Aesthetics, nyimbo |

Kusangalatsa kwanyimbo ndi maphunziro omwe amaphunzira zenizeni za nyimbo monga luso lazojambula ndipo ndi gawo la filosofi ya aesthetics (chiphunzitso cha kutengeka kwa maganizo-ophiphiritsa, malingaliro-maganizo a zenizeni ndi munthu ndi luso monga mawonekedwe apamwamba kwambiri a kutengera koteroko). E. m. monga chilango chapadera chakhalapo kuyambira mapeto. Zaka za zana la 18 Mawu akuti “E. m." idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi KFD Schubart (1784) pambuyo poyambitsa A. Baumgarten (1750) mawu akuti "aesthetics" (kuchokera ku Greek aistntixos - sensual) kuti atchule gawo lapadera la filosofi. Pafupi ndi mawu akuti "filosofi ya nyimbo". Nkhani ya E.m. ndi dialectic of the general laws of sensory-figurative assimilation of reality, malamulo apadera a luso. kulenga ndi munthu payekha (konkire) nyimbo. mlandu. Chifukwa chake, magulu a E. m. mwina amamangidwa motengera mtundu wa kukongola wamba. malingaliro (mwachitsanzo, chithunzi chanyimbo), kapena zimagwirizana ndi malingaliro oimba omwe amaphatikiza nyimbo zafilosofi ndi konkriti. mfundo (monga mgwirizano). Njira ya Marxist-Leninist E. m. dialectically limaphatikiza ambiri (methodological maziko a dialectical ndi mbiri chuma chakuthupi), makamaka (zongopeka makonzedwe a Marxist-Leninist filosofi ya luso), ndi munthu (njira zanyimbo ndi zowonera). E. m. zimagwirizana ndi kukongola kwachirengedwe kudzera mu chiphunzitso cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zaluso, yomwe ndi imodzi mwamagawo omaliza. zilandiridwenso (zojambula morphology) ndipo zikuphatikizapo mu yeniyeni (chifukwa cha ntchito musicological deta) kupanga zigawo zake zina, mwachitsanzo, chiphunzitso cha mbiriyakale, chikhalidwe cha anthu, epistemological, ontological. ndi malamulo axiological a milandu. Nkhani yophunzira ya E. m. ndi dialectic wa ambiri, wapadera ndi munthu payokha nyimbo ndi mbiri. ndondomeko; chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha nyimbo. luso; luso. chidziwitso (kusinkhasinkha) zenizeni mu nyimbo; chiwonetsero chachikulu cha nyimbo. ntchito; makhalidwe ndi kuwunika kwa nyimbo. mlandu.

The dialectic of general and individual history. machitidwe a nyimbo. mlandu. Mitundu yeniyeni ya mbiri ya nyimbo. zonena ndi majini ndi zomveka kugwirizana ndi malamulo ambiri chitukuko cha zinthu mchitidwe, pamene pa nthawi yomweyo ali ndi ufulu wodziimira. Kulekanitsa nyimbo kuchokera ku syncretic zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi malingaliro osagwirizana ndi malingaliro a munthu adatsimikiziridwa ndi kugawanika kwa ntchito, momwe mphamvu zaumunthu za munthu zinali zapadera ndipo, motero, "chinthu chakumva" ndi " chinthu cha diso” zinapangidwa ( K. Marx ). Kukula kwa madera. Zochita zochokera kwa anthu omwe siantchito apadera komanso ongogwiritsa ntchito zothandiza kudzera m'magawo ake ndi magawo ake ndizodziyimira pawokha. mitundu ya zochitika za uzimu ku zochitika zapadziko lonse ndi zaulere pansi pa zikhalidwe za chikominisi. mapangidwe (K. Marx ndi F. Engels, Soch., Vol. 3, pp. 442-443) mu mbiri ya nyimbo (makamaka miyambo ya ku Ulaya) amapeza khalidwe lapadera. maonekedwe: kuchokera kwa "amateur" (RI Gruber) khalidwe la kupanga nyimbo zakale komanso kusakhalapo kwa magawano kukhala woimba-woimba-womvetsera mwa kupatukana kwa oimba ndi omvera, kupititsa patsogolo miyezo ya olemba nyimbo ndi kulekanitsa nyimbo kuchokera ku machitidwe. (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 11, koma XG Eggebrecht) kuti apange mgwirizano wa woimba - woimba - womvetsera mu njira yolenga - kutanthauzira - kuzindikira kwa nyimbo zapadera payekha. prod. (kuyambira zaka za 17th-18th, malinga ndi G. Besseler). Kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu monga njira yosinthira ku gawo latsopano lamagulu. kupanga mu mbiri ya nyimbo kumapangitsa kukonzanso kamangidwe kake (BV Asafiev) - chofunikira pakukonzanso njira zonse zopangira nyimbo. Kupita patsogolo ndi mbiri yakale. chitukuko - mu nyimbo chimasonyezedwa pakupindula pang'onopang'ono kwa ufulu wake. udindo, kusiyanitsa mu mitundu ndi mitundu, kukulitsa njira zowonetsera zenizeni (mpaka ku zenizeni ndi zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha sosholisti).

Kudziimira pawokha kwa mbiri ya nyimbo kuli pa mfundo yakuti, choyamba, kusintha kwa nthawi zake kungakhale mochedwa kapena patsogolo pa kusintha kwa njira zopangira zinthu. Kachiwiri, mu nthawi zonse pa muses. ukadaulo umakhudzidwa ndi zonena zina. Chachitatu, aliyense nyimbo-mbiri. sitejiyi ilibe yachidule, komanso phindu palokha: nyimbo zabwino zomwe zimapangidwa molingana ndi mfundo za kupanga nyimbo za nthawi inayake sizitaya phindu nthawi zina, ngakhale kuti mfundo zomwe zimachokera pa izo zikhoza kukhala zosagwiritsidwa ntchito. ndondomeko ya chitukuko chotsatira cha muses. mlandu.

Dialectics of general and different laws of social determination of muses. luso. Mbiri yakale ya nyimbo. zonena za ntchito chikhalidwe (kulumikizana-ntchito, zamatsenga, hedonistic-zosangalatsa, maphunziro, etc.) kumabweretsa 18-19 zaka. ku zaluso zapaintaneti. tanthauzo la nyimbo. Marxist-Leninist aesthetics amawona nyimbo, zomwe zimapangidwira kuti azimvetsera, monga chinthu chomwe chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri - kupangidwa kwa membala wa anthu kupyolera mu mphamvu yake yapadera. Malinga ndi vumbulutso lapang'onopang'ono la polyfunctionality ya nyimbo, dongosolo lovuta la mabungwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu linapangidwa kuti maphunziro okonzekera, kulenga, kugawa, kumvetsetsa nyimbo, ndi kayendetsedwe ka muses. ndondomeko ndi thandizo lake la ndalama. Malingana ndi ntchito za chikhalidwe cha anthu, machitidwe a mabungwe oimba amakhudza luso. makhalidwe a nyimbo (BV Asafiev, AV Lunacharsky, X. Eisler). Zojambulajambula zimakhala ndi chikoka chapadera. Makhalidwe a njira zopangira nyimbo zopangira ndalama (zopereka ndalama, zogulira boma), zomwe zimagwirizana ndi madera onse azachuma. Choncho, sociological. zodziwikiratu za kupanga nyimbo zimawonjezera ku dongosolo lomwe limakhala lachuma. Zinthu zimasintha kukhala mulingo wa anthu ambiri (onani mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu), chikhalidwe cha omvera ndi zaluso zake. zopempha - mlingo wa wapadera (onani mitundu yonse ya ntchito zaluso), ndi magulu. bungwe la kupanga nyimbo - pamlingo wa munthu (amasankha mbali zenizeni za luso la nyimbo).

The dialectic of general and individual epistemological. machitidwe a nyimbo. mlandu. Chofunikira cha chidziwitso chiri mu kubalana koyenera kwa njira zothandiza. zochita za anthu, zomwe zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino m'chinenero ndipo zimapereka "chithunzi chenicheni cha dziko lapansi" (VI Lenin). Art imachita izi mu zaluso. zithunzi zomwe dialectically zimagwirizanitsa kulingalira kwamoyo ndi kuganiza kosamveka, mwachindunji. kulingalira ndi kufanizira kukhazikika, kutsimikizika kwa munthu payekha komanso kuwulula zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse. Mafotokozedwe okhudzana ndi zinthu zaluso. zithunzi ndi zosiyana mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zonena, popeza aliyense wa zonena ali ndi tsatanetsatane wake. chinenero. Chiyankhulo cha chinenero cha phokoso chiri mu chikhalidwe chake chopanda lingaliro, chomwe chinapangidwa kale. Mu nyimbo zakale, zogwirizana ndi mawu ndi manja, luso. chithunzicho ndi chophiphiritsa mwamalingaliro ndi mowoneka. Malamulo a malankhulidwe omwe adakhudza nyimbo kwa nthawi yayitali, kuphatikiza nthawi ya Baroque, adatsimikiza kulumikizana kosalunjika pakati pa nyimbo ndi chilankhulo chapakamwa (zina za syntax yake zidawonetsedwa mu nyimbo). Zochitika zakale. nyimbo zinasonyeza kuti nyimbo zikhoza kumasulidwa ku ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso kulemberana makalata. mafotokozedwe ndi kuyandikira kwa mawu, popeza ali odziimira kale. chinenero, ngakhale cha mtundu wosakhala wamalingaliro. Komabe, m'chinenero chopanda malingaliro cha nyimbo "zoyera", magawo omwe adadutsa kale akuwonetsa-malingaliro amasungidwa mu mawonekedwe a mayanjano enieni a moyo ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi mitundu ya muses. mayendedwe, mawonekedwe a mawu amaphunziro, kuwonetsa. Zotsatira, phonism ya intervals, etc. Zomwe sizili zamaganizo zomwe zili mu nyimbo, zomwe sizingagwirizane ndi kufalitsa kwapakamwa kokwanira, zimawululidwa kudzera mu nyimbo. logic ya chiŵerengero cha zinthu prod. Lingaliro la kutumizidwa kwa "zomveka" (BV Asafiev), lophunziridwa ndi chiphunzitso cha kupanga, likuwoneka ngati nyimbo yeniyeni. kubalana kwangwiro kopangidwa m'magulu. machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuunika, malingaliro, malingaliro okhudza mitundu ya umunthu waumunthu ndi maubwenzi a anthu, generalizations padziko lonse. Choncho, zenizeni za muses. chiwonetsero cha zenizeni chagona pa mfundo yakuti Art. chithunzicho chimapangidwanso mu nyimbo zomwe zinapezedwa kale. chinenero cha dialectic of conceptuality and non-conceptuality.

Dialectics of general and individual ontological regularities of muses. mlandu. Zochita za anthu "zimaundana" muzinthu; motero, ali ndi zinthu zakuthupi ndi "mawonekedwe aumunthu" omwe amawasintha (chinthu cha mphamvu zolenga za munthu). The wapakatikati wosanjikiza wa cholinga ndi otchedwa. zopangira (K. Marx) - zopangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe zosefedwa kale ndi ntchito yapitayi (K. Marx ndi F. Engels, Soch., Vol. 23, pp. 60-61). Mu luso, kamangidwe kake ka cholinga ndi superimposed pa zenizeni za zinthu gwero. Chikhalidwe cha phokoso chimadziwika, kumbali imodzi, ndi kutalika (malo) katundu, ndipo, kwinakwake, ndi zinthu zosakhalitsa, zomwe zonsezi zimachokera kuzinthu zakuthupi. phokoso katundu. Magawo odziwa bwino kumveka kokweza kwambiri amawonetsedwa m'mbiri yamitundu (onani mawonekedwe). Machitidwe okhudzidwa okhudzana ndi ma acoustic. malamulo amagwira ntchito ngati "mawonekedwe aumunthu" osinthika mwaufulu, omangidwa pamwamba pa kusasinthika kwachilengedwe kwa mawu. m'mabuku akale. zikhalidwe (komanso mu nyimbo zachikhalidwe za Kum'mawa kwamakono), pomwe mfundo yobwereza ma cell akuluakulu a modal (RI Gruber), mapangidwe amachitidwe anali amodzi okha. kusindikiza luso. mphamvu ya woyimba. Komabe, pokhudzana ndi mtsogolo, mfundo zovuta kwambiri zopanga nyimbo (kutumiza kosiyanasiyana, kusiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana, ndi zina zambiri), machitidwe opangira mawu amangokhala ngati "zambiri", malamulo achilengedwe a nyimbo (sizinangochitika mwangozi, mwachitsanzo, mu E. m. malamulo a modal akale ankazindikiridwa ndi malamulo a chilengedwe, mlengalenga). Miyambo yokhazikika yokhazikika ya mawu otsogolera, kupanga bungwe, ndi zina zotero zimamangidwa pamwamba pa machitidwe a modal monga "mawonekedwe aumunthu" atsopano, komanso pokhudzana ndi zomwe zikubwera ku Ulaya. Chikhalidwe cha kulembedwa kwaulamuliro payekha chimagwiranso ntchito ngati "quasi-nature" ya nyimbo. Irreducible kwa iwo ndi chithunzithunzi cha luso lapadera lamalingaliro. malingaliro mu chinthu chapadera. limakhala “mpangidwe waumunthu” wa kupanga nyimbo, cholinga chake chonse. Kukonzekera kwa zonena za zomveka kunali kodziwika bwino mu improvisation, yomwe ndi mfundo yakale kwambiri ya bungwe la muses. kuyenda. Monga momwe ntchito zoyendetsedwa ndi anthu zimaperekedwa ku nyimbo, komanso kulumikizana kwake ndi zolemba zamawu zomwe zimayendetsedwa momveka bwino (muzolemba ndi kapangidwe kake), kuwongolera kudapereka njira ku mapangidwe amtundu wokhazikika wa zolemba zakale. nthawi.

Zolinga zamtundu wa Normative zidakhala m'zaka za 12th-17th. Komabe, improvisation inapitirizabe kukhalapo mu ntchito ya wolemba ndi wojambula, koma mkati mwa malire omwe amatsimikiziridwa ndi mtunduwo. Pamene nyimbo zinamasulidwa ku ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito, mtundu-normative objectivity, womwewo, unasandulika kukhala "zopangira", zokonzedwa ndi wolembayo kuti apange luso lapadera la malingaliro. malingaliro. Zolinga zamtundu zidasinthidwa ndi ntchito yokwanira mkati, yapayekha yomwe singasinthidwe kukhala mtundu. Lingaliro lakuti nyimbo zilipo mu mawonekedwe a ntchito zomalizidwa linaphatikizidwa m'zaka za zana la 15-16. Lingaliro la nyimbo ngati chinthu, zovuta zamkati zomwe zimafuna kujambula mwatsatanetsatane, zomwe poyamba sizinali zokakamizika, zinakhazikika mu nthawi ya chikondi kotero kuti zinatsogolera ku musicology m'zaka za 19-20. komanso mwachidziwitso cha anthu onse kugwiritsa ntchito gulu la "Music. ntchito” za nyimbo za nyengo zina ndi nthano. Komabe, ntchitoyi ndi mtundu wina wa nyimbo. chidwi, kuphatikiza mu kapangidwe kake zam'mbuyomu monga "zachilengedwe" ndi "zambiri" zida.

The dialectic wa ambiri ndi munthu axiological. machitidwe a nyimbo. mlandu. Magulu. zikhalidwe zimapangidwa pakulumikizana: 1) "zenizeni" (mwachitsanzo, ntchito zoyimira); 2) ntchito yokhayo, yomwe mitengo yake ndi "ndalama zongoyerekeza zamphamvu zakuthupi ndi ntchito yolenga yamunthu"; 3) cholinga chomwe chimaphatikizapo ntchito (K. Marx ndi F. Engels, Soch., vol. 23, pp. 46-61). Pankhaniyi, "zenizeni" zilizonse zimasowa nthawi yomweyo. zikuwonekeratu kukhala kufunikira kwa chitukuko chowonjezereka chamagulu. ntchito, ndipo phindu lililonse lenileni silimangoyankha ku izi kapena zosowazo, komanso chizindikiro cha "mphamvu zofunika za munthu" (K. Marx). Kukongoletsa mawonekedwe. makhalidwe - pakalibe utilitarian conditioning; chomwe chatsalira pa chosowa "chenicheni" ndi nthawi yokhayo yomwe mphamvu zaumunthu zimawonekera, mwachitsanzo, kufunikira kwa ntchito zosakhudzidwa. Muse. ntchito idapangidwa kale kukhala dongosolo lomwe limaphatikizapo machitidwe a kamvekedwe ka mawu, kalembedwe kaukadaulo ndi mfundo zopangira ntchito yapadera payekhapayekha, kuchita mopambanitsa komanso kuphwanya zikhalidwe (zolimbikitsa). Magawo awa amakhala milingo ya kapangidwe ka muses. prod. Mulingo uliwonse uli ndi phindu lake. Banal, "Weathered" (BV Asafiev) tonations, ngati kupezeka kwawo si chifukwa cha luso munthu. Lingaliro, limatha kutsitsa mtengo waluso kwambiri mwaluso. Koma amanenanso kuti chiyambi, kuswa zamkati. lingaliro la kapangidwe kake, lingapangitsenso kutsika kwa ntchitoyo.

Kuyerekeza kumawonjezedwa kutengera madera. zofunikira (zochitikira zonse zokhudzana ndi zosowa zokhutiritsa) ndi zofuna za munthu payekha, "zosavomerezeka" (malinga ndi Marx, poganiza mu mawonekedwe omwe akufuna) zosowa. Monga magulu. kuzindikira momveka bwino ndi epistemologically zimatsogolera munthu, ndipo njira zowunikira nyimbo zimatsogola kuweruza kwamtengo wapatali, kupanga malingaliro ake. maziko ake ndi mmene womvera ndi wotsutsa amamvera. Mitundu yakale ya zigamulo zamtengo wapatali pa nyimbo zinali zogwirizana ndi machitidwe ena. Malingaliro osakhala apadera okhudza nyimbo adatsimikiziridwa ndi zochitika. mfundo zofala pa nyimbo. milandu osati ndi milandu ina, komanso ndi madera ena a anthu. moyo. M'mawonekedwe ake oyera, zowunikira zakale izi zimaperekedwa m'zaka zakale, komanso ku Middle Ages. machitidwe. Zigamulo zapadera, zokhala ndi luso lanyimbo poyambira zidadalira njira zofananira ndi ma muses. mapangidwe ku ntchito zochitidwa ndi nyimbo. Kenako anatulukira luso.-zokongoletsa. ziganizo pa nyimbo. prod. zinakhazikitsidwa pa mfundo za ungwiro wapadera wa luso ndi kuya kwa luso. chithunzi. Kuwunika kotereku kumagwiranso ntchito m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi 20. Cha m'ma 1950s ku Western Europe nyimbo kutsutsidwa monga wapadera mtundu anaika patsogolo otchedwa. zigamulo zakale zochokera pa mfundo za zachilendo zamakono. Zigamulozi zimatengedwa ngati chizindikiro cha vuto la nyimbo ndi zokongoletsa. chidziwitso.

M'mbiri ya E. m. ndizotheka kusiyanitsa magawo akuluakulu, mkati mwa typological. kufanana kwa malingaliro kumatheka chifukwa cha mitundu yonse ya kukhalapo kwa nyimbo, kapena kuyandikira kwa zofunikira za chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe zomwe zimabweretsa ziphunzitso za filosofi zofanana. Kwa mbiri yakale-typological. Gululi limaphatikizapo malingaliro omwe adayambika mu zikhalidwe za kukhala ndi akapolo ndi mapangidwe a feudal, pamene muses. ntchito inali makamaka chifukwa cha ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo ntchito zogwiritsidwa ntchito (zamisiri) zinali ndi zokongoletsa. mbali. E. m. zakale ndi zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, kusonyeza kusowa kwa ufulu wa nyimbo ndi kusowa kudzipatula kwa zojambulajambula kumadera ena a machitidwe. ntchito, iye sanali dipatimenti. gawo la malingaliro ndipo nthawi yomweyo anali axiological (yachikhalidwe kale) ndi ontological (kale cosmological). Funso la chikoka cha nyimbo pa munthu ndi la axiological. Kukwera ku Pythagoras ku Dr. Greece, kupita ku Confucius ku Dr. Ku China, lingaliro la machiritso kudzera mu nyimbo pambuyo pake limabadwanso ngati malingaliro okhudza chikhalidwe cha nyimbo ndi muses. kuleredwa. Ethos ankamveka ngati katundu wa zinthu za nyimbo, zofanana ndi makhalidwe auzimu ndi thupi la munthu (Iamblichus, Aristides Quintilian, al-Farabi, Boethius; Guido d'Arezzo, amene anapereka kwambiri mwatsatanetsatane makhalidwe amitundu yakale). Ndi lingaliro la nyimbo. ethos imagwirizanitsidwa ndi fanizo lalikulu lomwe limafanizira munthu ndi gulu la muses. zida kapena zomveka (mu Dr. Ku China, chikhalidwe cha anthu chinafaniziridwa ndi matani a sikelo, mu Chiarabu. Dziko 4 ntchito za thupi la munthu - ndi zingwe 4 za lute, mu Chirasha china. E. m., kutsatira olemba a Byzantine, moyo, malingaliro, lilime ndi pakamwa - ndi zeze, woyimba, maseche ndi zingwe). Ontologist. mbali ya fanizo ili, lozikidwa pa kumvetsetsa kwa dongosolo ladziko lapansi losasinthika, linawululidwa mu lingaliro, kubwerera ku Pythagoras, lokhazikitsidwa ndi Boethius ndipo linapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, 3 "nyimbo" zosagwirizana - musica mundana (kumwamba, nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi), musica humana (nyimbo za anthu, mgwirizano wa anthu) ndi musica instrumentalis (nyimbo zomveka, mawu ndi zida). Pazigawo zakuthambo izi zikuwonjezedwa, choyamba, kufanana kwa filosofi yachilengedwe (m'Chigiriki china. E. m. maulendo a ayezi amafananizidwa ndi mtunda wapakati pa mapulaneti, ndi zinthu 4 ndi zazikulu. zithunzi za geometric; mu Middle Ages. Chiarabu. E. m. 4 maziko oimba amafanana ndi zizindikiro za Zodiac, nyengo, magawo a mwezi, mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi magawano a tsiku; mu chinsomba china. E. m. malankhulidwe a sikelo - nyengo ndi zinthu za dziko), kachiwiri, mafaniziro a zaumulungu (Guido d'Arezzo anayerekezera Chipangano Chakale ndi Chatsopano ndi nyimbo zakumwamba ndi zaumunthu, Mauthenga Abwino 4 okhala ndi ndodo ya nyimbo zinayi, ndi zina zotero. ). P.). Mafotokozedwe a cosmological a nyimbo amagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiphunzitso cha chiwerengero monga maziko a kukhala, omwe adayambira ku Ulaya mogwirizana ndi Pythagoreanism ndi ku Far East - mu bwalo la Confucianism. Apa ziwerengero zinkamveka osati mwachiwonekere, koma zowoneka, zodziwika ndi thupi. zinthu ndi geometry. Nkhuyu. Choncho, mu dongosolo lililonse (cosmic, munthu, phokoso) anawona nambala. Plato, Augustine, komanso Confucius amatanthauzira nyimbo kudzera mu nambala. Mu Chigriki china. M'zochita zake, matanthauzowa adatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyesa kwa zida monga monochord, chifukwa chake mawu akuti instrumentalis adawonekera m'dzina la nyimbo zenizeni kale kuposa mawu wamba sonora (y of Jacob waku Liège). Kutanthauzira kwachiwerengero kwa nyimbo kunapangitsa kuti zikhale zapamwamba kwambiri zomwe zimatchedwa. Bambo. wanthanthi. nyimbo (muz. sayansi) pa "zothandiza" (zolemba ndi ntchito), zomwe zidasungidwa mpaka nthawi ya ku Europe. baroque. Chotulukapo china cha kawonedwe kachiŵerengero ka nyimbo (monga imodzi mwa sayansi zisanu ndi ziŵiri “zaulere” m’dongosolo la maphunziro a m’zaka zapakati pazaka zapakati) chinali tanthauzo lotambasuka kwambiri la liwu lakuti “nyimbo” lenilenilo (m’zochitika zina linatanthauza kugwirizana kwa chilengedwe, ungwiro. mwa munthu ndi zinthu, komanso filosofi, masamu - sayansi ya mgwirizano ndi ungwiro), pamodzi ndi kusowa kwa dzina lodziwika kwa instr. ndi wok. kusewera nyimbo.

Ethical-cosmological. kaphatikizidwe anakhudza mapangidwe epistemological. ndi zovuta za nyimbo za mbiri yakale. Yoyamba ndi ya chiphunzitso cha muses opangidwa ndi Agiriki. mimesis (kuimiridwa ndi manja, kuwonetsera mwa kuvina), komwe kunachokera ku mwambo wa magule a ansembe. Nyimbo, zomwe zidatenga malo apakati pakuphatikizana kwa chilengedwe ndi munthu, zidakhala chifaniziro cha onse awiri (Aristide Quintilian). Yankho lakale kwambiri la funso la chiyambi cha nyimbo linasonyeza zothandiza. kudalira nyimbo (makamaka nyimbo zantchito) pamatsenga. mwambo umafuna kuonetsetsa mwayi mu nkhondo, kusaka, etc. Pamaziko awa, Kumadzulo ndi Kummawa popanda zamoyo. kukopana, mtundu wa nthano inapangidwa ponena za lingaliro laumulungu la nyimbo kwa munthu, lofalitsidwa m'matembenuzidwe achikristu kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 8. (Bede Wolemekezeka). Nthano imeneyi pambuyo pake inasinthidwa mophiphiritsira ku Ulaya. ndakatulo (Muses ndi Apollo "amalimbikitsa" woimba), ndipo m'malo mwake cholinga cha kupangidwa kwa nyimbo ndi anzeru chimayikidwa patsogolo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, lingaliro la chilengedwe likufotokozedwa. chiyambi cha nyimbo (Democritus). Kawirikawiri, E. m. zakale ndi Middle Ages ndi nthano-nthano. kaphatikizidwe, momwe ambiri (zizindikiro za chilengedwe ndi munthu) amapambana pazapadera (kulongosola zachindunji cha luso lonse), komanso pa munthu payekha (kumveka bwino kwa nyimbo). Wapadera ndi munthu payekha akuphatikizidwa mu ambiri osati dialectically, koma monga kachulukidwe chigawo chimodzi, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi udindo wa muses. art-va, osapatukanabe ndi gawo lothandizira moyo ndipo sanasandulike kukhala odziyimira pawokha. mtundu wa luso. kulamulira zenizeni.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa mbiri ya nyimbo-zokongoletsa. malingaliro, mawonekedwe omwe adawonekera m'zaka za 17-18. mu zap. Europe, ku Russia - m'zaka za zana la 18, idayamba kupezeka mu E. m. App. Europe m'zaka za 14-16. Nyimbo zinakhala zodziyimira pawokha, chiwonetsero chakunja chomwe chinali mawonekedwe pafupi ndi E. m., amene anali mbali ya malingaliro afilosofi ndi achipembedzo (Nicholas Orem, Erasmus wa ku Rotterdam, Martin Luther, Cosimo Bartoli, etc.), E. m., yoyang'ana kwambiri pazambiri za nyimbo. mafunso. Zotsatira za udindo wodziyimira pawokha wa nyimbo pakati pa anthu anali anthropological yake. kutanthauzira (mosiyana ndi wakale, cosmological). Axiologist. mavuto m'zaka 14-16. zodzaza hedonistic. mawu Kutsindika kugwiritsiridwa ntchito (ie. e., choyamba, chipembedzo) udindo wa nyimbo (Adam Fulda, Luther, Zarlino), theorists Ars nova ndi Renaissance adazindikiranso kufunika kosangalatsa kwa nyimbo (Marketto wa Padua, Tinctoris, Salinas, Cosimo Bartoli, Lorenzo Valla, Glarean, Castiglione). Kukonzanso kwina kunachitika m'munda wa ontology. mavuto. Ngakhale zolinga za "nyimbo zitatu", chiwerengero ndi ukulu wa "nyimbo zongopeka" zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa nazo zidakhalabe zokhazikika mpaka zaka za zana la 18, komabe, mpukutu wopita ku "zothandiza. nyimbo” zinasonkhezera kulingaliridwa kwake. ontology (mmalo mwa kutanthauzira kwake monga gawo la chilengedwe), mwachitsanzo e. tsatanetsatane wake. njira za kukhala. Kuyesera koyamba kotereku kudapangidwa ndi Tinctoris, yemwe adasiyanitsa nyimbo zojambulidwa ndi nyimbo zotsogola. Malingaliro omwewo angapezeke m'nkhani ya Nikolai Listenia (1533), kumene "musica practica" (mawonekedwe) ndi "musica poetica" amalekanitsidwa, ndipo ngakhale pambuyo pa imfa ya wolemba alipo ngati ntchito yokwanira komanso yokwanira. Choncho, kukhalapo kwa nyimbo kunali kuyembekezera mwachidziwitso mu mawonekedwe a zolemba zonse za wolemba, zolembedwa m'malemba. Ku 16in. epistemological amawonekera. vuto E. m., yolumikizidwa ndi chiphunzitso chomwe chikubwera (Tsarlino). Pa sayansi nthaka pang'onopang'ono anakhala ndi historiological. vuto E. m., zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutuluka kwa mbiri yakale. kuzindikira kwa oimba omwe adakumana mu nthawi ya Ars nova ndi kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa mitundu ya muses. chitani. Chiyambi cha nyimbo chikukula kwambiri. kufotokozera (malinga ndi Zarlino, nyimbo zimachokera ku kufunikira koyengedwa kwa kulankhulana). Mu zaka 14-16. vuto la kupitiriza ndi kukonzanso kwa zolembazo zimayikidwa patsogolo. Mu zaka 17-18. mitu iyi ndi malingaliro a E. m. analandira maziko atsopano a filosofi, opangidwa ndi malingaliro anzeru ndi a maphunziro. Gnoseological imabwera patsogolo. mavuto - chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe chotsanzira ndi zochitika za nyimbo. Sh. Batcho adalengeza kuti kutsanzira ndiye maziko a zaluso zonse. G. G. Rousseau adalumikiza nyimbo. kutsanzira ndi rhythm, yomwe ili yofanana ndi kayendedwe ka anthu ndi kulankhula. R. Descartes adapeza zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu akhudzidwe ndi dziko lakunja, zomwe nyimbo zimatsanzira, ndikupanga zomwe zimakhudzidwa. Mu E. m. mavuto omwewo adapangidwa ndi kukondera kokhazikika. Cholinga cha kupeka kwa wolembayo ndi chisangalalo cha zomwe zimakhudza (Azondi, Kircher). KWA. Monteverdi adagawira masitayelo ophatikizika kumagulu azokhudza; NDI. Walter, J. Bononcini, I. Mattheson adagwirizanitsa njira zina zolembera ndi zomwe zimakhudzidwa. Zofunikira zapadera zokhudzidwa zidayikidwa pakuchita (Quantz, Mersenne). Kupatsirana kwa zomwe zimakhudza, malinga ndi Kircher, sikunali kokha ku ntchito zamanja, koma zinali zamatsenga. ndondomeko (makamaka, Monteverdi adaphunziranso zamatsenga), zomwe zinkamveka bwino: pali "chifundo" pakati pa munthu ndi nyimbo, ndipo zikhoza kuyendetsedwa bwino. Pakuyimira uku, zotsalira zofananitsa zitha kutsatiridwa: danga - munthu - nyimbo. Kawirikawiri, E. m., yomwe idayamba m'zaka za zana la 14-18, idatanthauzira nyimbo ngati gawo lapadera - "wachisomo" (ie, e. artic) chifaniziro cha "chilengedwe chaumunthu" ndipo sanaumirire zenizeni za nyimbo poyerekeza ndi zina. kudzinenera ndi inu. Komabe, iyi inali sitepe yopita patsogolo kuchokera ku E.

Kusintha. chisokonezo con. 18 mkati. zidapangitsa kuti pakhale gulu la muz.-aesthetic. lingaliro la mtundu wachitatu, womwe udakalipo mu mawonekedwe osinthidwa mkati mwa bourgeois. malingaliro. Wolemba E. m. (kuchokera ku G. Berlioz ndi R. Schuman kuti A. Schoenberg ndi K. Stockhausen). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali kugawidwa kwa mavuto ndi njira zomwe sizinali zodziwika kale: filosofi ya E. m. sichigwira ntchito ndi zida zapadera zoimbira; Zotsatira za musicological E. m. kukhala mbali ya gulu la chiphunzitso cha zochitika zanyimbo; wolemba E. m. pafupi ndi nyimbo. kutsutsa. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa nyimbo. machitidwe adawonetsedwa mkati mwa E. m. kubweretsa patsogolo mbiri ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu., komanso, mu zolengedwa. kuganiziranso, epistemological. mavuto. Pa epistemologist. nthaka imayikidwa pa ontological yakale. vuto la kufanana kwa nyimbo ndi chilengedwe. Nyimbo zimakhala ngati "equation ya dziko lonse lapansi" (Novalis), popeza imatha kutenga chilichonse (Hegel). Poganizira nyimbo "epistemological". analogue ya chilengedwe, imapangidwa kukhala chinsinsi chomvetsetsa zaluso zina (G. von Kleist, F. Schlegel), mwachitsanzo zomangamanga (Schelling). Schopenhauer amatenga lingaliro ili mpaka malire: zonena zonse zili mbali imodzi, nyimbo kumbali inayo; ndi chifaniziro cha “chifuniro cha kulenga” chokha. Mu musicological E. m. X. Riemann adagwiritsa ntchito mawu omaliza a Schopenhauer pazongopeka. systematization wa zinthu zolembedwa. Mu kavalo. Zaka za m'ma 19-20 pa-epistemologist. kutengeka kwa nyimbo ku dziko kumachepa. Kumbali imodzi, nyimbo zimawonedwa ngati chinsinsi osati pazaluso ndi chikhalidwe china, komanso ngati kiyi yomvetsetsa chitukuko chonse (Nietzsche, pambuyo pake S. George, O. Spengler). Tsiku labwino lobadwa. Kumbali ina, nyimbo zimatengedwa ngati njira ya filosofi (R. Casner, S. Kierkegaard, E. Bloch, T. Adorno). Mbali yotsalira ya "nyimbo" ya filosofi ndi chikhalidwe. kuganiza kumasanduka "filosofi" ya kulenga kwa wolemba (R. Wagner), kutsogolera m'mawonetseredwe ake monyanyira ku kutsogola kwa lingaliro la kapangidwe kake ndi ndemanga zake pazolemba zomwezo (K. Stockhausen), kusintha gawo la nyimbo. mawonekedwe omwe amakokera kwambiri ku kusasiyanitsa, ndiko kuti, Mr. zotseguka, zosamalizidwa. Izi zinandipangitsa kuti ndikhazikitsenso za ontological vuto la kukhalapo kwa nyimbo. Lingaliro la "zigawo za ntchito", khalidwe la 1 pansi. 20 mkati. (G. Schenker, N. Hartmann, R. Ingarden), perekani njira yotanthauzira lingaliro lazogulitsa. monga lingaliro logonjetsa lachikale. ndi chikondi. nyimbo (E. Karkoshka, T. Mpeni). Chifukwa chake, vuto lonse la ontological E. m. akulengezedwa kugonjetsedwa pa zamakono. gawo (K. Dalhousie). Miyambo. axiologist. mavuto mu E. m. 19 mkati. idapangidwanso ndi epistemological. malo. Funso la kukongola mu nyimbo linasankhidwa makamaka mogwirizana ndi kuyerekezera kwa Hegelian kwa mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili. Chokongolacho chinawonedwa molingana ndi mawonekedwe ndi zomwe zili (A. AT. Ambrose, A. Kulak, R. Vallašek et al.). Kulemberana makalata kunali muyeso wa kusiyana kwakhalidwe pakati pa kapangidwe kake ndi luso lamanja kapena epigonism. M'zaka za zana la 20, kuyambira ndi ntchito za G. Shenker ndi X. Mersman (20-30s), wojambula. Kufunika kwa nyimbo kumatsimikiziridwa poyerekezera zoyambira ndi zazing'ono, kusiyanitsa ndi kutukuka kwa njira zolembera (N. Gartman, T. Adorno, K. Dahlhaus, W. Viora, X. G. Eggebrecht ndi ena). Chisamaliro chapadera chimaperekedwa ku chikoka pamtengo wa nyimbo za njira zogawira, makamaka kuwulutsa (E. Doflein), njira ya "kuchepetsa" mtundu wa nyimbo mu "chikhalidwe cha anthu ambiri" (T.

Kwenikweni epistemological. mavuto mu con. Zaka za m'ma 18 motengera momwe nyimbo zilili pa intaneti zidaganiziridwanso. Zomwe zili mu nyimbo, zomasulidwa ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kugonjera kwa mawu, zimakhala vuto lapadera. Malinga ndi Hegel, nyimbo "zimamvetsetsa mtima ndi moyo ngati malo osavuta a munthu yense" ("Aesthetics", 1835). Mu nyimbo za E. m., malingaliro a Hegelian amaphatikizidwa ndi zomwe zimatchedwa "emotional" theory of affects (KFD Schubart ndi FE Bach). kukongola kwa kumverera kapena kukongola kwa kufotokozera, zomwe zimayembekeza kuti nyimbo zifotokoze maganizo (zomveka mu mgwirizano wa konkire) wa wolemba kapena woimba (WG Wackenroder, KF Solger, KG Weisse, KL Seidel, G. Shilling). Umu ndi momwe chinyengo chabodza chokhudza moyo ndi muses. zochitika, ndipo pamaziko awa - kudziwika kwa wolemba ndi womvera, wotengedwa ngati "mitima yosavuta" (Hegel). Lingaliro lotsutsa linayikidwa patsogolo ndi XG Negeli, yemwe adatenga ngati maziko a chiphunzitso cha I. Kant ponena za kukongola kwa nyimbo monga "mawonekedwe a masewero a sensations". Mphamvu yotsimikizika pakupanga nyimbo ndi zokongoletsa. Formalism inaperekedwa ndi E. Hanslik ("On the Musically Beautiful", 1854), yemwe adawona zomwe zili mu nyimbo "zomveka zosuntha". Otsatira ake ndi R. Zimmerman, O. Gostinskiy ndi ena. Kulimbana ndi malingaliro amalingaliro ndi okhazikika a muses. zomwe zili ndi khalidwe lamakono. bourgeois E.m. Oyamba adabadwanso mwa otchedwa. psychological hermeneutics (G. Krechmar, A. Wellek) - chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe a kutanthauzira mawu a nyimbo (mothandizidwa ndi mafanizo a ndakatulo ndi kutchulidwa kwa malingaliro); chachiwiri - mu kusanthula structural ndi nthambi zake (A. Halm, I. Bengtsson, K. Hubig). M’zaka za m’ma 1970 lingaliro la “mimetic” la tanthauzo la nyimbo limatuluka, lozikidwa pa fanizo la nyimbo ndi pantomime: pantomime ndi “mawu amene apita chete”; nyimbo ndi pantomime kuti wapita phokoso (R. Bitner).

M'zaka za zana la 19, zovuta za E. m. analemeretsedwa ndi kuzindikira kwa machitidwe m'mbiri ya nyimbo. Chiphunzitso cha Hegel cha nthawi za chitukuko cha luso (zophiphiritsira, zachikale, zachikondi) kuchokera ku pulasitiki kupita ku nyimbo. art-vu, kuchokera ku "chithunzi kupita ku I yoyera ya chithunzichi" ("Jena Real Philosophy", 1805) imatsimikizira kupeza kwachilengedwe kwa mbiri yakale (ndipo m'tsogolomu - kutayika) kwa "chinthu" chake chenichenicho ndi nyimbo. Potsatira Hegel, ETA Hoffmann anasiyanitsa "pulasitiki" (ie, zowoneka bwino) ndi "nyimbo" monga 2 mitengo ya mbiri yakale. chitukuko cha nyimbo: "pulasitiki" imayang'anira mu pre-romantic, ndi "nyimbo" - mu chikondi. nyimbo zimati-ve. Mu musicological E. M. con. Malingaliro azaka za zana la 19 okhudza chikhalidwe chanthawi zonse cha nyimbo. nkhani zinaperekedwa pansi pa lingaliro la "filosofi ya moyo", ndipo pa maziko awa lingaliro la mbiri ya nyimbo linayambira monga "organic" kukula ndi kuchepa kwa masitaelo (G. Adler). Mu 1st floor. Zaka za zana la 20 lingaliro ili likupangidwa, makamaka, ndi H. Mersman. Mu 2nd floor. Zaka za m'ma 20 zimabadwanso mu lingaliro la "mawonekedwe amtundu" wa mbiri ya nyimbo (L. Dorner) - mfundo yabwino, kukhazikitsidwa kwake komwe ndi "organic" nyimbo. mbiri yakale, ndipo olemba angapo amalingalira zamakono. siteji ya nyimbo. mbiri monga kuchotsedwa kwa mawonekedwe awa komanso "kutha kwa nyimbo ku Europe. tanthauzo la mawu” ( K. Dahlhaus, HG Eggebrecht, T. Kneif).

M'zaka za m'ma 19 anayamba kukhala sociological. mavuto a E. m., omwe poyamba adakhudza ubale pakati pa woimba ndi womvetsera. Pambuyo pake, vuto la chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha mbiri ya nyimbo limayikidwa patsogolo. AV Ambros, yemwe analemba za "kusonkhanitsa" kwa Middle Ages ndi "munthu payekha" wa Renaissance, anali woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito chikhalidwe cha anthu. gulu (mtundu wa umunthu) mu historiographic. kafukufuku wanyimbo. Mosiyana ndi Ambros, H. Riemann ndipo pambuyo pake J. Gandshin anapanga mbiri ya nyimbo “yosasinthika”. Mu bourgeois E. m. 2 pansi. Zaka za m'ma 20 zoyesa kuphatikiza magawo awiri otsutsana zimatsikira pakumanga "zigawo ziwiri zomwe sizimalumikizidwa nthawi zonse za mbiri ya nyimbo - zachikhalidwe komanso zaukadaulo" (Dahlhaus). Ambiri, m'zaka za m'ma 19, makamaka ntchito za oimira German. filosofi yakale, anapeza kukwanira kwa mavuto a E. m. ndikuyang'ana pa kulongosola zenizeni za nyimbo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kugwirizana dialectical malamulo a nyimbo. kudziwa zenizeni ndi malamulo a luso. mbali zonse ndi malamulo ambiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu amakhalabe kunja kwa masomphenya a chuma cha bourgeois kapena akukwaniritsidwa pa ndege yabwino.

Zonse za R. 19 mkati. zinthu za aesthetics nyimbo amabadwa. malingaliro amtundu watsopano, mu gulu la zikomo chifukwa cha dialectical ndi mbiri yakuthupi. maziko anali ndi mwayi kuzindikira dialectic wa ambiri, wapadera ndi munthu mu nyimbo. kufuna-ve ndi nthawi yomweyo. kuphatikiza nthambi zafilosofi, zanyimbo ndi zopeka za E. m. Maziko a lingaliro ili, momwe chodziwikiratu chakhala chambiri. ndi sociologist. Mavuto omwe adayikidwa ndi Marx, yemwe adawulula kufunikira kwa cholinga cha munthu pakupanga zokongoletsa, kuphatikiza. h ndi nyimbo, zomverera. Art imatengedwa ngati imodzi mwa njira zodzinenera zokhuza thupi ndi munthu pazowona zozungulira, ndipo kutsimikizika kwa zomwe akunenazo kumawonedwa ngati chodziwika bwino cha kudzinenera kotere. “Chinthu chimazindikiridwa mosiyana ndi diso kuposa ndi khutu; ndipo chinthu cha m’diso n’chosiyana ndi cha khutu. Kudabwitsa kwa mphamvu iliyonse yofunikira kwenikweni ndi chikhalidwe chake chachilendo, ndipo, chifukwa chake, njira yachilendo ya kufotokozera kwake, chinthu chake chenicheni, chamoyo ”(Marx K. ndi Engels F., Kuchokera ku ntchito zoyambirira, M., 1956, p. 128-129). Kufikira ku dialectics wamba (cholinga cha munthu), wapadera (kudzitsimikizira kwamunthu padziko lapansi) ndi kudzipatula (chiyambi cha "chinthu cha khutu"). Kugwirizana pakati pa zilandiridwenso ndi kuzindikira, wolemba ndi womvera amaonedwa ndi Marx monga zotsatira za mbiri yakale. chitukuko cha anthu, momwe anthu ndi zinthu za ntchito yawo zimagwirizana nthawi zonse. “Chotero, kuchokera ku mbali ya kumvera: nyimbo zokha zimadzutsa kumverera kwa nyimbo kwa munthu; kwa khutu lopanda nyimbo, nyimbo yokongola kwambiri ilibe tanthauzo, si chinthu kwa iye, chifukwa chinthu changa chikhoza kukhala chitsimikiziro cha imodzi mwa mphamvu zanga zofunika, zikhoza kukhalapo kwa ine pokhapokha momwe mphamvu yofunikira ikuyendera. lilipo kwa ine ngati luso lodzimvera chisoni …” (ibid., p. 129). Nyimbo monga kukhudzika kwa imodzi mwa mphamvu zofunika kwambiri za munthu zimadalira ndondomeko yonse ya anthu. chitani. Lingaliro la nyimbo la munthu limadalira momwe kukula kwa luso lake kumayenderana ndi chuma cha anthu. mphamvu zosindikizidwa mu nyimbo (ndi zina zotero. zinthu zakuthupi ndi zauzimu). Vuto la mgwirizano pakati pa woimba ndi womvera linaperekedwa ndi Marx mu Revolution. Kugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe omanga anthu, momwe "chitukuko chaulere cha aliyense ndi chikhalidwe cha chitukuko chaulere cha onse." Chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa ndi Marx ndi Engels chokhudza mbiri yakale monga kusintha kwa njira zopangira chinatengedwa mu Marxist musicology. Mu 20-ies. A. AT. Lunacharsky, mu 30-40s. X. Eisler, B. AT. Asafiev adagwiritsa ntchito njira zakale. kukonda chuma pa nkhani ya nyimbo. mbiri yakale. Ngati Marx ali ndi chitukuko cha mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. mavuto E. m. m'mawu ambiri, ndiye mu ntchito za Rus. kusintha. demokalase, m'malankhulidwe a Russian otchuka. ice otsutsa ser. ndi 2nd floor. 19 mkati. maziko adakhazikitsidwa kuti apititse patsogolo mbali zina za vutoli, zokhudzana ndi malingaliro amtundu wa luso, chikhalidwe cha kalasi ya malingaliro a kukongola, ndi zina zotero. AT. NDI. Lenin anatsimikizira magulu a dziko ndi kugawanika kwa zonena ndipo adayambitsa mavuto a dziko ndi mayiko mu chikhalidwe, to-rye adakula kwambiri mu kadzidzi. ice aesthetics ndi ntchito za asayansi ochokera kumayiko a socialist. Commonwealth. Mafunso a Art. epistemology ndi nyimbo. Ontologies akuwonetsedwa mu ntchito za V. NDI. Lenin. Wojambulayo ndi chitsanzo cha psychology ya chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kalasi, choncho zotsutsana za ntchito yake, zomwe zimapanga chidziwitso chake, zimasonyeza zotsutsana za chikhalidwe, ngakhale pamene izi sizikuwonetsedwa mu mawonekedwe a chiwembu (Lenin V. ndi., Pol. Sobr. uwu., vol. 20, p. 40). Mavuto a nyimbo. zomwe zili pamaziko a chiphunzitso cha Leninist cha kusinkhasinkha zidapangidwa ndi kadzidzi. ofufuza ndi theorists ochokera m'mayiko a Socialist. anthu ammudzi, poganizira lingaliro la ubale pakati pa zenizeni ndi chikhalidwe cha kulenga, zolembedwa m'malembo a F. Engels mu 1880s, ndipo kutengera zenizeni. Russian aesthetics. kusintha. Mademokalase ndi zaluso zopita patsogolo. otsutsa ser. ndi 2nd floor. 19 mkati. Monga gawo limodzi la zovuta za epistemological E. m. chiphunzitso cha nyimbo chimapangidwa mwatsatanetsatane. njira ndi kalembedwe zogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha realism ndi socialist. zenizeni mu nyimbo zimati-ve. Mu zolemba za V. NDI. Lenin, zokhudzana ndi 1914-15, adavala dialectical-materialistic. nthaka ontological. mgwirizano wa malamulo a nyimbo ndi chilengedwe. Pofotokoza za Maphunziro a Hegel pa Mbiri ya Philosophy, Lenin anagogomezera umodzi wa zenizeni.

Chiyambi cha chitukuko cha mavuto axiological latsopano E. m. M'makalata opanda Adilesi, Plekhanov, malinga ndi lingaliro lake la kukongola ngati "chochotsedwa" chothandizira, adalongosola kumverera kwa consonance ndi rhythmic. kulondola, khalidwe kale pa masitepe oyambirira a muses. ntchito, monga "kuchotsedwa" kwa ntchito zogwirira ntchito pamodzi. Vuto la mtengo wa nyimbo lidaperekedwanso ndi BV Asafiev mu chiphunzitso chake cha mawu. Sosaiti imasankha mawu ogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. kamvekedwe. Komabe, maitanidwe amatha kutaya kufunikira kwawo kwa anthu. kuzindikira, kusunthira ku mlingo wa psychophysiology, zolimbikitsa, pokhala mu nkhani iyi maziko a zosangalatsa, osati ouziridwa ndi mkulu ideological muses. luso. chidwi pamavuto axiological a E. m. imapezekanso mu 1960s ndi 70s. Mu 40-50s. akadzidzi. asayansi anayamba kuphunzira mbiri ya makolo. kutsutsa nyimbo ndi nyimbo zake zokometsera. mbali. Mu 50-70s. mu nthambi yapadera anatulukira kafukufuku wa mbiri ya zarub. E. m.

Zothandizira: Marx K. ndi F. Engels, Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 1, 3, 12, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 29, 37, 42, 46; Marks K. ndi Engels F., From early works, M., 1956; Lenin V. ndi., Pol. Sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 14, 18, 20, 29; Bpayto E. M., Zofunika za chikhalidwe chakuthupi mu nyimbo, (M.), 1924; Lunacharsky A. V., Mafunso a Sociology of Music, M., 1927; yake, M'dziko la nyimbo, M., 1958, 1971; Losev A. F., Nyimbo monga mutu wamalingaliro, M., 1927; ake, Antique musical aesthetics, M., 1960; Kremlev Yu. A., Chirasha anaganiza za nyimbo. Zolemba pambiri yakutsutsa kwanyimbo zaku Russia ndi zokongoletsa m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, vol. 1-3, L., 1954-60; zake, Essays on musical aesthetics, M., 1957, (kuwonjezera.), M., 1972; Markus S. A., Mbiri ya zokometsera zanyimbo, vol. 1-2, M., 1959-68; Sohor A. N., Nyimbo ngati zojambulajambula, M., 1961, (zowonjezera), 1970; ake, Aesthetic chikhalidwe cha mtundu wanyimbo mu nyimbo, M., 1968; Sollertinsky I. I., Romanticism, general and music aesthetics, M., 1962; Ryzhkin I. Ya., Cholinga cha nyimbo ndi zotheka zake, M., 1962; wake, Mau oyamba a zovuta zokongoletsa za musicology, M., 1979; Asafiev B. V., Mtundu wanyimbo ngati njira, buku. 1-2, L., 1963, 1971; Rapoport S. X., The Nature of Art and the Specificity of Music, in: Aesthetic Essays, vol. 4, M., 1977; wake, Realism and Musical Art, mu Sat: Aesthetic Essays, vol. 5, M., 1979; Keldysh Yu. V., Kutsutsa ndi utolankhani. No. nkhani, M., 1963; Shakhnazarova N. G., O national mu nyimbo, M., 1963, (owonjezera) 1968; Musical Aesthetics ya Western Europe Middle Ages ndi Renaissance (comp. AT. AP Shestakov), M., 1966; Zosangalatsa zanyimbo zamayiko akum'mawa (comp. chimodzimodzi), M., 1967; Zosangalatsa zanyimbo zaku Western Europe mu 1971th - XNUMXth century, M., XNUMX; Nazaikinsky E. V., Pa psychology of musical perception, M., 1972; Zosangalatsa zanyimbo zaku Russia m'zaka za zana la XNUMX - XNUMX. (comp. A. NDI. Rogov), M., 1973; Parbstein A. A., Theory of realism and problems of musical aesthetics, L., 1973; wake, Music ndi Aesthetics. Zolemba zamafilosofi pa zokambirana zamakono mu Marxist musicology, L., 1976; Zosangalatsa zanyimbo zaku France m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. (comp. E. F. Bronfin), M., 1974; Mavuto a aesthetics nyimbo mu ntchito zanthanthi Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Hindemith, M., 1975; Shestakov V. P., Kuchokera ku ethos kukhudza. Mbiri ya aesthetics nyimbo kuyambira kalekale mpaka XVIII zaka., M., 1975; Medushevsky V. V., Pamayendedwe ndi njira zamaluso anyimbo, M., 1976; Wanslow W. V., Zojambula Zojambula ndi Nyimbo, Essays, L., 1977; Lukyanov V. G., Kutsutsa mayendedwe akuluakulu a filosofi yamakono ya bourgeois ya nyimbo, L., 1978; Kholopov Yu. N., Njira Yogwirira Ntchito Yowunikira Zamakono Zamakono, mu: Theoretical Problems of Music of the XNUMXth Century, vol. 2, M., 1978; Cherednychenko T. V., Njira Yamtengo Wapatali Yotsutsa Zojambulajambula ndi Nyimbo, mu: Aesthetic Essays, vol. 5, M., 1979; Korykhalova N. P., Kutanthauzira kwanyimbo: zovuta zongopeka za kuyimba kwa nyimbo ndi kusanthula mozama kwa chitukuko chawo mu aesthetics amakono a bourgeois, L., 1979; Ocheretovskaya N. L., Pakuwonetsa zenizeni mu nyimbo (ku funso la zomwe zili ndi mawonekedwe mu nyimbo), L., 1979; Zosangalatsa zanyimbo zaku Germany m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. (comp. A. AT. Mikhailov, V.

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