, komanso ntchito zambiri zatsopano - Cardillac ya Hindemith ndi News of the Day, Stravinsky's Oedipus Rex, Prokofiev's The Love for Three Oranges ndi ena.

Kuyamba kulamulira kwa chipani cha Nazi kunakakamiza Klemperer kuchoka ku Germany ndi kuyendayenda kwa zaka zambiri. Ku Switzerland, Austria, USA, Canada, South America - kulikonse komwe amaimba ake ndi zisudzo zidachitika mwachipambano. Nkhondo itangotha, anabwerera ku Ulaya. Poyamba, Klemperer ankagwira ntchito pa Budapest State Opera, kumene iye anachita angapo waluntha zisudzo Beethoven, Wagner, Mozart, ndipo anakhala mu Switzerland kwa nthawi yaitali, ndipo m'zaka zaposachedwapa London wakhala nyumba yake. Apa amaimba ndi zoimbaimba, zolemba pa mbiri, kuchokera apa akupanga ake ndipo akadali maulendo angapo konsati.

Klemperer ndi munthu wosasunthika komanso wolimba mtima. Kangapo matenda aakulu adamuchotsa pabwalo. Mu 1939, anachitidwa opaleshoni ya chotupa muubongo ndipo anali pafupi kufa ziwalo, koma mosiyana ndi malingaliro a madokotala, iye anaima pa kutonthoza. Pambuyo pake, chifukwa cha kugwa ndi kuthyoka kwa msana, wojambulayo adakhalanso miyezi yambiri m'chipatala, koma adagonjetsanso matendawa. Patapita zaka zingapo, ali m’chipatala, Klemperer anagona mwangozi ali gone pabedi. Ndudu yomwe idagwa m'manja mwake idayaka bulangeti, ndipo kondakitala adapsa kwambiri. Ndipo kachiwiri, kufunitsitsa ndi kukonda zaluso zinamuthandiza kuti abwerere ku moyo, ku zilandiridwenso.

Zaka zasintha maonekedwe a Klemperer. Kalekale, anachititsa chidwi omvera ndi oimba ndi maonekedwe ake okha. Ulemerero wake waulemerero unakwera pamwamba pa holoyo, ngakhale kuti kondakitala sanagwiritse ntchito chotengera. Masiku ano, Klemperer amachititsa atakhala pansi. Koma nthawi ilibe mphamvu pa luso ndi luso. “Mutha kuchita ndi dzanja limodzi. Nthawi zambiri, mutha kudziwa poyang'ana. Ndipo ponena za mpando - kotero, Mulungu wanga, chifukwa mu opera otsogolera onse amakhala pamene akuchititsa! Sizofala kwambiri m'holo yochitira konsati - ndizo zonse," akutero Klemperer modekha.

Ndipo monga nthawi zonse, amapambana. Pakuti, kumvetsera kuimba kwa oimba pansi pa malangizo ake, inu kusiya kuzindikira mpando, ndi zilonda manja, ndi makwinya nkhope. Nyimbo zokha zimatsalira, ndipo zikadali zabwino komanso zolimbikitsa.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek, 1969