Claude Debussy |

Claude Debussy

Ndikuyesera kupeza zenizeni… opusa amachitcha kuti impressionism. C. Debussy

Wolemba waku France C. Debussy nthawi zambiri amatchedwa tate wa nyimbo zazaka za zana la XNUMX. Iye anasonyeza kuti kamvekedwe kalikonse, kamvekedwe ka mawu, kamvekedwe kake kamamveka m’njira yatsopano, kukhala ndi moyo womasuka, wamitundumitundu, ngati kuti ukusangalala ndi mawu ake, kutha kwake kwapang’onopang’ono, kodabwitsa mwakachetechete. Zambiri zimapangitsa Debussy kukhala wogwirizana ndi zojambulajambula: kudzidalira kokwanira kwa mphindi zosawoneka bwino, zoyenda madzimadzi, kukonda malo, kunjenjemera kwamlengalenga. Sizodabwitsa kuti Debussy amaonedwa kuti ndi woimira wamkulu wa impressionism mu nyimbo. Komabe, iye ndi wopitilirapo kuposa ojambula a Impressionist, wachoka kumitundu yachikhalidwe, nyimbo zake zimalunjika kuzaka zathu zakuya kwambiri kuposa kujambula kwa C. Monet, O. Renoir kapena C. Pissarro.

Debussy ankakhulupirira kuti nyimbo zili ngati chilengedwe mwachibadwa, kusinthasintha kosatha ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: "Nyimbo ndizojambula zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi chilengedwe ... mpweya wawo ndi rhythmically kufotokoza kugunda kwawo kwakukulu. Zonse zachilengedwe ndi nyimbo zimamvedwa ndi Debussy ngati chinsinsi, ndipo koposa zonse, chinsinsi cha kubadwa, mawonekedwe osayembekezeka, apadera amasewera amwayi. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro okayika ndi odabwitsa a wolemba nyimbo pamitundu yonse yamalingaliro ndi zolemba zokhudzana ndi luso lazopangapanga, mosasamala schematizing zenizeni zenizeni zaluso, ndizomveka.

Debussy anayamba kuphunzira nyimbo ali ndi zaka 9 ndipo kale mu 1872 adalowa mu dipatimenti ya junior ya Paris Conservatory. Kale m'zaka za Conservatory, kusagwirizana kwa malingaliro ake kunadziwonetsera, zomwe zinayambitsa mikangano ndi aphunzitsi ogwirizana. Kumbali ina, woimba woimbayo adalandira chikhutiro chenicheni m'makalasi a E. Guiraud (zolemba) ndi A. Mapmontel (piyano).

Mu 1881, Debussy, monga woimba piyano m'nyumba, anatsagana ndi philanthropist wa ku Russia N. von Meck (mnzake wamkulu wa P. Tchaikovsky) paulendo wopita ku Ulaya, ndiyeno, ataitanidwa, anapita ku Russia kawiri (1881, 1882). Choncho anayamba kudziwa Debussy ndi nyimbo Russian, amene kwambiri anakhudza mapangidwe ake kalembedwe. "A Russia adzatipatsa zikhumbo zatsopano kuti tidzipulumutse ku zovuta zopanda pake. Iwo ... anatsegula zenera loyang'ana danga la minda. Debussy anakopeka ndi kukongola kwa timbres ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino, kukongola kwa nyimbo za N. Rimsky-Korsakov, kutsitsimuka kwa machitidwe a A. Borodin. Iye anatcha M. Mussorgsky wolemba nyimbo yemwe ankamukonda kwambiri kuti: “Palibe amene ananena mawu abwino kwambiri amene tili nawo, mwachikondi komanso mozama kwambiri. Iye ndi wapadera ndipo adzakhalabe wapadera chifukwa cha luso lake popanda njira zakutali, popanda malamulo ofota. Kusinthasintha kwa mawu olankhulidwa kwa woyambitsa waku Russia, kumasuka ku zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa kale, "zoyang'anira", m'mawu a Debussy, mawonekedwe adakhazikitsidwa mwanjira yawoyawo ndi wolemba waku France, adakhala gawo lofunikira la nyimbo zake. “Pita ukamvere Boris. Ili ndi Pelléas yonse, "Debussy adanenapo za chiyambi cha chinenero cha nyimbo zake.

Atamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory mu 1884, Debussy amatenga nawo mbali pamipikisano ya Mphotho Yaikulu ya Roma, yomwe imapereka ufulu wosintha zaka zinayi ku Rome, ku Villa Medici. M’zaka zimene anakhala ku Italy (1885-87), Debussy anaphunzira nyimbo zakwaya za Renaissance (G. Palestrina, O. Lasso), ndipo zakale (komanso chiyambi cha nyimbo za ku Russia) zinabweretsa mtsinje watsopano, wosinthidwa. malingaliro ake ogwirizana. Ntchito za symphonic zomwe zidatumizidwa ku Paris kuti lipereke lipoti ("Zuleima", "Spring") sizinasangalatse "akatswiri a nyimbo" okhazikika.

Kubwerera patsogolo pa nthawi yopita ku Paris, Debussy akuyandikira pafupi ndi gulu la olemba ndakatulo omwe amatsogoleredwa ndi S. Mallarme. Nyimbo za ndakatulo zophiphiritsira, kufunafuna kugwirizana kosamvetsetseka pakati pa moyo wa moyo ndi chilengedwe, kusokonezeka kwawo - zonsezi zinakopa Debussy kwambiri ndipo makamaka zimapanga kukongola kwake. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti choyambirira komanso changwiro cha zolemba zoyambirira za wolembayo zinali zachikondi ku mawu a P. Verdun, P. Bourget, P. Louis, komanso C. Baudelaire. Ena a iwo ("Madzulo Odabwitsa", "Mandolin") adalembedwa pazaka zophunzira ku Conservatory. Ndakatulo za Symbolist zidalimbikitsa ntchito yoyamba yoimba nyimbo - mawu oyamba "Afternoon of Faun" (1894). M'fanizo lanyimbo ili la eclogue ya Mallarmé, kalembedwe kachilendo ka Debussy, kosadziwika bwino kamayimba kudayamba.

Zotsatira za zizindikiro zinamveka bwino kwambiri mu opera yokhayo ya Debussy Pelléas et Mélisande (1892-1902), yolembedwa ku malemba a prose a sewero la M. Maeterlinck. Iyi ndi nkhani yachikondi, pomwe, malinga ndi wolemba, otchulidwa "satsutsana, koma amapirira miyoyo yawo ndi tsogolo lawo." Debussy apa, titero, amatsutsana ndi R. Wagner, wolemba Tristan ndi Isolde, adafuna ngakhale kulemba Tristan wake, ngakhale kuti ali wamng'ono ankakonda kwambiri opera ya Wagner ndipo ankadziwa pamtima. M'malo mwa chilakolako chotseguka cha nyimbo za Wagnerian, apa pali mawu a masewera omveka bwino, odzaza ndi zizindikiro ndi zizindikiro. “Nyimbo zimakhala za anthu osaneneka; Ndikufuna kuti atuluke mumdima, titero, ndipo mu mphindi zochepa abwerere kumdima; kotero kuti nthawi zonse azikhala wodzichepetsa, "adalemba Debussy.

Ndizosatheka kulingalira Debussy popanda nyimbo za piyano. Wopeka yekhayo anali woimba piyano waluso (komanso wochititsa); “Pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse ankaseŵera ma semitone, opanda kalikonse kalikonse, koma ndi mawu athunthu ndi ochulukira monga momwe Chopin ankaimba,” anakumbukira motero woimba limba Wachifalansa M. Long. Zinali kuchokera ku Chopin's airness, malo a phokoso la nsalu ya piyano yomwe Debussy adayitsutsa muzofufuza zake zamitundu. Koma panali gwero lina. Kuletsa, kumveka kwa kamvekedwe ka nyimbo za Debussy mosayembekezereka kunabweretsa pafupi ndi nyimbo zakale zachikondi - makamaka oimba a harpsichord a ku France a nthawi ya Rococo (F. Couperin, JF Rameau). Mitundu yakale yochokera ku "Suite Bergamasco" ndi Suite for Piano (Prelude, Minuet, Passpier, Sarabande, Toccata) imayimira mtundu wachilendo, wa "impressionistic" wa neoclassicism. Debussy sagwiritsa ntchito masitayelo konse, koma amapanga chithunzi chake cha nyimbo zoyambira, m'malo mwake mawonekedwe ake kuposa "chithunzi" chake.

Mtundu womwe wolembayo amakonda kwambiri ndi gulu la pulogalamu (orchestral ndi piyano), ngati zojambula zosiyanasiyana, pomwe malo osasunthika amayatsidwa ndikuyenda mwachangu, nthawi zambiri nyimbo zovina. Awa ndi ma suites a orchestra "Nocturnes" (1899), "Nyanja" (1905) ndi "Images" (1912). Kwa limba, "Zisindikizo", zolemba 2 za "Zithunzi", "Kona ya Ana", zomwe Debussy adapereka kwa mwana wake wamkazi. Mu Zisindikizo, wolembayo akuyesera kwa nthawi yoyamba kuzolowera nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana: chithunzi chomveka cha East ("Pagodas"), Spain ("Madzulo ku Grenada") ndi malo odzaza ndi kuyenda, sewero la kuwala ndi mthunzi ndi nyimbo yachi French ("Gardens in the rain").

M’mabuku aŵiri a mawu oyamba (1910, 1913) dziko lonse lophiphiritsa la wolembayo linavumbulidwa. Ma toni owoneka bwino amtundu wamadzi a The Girl with the Flaxen Hair ndi The Heather amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu omveka mu The Terrace Haunted by Moonlight, m'mawu oyamba a Aromas and Sounds in the Evening Air. Nthano yakale idakhalanso ndi moyo pakumveka kwamphamvu kwa Sunken Cathedral (apa ndipamene chikoka cha Mussorgsky ndi Borodin chidadziwika makamaka!). Ndipo mu "Delphian Dancers" wolembayo amapeza kuphatikiza kwapadera kwakale kwa kuuma kwa kachisi ndi mwambo wokhala ndi zilakolako zachikunja. Posankha zitsanzo zamtundu wanyimbo, Debussy amapeza ufulu wangwiro. Ndi zochenjera zomwezo, mwachitsanzo, amalowa m'dziko la nyimbo za Chisipanishi (Chipata cha Alhambra, The Interrupted Serenade) ndikubwezeretsanso (pogwiritsa ntchito nyimbo ya keke kuyenda) mzimu wa American minstrel theatre (General Lavin the Eccentric, The Minstrels). ).

M'mawu oyamba, Debussy akuwonetsa dziko lake lonse lanyimbo mwachidule, mawonekedwe okhazikika, amawafotokozera momveka bwino ndikutsanzikana nawo m'njira zambiri - ndi machitidwe ake akale a makalata owonera ndi nyimbo. Ndiyeno, m'zaka 5 zapitazi za moyo wake, nyimbo zake, zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, zimakulitsa maonekedwe amtundu, mtundu wina wa mantha, phokoso losasangalatsa limayamba kumva. Kuchulukitsa chidwi pamitundu yamasewera. Awa ndi ma ballet ("Kamma", "Masewera", opangidwa ndi V. Nijinsky ndi gulu la S. Diaghilev mu 1912, ndi chidole cha chidole cha ana "Toy Box", 1913), nyimbo zachinsinsi cha Italy futurist G. d'Annunzio "Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian" (1911). The ballerina Ida Rubinshtein, choreographer M. Fokin, wojambula L. Bakst anatenga gawo pakupanga chinsinsi. Pambuyo pa kulengedwa kwa Pelléas, Debussy anayesa mobwerezabwereza kuyambitsa opera yatsopano: adakopeka ndi ziwembu za E. Poe (Mdyerekezi mu Bell Tower, Kugwa kwa Nyumba ya Escher), koma mapulaniwa sanakwaniritsidwe. Wolembayo adakonza zolembera ma sonata 6 a ma ensembles achipinda, koma adakwanitsa kupanga 3: cello ndi piyano (1915), chitoliro, viola ndi zeze (1915) ndi violin ndi piyano (1917). Kukonza ntchito za F. Chopin kunapangitsa Debussy kulemba Twelve Etudes (1915), odzipereka kukumbukira wolemba wamkulu. Debussy adalenga ntchito zake zomaliza pamene anali kale kudwala matenda: mu 1915 anachitidwa opareshoni, kenako anakhala zaka zoposa ziwiri.

Mu nyimbo zina za Debussy, zochitika za Nkhondo Yadziko Lonse zinawonetsedwa: mu "Heroic Lullaby", mu nyimbo "Kubadwa kwa Ana Opanda Pakhomo", mu "Ode to France" yosatha. Ndi mndandanda wa maudindo okha omwe akuwonetsa kuti m'zaka zaposachedwa pakhala chidwi chowonjezereka pamitu yochititsa chidwi ndi zithunzi. Kumbali ina, kawonedwe kawo ka dziko kamakhala kodabwitsa. Nthabwala ndi nthabwala nthawi zonse zimayamba ndipo, titero, zimagwirizana ndi kufewa kwa chikhalidwe cha Debussy, kumasuka kwake kuti awoneke. Iwo sanadzionetsere okha m’nyimbo, komanso m’mawu olunjika bwino ponena za olemba, m’makalata, ndi m’nkhani zotsutsa. Kwa zaka 14 Debussy anali katswiri wotsutsa nyimbo; chotulukapo cha ntchito imeneyi chinali buku lakuti “Mr. Krosh - Antidilettante "(1914).

M'zaka za nkhondo yapambuyo pa nkhondo, Debussy, pamodzi ndi owononga achiwerewere achikondi monga I. Stravinsky, S. Prokofiev, P. Hindemith, adawonedwa ndi ambiri ngati nthumwi ya impressionist dzulo. Koma pambuyo pake, makamaka mu nthawi yathu, kufunika kwakukulu kwa katswiri wa ku France kunayamba kuonekera, yemwe adakhudza mwachindunji Stravinsky, B. Bartok, O. Messiaen, yemwe ankayembekezera njira ya sonor ndipo, makamaka, malingaliro atsopano. za malo nyimbo ndi nthawi - ndipo mu gawo latsopanoli ananena anthu monga chiyambi cha Art.

K. Zenkin

Moyo ndi njira yolenga

Ubwana ndi zaka za maphunziro. Claude Achille Debussy anabadwa pa August 22, 1862 ku Saint-Germain, Paris. Makolo ake - ang'ono bourgeois - ankakonda nyimbo, koma anali kutali ndi luso lenileni la akatswiri. Nyimbo zachisawawa za ubwana wawo sizinathandize pang'ono kukulitsa luso la woimba wamtsogolo. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri mwa izi chinali maulendo achilendo opita ku zisudzo. Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi zokha Debussy anayamba kuphunzira kuimba piyano. Poumirira kwa woyimba piyano pafupi ndi banja lawo, yemwe adazindikira luso lapadera la Claude, makolo ake adamutumiza ku 1873 ku Paris Conservatory. M'zaka za m'ma 70 ndi 80s m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, sukulu yophunzitsayi inali malo otetezeka kwambiri komanso okhazikika ophunzitsira oimba achichepere. Pambuyo pa Salvador Daniel, commissar wa nyimbo wa Paris Commune, yemwe anawomberedwa m'masiku a kugonjetsedwa kwake, wotsogolera nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale anali woimba Ambroise Thomas, mwamuna yemwe anali wochepa kwambiri pankhani za maphunziro a nyimbo.

Pakati pa aphunzitsi a Conservatory panalinso oimba otchuka - S. Frank, L. Delibes, E. Giro. Momwe angathere, adathandizira chodabwitsa chilichonse chatsopano mu moyo wanyimbo wa Paris, luso lililonse loyimba komanso lolemba.

Kuphunzira mwakhama kwa zaka zoyambirira kunabweretsa mphoto ya Debussy pachaka solfeggio. M'makalasi a solfeggio ndi othandizira (zochita zolimbitsa thupi za piyano mogwirizana), kwa nthawi yoyamba, chidwi chake pakusintha kwatsopano kwa harmonic, mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yovuta idawonekera. Kuthekera kokongola ndi kosiyanasiyana kwa chinenero chogwirizana kumamutsegukira.

Luso la piano la Debussy linakula mofulumira kwambiri. Kale m'zaka za ophunzira ake, kusewera kwake kunasiyanitsidwa ndi zomwe zili mkati, malingaliro, kusasamala kwa nuance, mitundu yosowa komanso kulemera kwa phokoso la phokoso. Koma chiyambi cha kalembedwe kake kachitidwe, kopanda kukongola kwakunja ndi kukongola, sikunapeze kuzindikirika koyenera pakati pa aphunzitsi a Conservatory kapena anzako a Debussy. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, talente yake ya piyano inapatsidwa mphoto yokha mu 1877 chifukwa cha ntchito ya sonata ya Schumann.

Kusemphana kwakukulu koyamba ndi njira zomwe zilipo kale zophunzitsira za Conservatory zimachitika ndi Debussy mu kalasi yogwirizana. Malingaliro odziyimira pawokha a Debussy sakanatha kupirira zoletsa zachikhalidwe zomwe zimalamulira mogwirizana. Wolemba nyimbo E. Guiraud yekha, yemwe Debussy adaphunzira naye nyimbo, adadzazidwa ndi zokhumba za wophunzira wake ndipo adapeza mgwirizano ndi iye muzojambula ndi zokongoletsa komanso zokonda nyimbo.

Kale nyimbo zoyamba za Debussy, kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80 ("Madzulo Odabwitsa" ku mawu a Paul Bourget makamaka "Mandolin" ku mawu a Paul Verlaine), adawulula chiyambi cha luso lake.

Ngakhale asanamalize maphunziro a Conservatory, Debussy anatenga ulendo wake woyamba wakunja ku Western Europe atayitanidwa ndi philanthropist wa ku Russia NF von Meck, yemwe kwa zaka zambiri anali wa chiwerengero cha mabwenzi apamtima a PI Tchaikovsky. Mu 1881 Debussy adabwera ku Russia ngati woyimba piyano kuti atenge nawo mbali pamisonkhano yapanyumba ya von Meck. Ulendo woyamba wopita ku Russia (ndiye anapita kumeneko kawiri - mu 1882 ndi 1913) adadzutsa chidwi chachikulu cha wolemba nyimbo wa Chirasha, chomwe sichinafooke mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake.

Kuyambira 1883, Debussy anayamba kutenga nawo mbali monga wopeka mu mpikisano wa Grand Prize wa Rome. Chaka chotsatira anapatsidwa mphoto ya cantata The Prodigal Son. Ntchitoyi, yomwe m'njira zambiri imakhudzidwabe ndi zisudzo zanyimbo zachifalansa, zimadziwikiratu sewero lenileni la zochitika zapaokha (mwachitsanzo, Leah's aria). Kukhala kwa Debussy ku Italy (1885-1887) kudakhala kopindulitsa kwa iye: adadziwa nyimbo zakale zakwaya zaku Italy za m'zaka za zana la XNUMX (Palestrina) komanso nthawi yomweyo ndi ntchito ya Wagner (makamaka, ndi nyimbo. sewero "Tristan ndi Isolde").

Nthawi yomweyo, nthawi yomwe Debussy adakhala ku Italy idadziwika ndi mkangano waukulu ndi mabwalo ovomerezeka a France. Malipoti a olandira mphothoyo pamaso pa sukuluyi anaperekedwa monga ntchito zomwe anazilingalira ku Paris ndi oweruza apadera. Ndemanga za ntchito za wolemba - symphonic ode "Zuleima", symphonic suite "Spring" ndi cantata "Wosankhidwa" (yolembedwa kale atafika ku Paris) - nthawi ino adapeza phompho losagonjetseka pakati pa zokhumba za Debussy ndi inertia yomwe. adalamulira m'gulu lalikulu kwambiri lazojambula ku France. Wolembayo adatsutsidwa ndi chikhumbo chadala chofuna "kuchita chinthu chachilendo, chosamvetsetseka, chosatheka", cha "lingaliro lopambanitsa la mtundu wa nyimbo", zomwe zimamupangitsa kuiwala "kufunika kwa kujambula kolondola ndi mawonekedwe". Debussy anaimbidwa mlandu wogwiritsa ntchito mawu aumunthu "otsekedwa" ndi fungulo la F-lakuthwa kwakukulu, zomwe zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizosavomerezeka mu ntchito ya symphonic. Chokhacho chabwino, mwinamwake, chinali ndemanga yokhudzana ndi kusowa kwa "matembenuzidwe athyathyathya ndi oletsedwa" mu ntchito zake.

Nyimbo zonse zomwe Debussy anatumiza ku Paris zinali zidakali kutali ndi kalembedwe ka wojambulayo, koma adawonetsa kale zinthu zatsopano, zomwe zimawonekera makamaka mu chinenero chokongola cha harmonic ndi kuyimba. Debussy anafotokoza momveka bwino chikhumbo chake chofuna kuchita zinthu zatsopano m'kalata yopita kwa m'modzi mwa abwenzi ake ku Paris: "Sindingathe kutseka nyimbo zanga pamafelemu olondola kwambiri ... njira. ”… Atabwerera kuchokera ku Italy kupita ku Paris, Debussy pamapeto pake adasiya maphunziro ake.

90s. Yoyamba maluwa zilandiridwenso. Chikhumbo chofuna kuyandikira zatsopano zamakono, chikhumbo chokulitsa maubwenzi awo ndi mabwenzi awo mu luso lazojambula chinapangitsa Debussy kubwerera kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80 kupita ku salon ya ndakatulo yaikulu ya ku France ya kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80 ndi mtsogoleri wa malingaliro a Symbolists. – Stefan Mallarmé. Pa "Lachiwiri" Mallarme adasonkhanitsa olemba odziwika bwino, olemba ndakatulo, ojambula - oimira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zojambulajambula zamakono zachi French (ndakatulo Paul Verlaine, Pierre Louis, Henri de Regnier, wojambula James Whistler ndi ena). Apa Debussy anakumana olemba ndi olemba ndakatulo, amene ntchito zake zinapanga maziko a nyimbo zake zambiri, zomwe zinalengedwa mu 90-50s. Zina mwazo zimadziwikiratu: "Mandolin", "Ariettes", "malo a Belgian", "Watercolors", "Moonlight" ku mawu a Paul Verlaine, "Nyimbo za Bilitis" ku mawu a Pierre Louis, "ndakatulo zisanu" kwa anthu. mawu a ndakatulo wamkulu waku France 60- Charles Baudelaire's XNUMXs (makamaka "Balcony", "Evening Harmonies", "At the Fountain") ndi ena.

Ngakhale mndandanda wosavuta wa mitu ya mabukuwa umapangitsa kuti zitheke kuweruza momwe wolembayo amaonera zolemba zamalemba, zomwe zimakhala ndi zolemba zamitundu kapena mawu achikondi. Gawo ili la zithunzi za ndakatulo za ndakatulo limakhala lokondedwa kwa Debussy pa ntchito yake yonse.

Kukonda komveka bwino komwe kumaperekedwa ku nyimbo za mawu m'nthawi yoyamba ya ntchito yake kumafotokozedwa mokulira ndi chilakolako cha wolemba ndakatulo wa Symbolist. M'mavesi a olemba ndakatulo ophiphiritsa, Debussy adakopeka ndi maphunziro omwe anali pafupi naye ndi njira zatsopano zamakono - luso lolankhula laconicly, kusakhalapo kwa mawu omveka ndi ma pathos, kuchuluka kwa mafananidwe ophiphiritsa okongola, malingaliro atsopano a nyimbo, momwe nyimbo zimakhalira. mawu osakanikirana amagwidwa. Mbali yotere yachizindikiro monga chikhumbo chofuna kuwonetsa mkhalidwe wachisoni, mantha osadziwika, sanagwire Debussy.

Muzochita zambiri zazaka izi, Debussy amayesa kupeŵa kusatsimikizika kwachizindikiro komanso kunyozeka pofotokoza malingaliro ake. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi kukhulupirika ku miyambo ya demokalase ya nyimbo za dziko la France, luso lonse laluso la woimbayo ( sizodabwitsa kuti nthawi zambiri amatchula ndakatulo za Verlaine, zomwe zimagwirizanitsa mwachidwi miyambo ya ndakatulo ya ambuye akale. chikhumbo chawo chokhala ndi malingaliro omveka bwino ndi kuphweka kwa kalembedwe, ndi kukonzanso komwe kumachokera mu luso la salons amasiku ano apamwamba). M'mawu ake oyambirira, Debussy amayesetsa kuyika zithunzi za nyimbo zomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi nyimbo zomwe zilipo - nyimbo, kuvina. Koma kulumikizana uku nthawi zambiri kumawoneka, monga ku Verlaine, muzowongolera bwino kwambiri. Umu ndi chikondi "Mandolin" ku mawu a Verlaine. M'nyimbo zachikondi, timamva kulira kwa nyimbo za ku France zochokera ku nyimbo za "chansonnier", zomwe zimachitidwa popanda mawu omveka bwino, ngati "kuimba". Kuyimba kwa piyano kumapereka kamvekedwe kake kamvekedwe kake ka mandolin kapena gitala. Kuphatikizika kwa nyimbo za magawo asanu "zopanda kanthu" kumafanana ndi phokoso la zingwe zotseguka za zida izi:

Kale m'ntchitoyi, Debussy amagwiritsa ntchito njira zina zamitundu yosiyanasiyana za kalembedwe kake kokhwima mogwirizana - "mndandanda" wa consonances osasunthika, kuyerekezera koyambirira kwa ma triad akuluakulu ndi ma inversion awo m'makiyi akutali,

Zaka za m'ma 90 zinali nthawi yoyamba ya kulenga kwa Debussy pakuchita osati mawu okha, komanso nyimbo za piyano ("Suite Bergamas", "Little Suite" ya piano manja anayi), chamber-instrumental (chingwe quartet) makamaka nyimbo za symphonic ( Panthawiyi, ntchito ziwiri zofunika kwambiri za symphonic zimapangidwira - mawu oyamba "Afternoon of Faun" ndi "Nocturnes").

Mawu oyamba akuti "Masana a Faun" adalembedwa pa ndakatulo ya Stéphane Mallarmé mu 1892. Ntchito ya Mallarme inakopa wolembayo makamaka ndi kukongola kowala kwa cholengedwa chanthano cholota pa tsiku lotentha za nymphs zokongola.

M'mawu oyamba, monga mu ndakatulo ya Mallarmé, palibe chiwembu chotukuka, palibe chitukuko champhamvu cha zochitikazo. Pakatikati pa zolembazo pali chithunzi chimodzi cha "languor", chomangidwa pa "zokwawa" zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Debussy amagwiritsa ntchito kubadwa kwake kwa orchestra pafupifupi nthawi zonse zomwezo - chitoliro mu kaundula wotsika:

Kukula konse kwa nyimbo zoyambilira kumatsikira ku kusiyanasiyana kwa kafotokozedwe ka mutuwo ndi kuyimba kwake. Kukula kwa static kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chikhalidwe cha chithunzicho.

Mapangidwe a ntchitoyo ali ndi magawo atatu. Pokhapokha pachigawo chaching'ono chapakatikati, pamene mutu watsopano wa diatonic ukuchitidwa ndi gulu la zingwe la oimba, khalidwe lachizoloŵezi limakhala lamphamvu kwambiri, lomveka bwino (mawonekedwe amafika pa sonority wake wamkulu mu chiyambi. ff, nthawi yokhayo imene tutti wa gulu lonse la oimba akugwiritsidwa ntchito). Kubwereza kumathera ndi kutha pang'onopang'ono, titero, kusungunula mutu wa "languor".

Mawonekedwe okhwima a Debussy adawonekera m'ntchitoyi makamaka mu oimba. Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa magulu a okhestra ndi zigawo za zida zapagulu mkati mwamagulu zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kuphatikiza ndi kuphatikiza mitundu ya orchestra m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndikukulolani kuti mukwaniritse zabwino kwambiri. Zambiri zomwe zidachitika pakulemba kwa orchestra m'nkhaniyi pambuyo pake zidakhala zofananira ndi ntchito zambiri za Debussy za symphonic.

Pambuyo pa sewero la "Faun" mu 1894 pamene Debussy woimbayo adalankhula m'magulu ambiri a nyimbo a Paris. Koma kudzipatula ndi zofooka zina za luso malo amene Debussy anali, komanso payekha payekha kalembedwe ka nyimbo zake, analepheretsa nyimbo wopeka kuwonekera pa siteji konsati.

Ngakhale ntchito yodziwika bwino ya symphonic ya Debussy monga kuzungulira kwa Nocturnes, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1897-1899, idakumana ndi malingaliro oletsa. Mu "Nocturnes" chikhumbo chokulirapo cha Debussy cha zithunzi zenizeni zamoyo zidawonekera. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu ntchito ya symphonic ya Debussy, chojambula chosangalatsa chamtundu (gawo lachiwiri la Nocturnes - "Zikondwerero") ndi zithunzi za chilengedwe cholemera mumitundu (gawo loyamba - "Mitambo") linalandira nyimbo zomveka bwino.

M'zaka za m'ma 90, Debussy adagwira ntchito pa opera yake yokhayo, Pelléas et Mélisande. Wolembayo anali kufunafuna chiwembu pafupi naye kwa nthawi yaitali (Anayamba ndi kusiya ntchito pa opera "Rodrigo ndi Jimena" pogwiritsa ntchito tsoka la Corneille "Sid". "Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zochita", kukula kwake kwamphamvu, kugogomezera kukhudzidwa kwa malingaliro, molimba mtima kufotokoza zithunzi zolembedwa za ngwazi.) ndipo potsiriza adakhazikika pa sewero la wolemba wophiphiritsa waku Belgian Maurice Maeterlinck "Pelléas et Mélisande". Pali zochepa zomwe zimachitika kunja kwa ntchitoyi, malo ake ndi nthawi sizisintha. Chisamaliro chonse cha wolemba chimayang'ana pa kusamutsidwa kwa malingaliro osawoneka bwino kwambiri pazochitika za otchulidwa: Golo, mkazi wake Mélisande, mchimwene wake wa Golo Pelléas6. Chiwembu cha ntchitoyi chinakopa Debussy, m'mawu ake, chifukwa chakuti "otchulidwa samatsutsana, koma amapirira moyo ndi tsogolo." Kuchuluka kwa mawu ang’onoang’ono, malingaliro, titero kunena kwake, “kwa iyemwini” kunatheketsa wopekayo kuzindikira mawu ake akuti: “Nyimbo zimayambira pamene mawu alibe mphamvu.”

Debussy adasungidwa mu opera imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zamasewera a Maeterlinck - chiwonongeko chakupha cha otchulidwa chisanachitike chiwonongeko chosapeŵeka, kusakhulupirira kwa munthu chimwemwe chake. Mu ntchito iyi ya Maeterlinck, malingaliro azamakhalidwe ndi okongola a gawo lofunikira la anzeru a bourgeois kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX adawonetsedwa bwino. Romain Rolland anapereka kupenda kolondola kwambiri kwa mbiri ndi kakhalidwe ka seŵerolo m’buku lake lakuti “Oimba a Masiku Athu”: “Mkhalidwe umene seŵero la Maeterlinck likukuliramo ndilo kudzichepetsa kotopa kumene kumapereka chifuno cha kukhala ndi moyo mu mphamvu ya Rock. Palibe chomwe chingasinthe dongosolo la zochitika. […] Palibe amene ali ndi udindo pa zomwe akufuna, zomwe amakonda. […] Amakhala ndi moyo ndi kufa popanda kudziwa chifukwa chake. Izi, zomwe zikuwonetsa kutopa kwa olemekezeka auzimu aku Europe, zidaperekedwa mozizwitsa ndi nyimbo za Debussy, zomwe zidawonjezera ndakatulo zake komanso chithumwa chake ... ". Debussy, pamlingo wina, adatha kufewetsa kamvekedwe kopanda chiyembekezo ka seweroli ndi mawu obisika komanso oletsa, kuwona mtima ndi kuwona mtima mu nyimbo zoyimba za tsoka lenileni la chikondi ndi nsanje.

Zachilendo za stylistic za opera makamaka chifukwa chakuti zinalembedwa mu prose. Magawo omveka a opera ya Debussy ali ndi mithunzi yowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino zamalankhulidwe achi French. Kukula kwanyimbo kwa opera kumachitika pang'onopang'ono (popanda kudumpha pakapita nthawi), koma mzere womveka bwino wofotokozera. Kuchuluka kwa ma caesuras, kusinthasintha kwapadera komanso kusintha kwa kamvekedwe ka mawu omveka bwino kumalola woimbayo kuti afotokoze bwino tanthauzo la pafupifupi mawu aliwonse a prose ndi nyimbo. Kuchulukana kulikonse kokhudza mtima mumzere wanyimbo kulibe ngakhale m'zochitika zovuta kwambiri za opera. Pakanthawi kovutirapo kwambiri, Debussy amakhalabe wowona ku mfundo yake - kudziletsa kwakukulu komanso kusakhalapo kwathunthu kwa mawonekedwe akunja amalingaliro. Choncho, zochitika za Pelléas akulengeza za chikondi chake kwa Melisande, mosiyana ndi miyambo yonse ya opaleshoni, imachitidwa popanda kukhudzidwa, ngati "kunong'ona kwa theka". Nkhani ya imfa ya Mélisande imathetsedwanso chimodzimodzi. Pali zochitika zingapo mu opera yomwe Debussy adakwanitsa kuwonetsa modabwitsa njira zobisika zovuta komanso zolemera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anthu: zochitika ndi mphete ndi kasupe mu sewero lachiwiri, zochitika ndi tsitsi la Mélisande chachitatu, chochitika pa kasupe wachinayi ndi chochitika cha imfa ya Mélisande mu mchitidwe wachisanu.

Opera inachitikira pa April 30, 1902 ku Comic Opera. Ngakhale kuti nyimboyi inali yochititsa chidwi kwambiri, nyimboyi sinayende bwino ndi anthu ambiri. Kudzudzula sikunali kwaubwenzi ndipo kunadzilola kuukira koopsa pambuyo pa zisudzo zoyamba. Oimba akuluakulu ochepa okha ndiwo ayamikira ubwino wa ntchitoyi.

Atapanga Pelléas, Debussy adayesa kangapo kuti apange ma opera osiyanasiyana amtundu ndi kalembedwe kuyambira koyamba. Libretto inalembedwa kwa ma opera awiri okhudzana ndi nthano za Edgar Allan Poe - Imfa ya Nyumba ya Escher ndi Mdyerekezi mu Bell Tower - zojambula zinapangidwa, zomwe wolembayo mwiniwakeyo adaziwononga atangotsala pang'ono kumwalira. Komanso, cholinga cha Debussy kupanga opera yochokera pa chiwembu cha tsoka la Shakespeare King Lear sichinachitike. Atasiya mfundo zaluso za Pelléas et Mélisande, Debussy sanathe kudzipeza ali mumitundu ina yoyimba pafupi ndi miyambo ya zisudzo zachi French ndi zisudzo.

1900-1918 - pachimake cha maluwa a Debussy. Zoyimba-zovuta. Atangotsala pang'ono kupanga Pelléas, chochitika chofunikira chinachitika m'moyo wa Debussy - kuyambira 1901 adakhala katswiri wotsutsa nyimbo. Ntchito yatsopanoyi kwa iye idapitilira pang'onopang'ono mu 1901, 1903 ndi 1912-1914. Zolemba zofunika kwambiri ndi zonena za Debussy zidasonkhanitsidwa ndi iye mu 1914 m'buku la "Mr. Krosh ndi anti-amateur ". Zochita zovuta zidathandizira kupanga malingaliro okongoletsa a Debussy, njira zake zaluso. Zimatipatsa kuweruza maganizo a woimbayo kwambiri patsogolo pa ntchito za luso mu luso mapangidwe anthu, pa maganizo ake kuti tingachipeze powerenga ndi zamakono luso. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sizopanda mbali imodzi komanso kusagwirizana pakuwunika zochitika zosiyanasiyana komanso kuweruza kokongola.

Debussy amatsutsa mwamphamvu tsankho, umbuli ndi kusasamala komwe kumayambitsa kutsutsidwa kwamasiku ano. Koma Debussy amatsutsanso kusanthula kokhazikika, kwaukadaulo powunika ntchito yanyimbo. Amateteza ngati khalidwe lalikulu ndi ulemu wa kutsutsidwa - kufalitsa "zowona, zowona komanso zochokera pansi pamtima." Ntchito yaikulu ya kutsutsa kwa Debussy ndi kulimbana ndi "maphunziro" a mabungwe akuluakulu a ku France panthawiyo. Amanena mawu akuthwa komanso ankhanza, makamaka osakondera pa Grand Opera, pomwe "zabwino zimaphwanyidwa pakhoma lolimba komanso losawonongeka lamwambo wamakani omwe salola mtundu uliwonse wa kuwala kowala kulowa."

Mfundo zake zokongola komanso malingaliro ake zimafotokozedwa momveka bwino m'mabuku ndi zolemba za Debussy. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi cholinga cha wopeka ku dziko lozungulira iye. Amawona gwero la nyimbo m'chilengedwe: "Nyimbo zili pafupi kwambiri ndi chilengedwe ...". "Oimba okha ndi omwe ali ndi mwayi wolandira ndakatulo za usiku ndi usana, dziko lapansi ndi thambo - kukonzanso mlengalenga ndi kamvekedwe ka kunjenjemera kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe." Mawu amenewa mosakayikira amavumbula mbali imodzi ya malingaliro okongoletsa a wolemba pa ntchito yokhayo ya nyimbo pakati pa zojambulajambula zina.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, Debussy ananena kuti luso siliyenera kungokhala m’lingaliro lochepa la malingaliro ofikiridwa ndi omvetsera ochepa chabe: “Ntchito ya woipeka si kusangalatsa okonda nyimbo “ounika” oŵerengeka kapena akatswiri. Zodabwitsa zinali zapanthawi yake zomwe Debussy adanena zakuwonongeka kwa miyambo yadziko mu zaluso zaku France koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX: "Munthu angadandaule kuti nyimbo zaku France zatsata njira zomwe zawapangitsa kuti achoke ku mikhalidwe yosiyana ya chikhalidwe cha Chifalansa monga kumveka bwino. , kulondola ndi kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe.” Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Debussy anali kutsutsana ndi malire a dziko muzojambula: "Ndimadziwa bwino chiphunzitso cha kusinthanitsa kwaulere muzojambula ndipo ndikudziwa zotsatira zake zamtengo wapatali zomwe zadzetsa." Mabodza ake amphamvu a zaluso zanyimbo zaku Russia ku France ndi umboni wabwino kwambiri wa chiphunzitso ichi.

Ntchito ya oimba akuluakulu a ku Russia - Borodin, Balakirev, makamaka Mussorgsky ndi Rimsky-Korsakov - adaphunzira kwambiri ndi Debussy kumbuyo kwa zaka za m'ma 90 ndipo anali ndi chikoka pa mbali zina za kalembedwe kake. Debussy anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kukongola ndi kukongola kwa nyimbo za oimba a Rimsky-Korsakov. Debussy analemba kuti: “Palibe chimene chingasonyeze kukopa kwa mitu yanyimbo ndi kusangalatsa kwa oimba,” analemba motero Debussy ponena za nyimbo ya Rimsky-Korsakov ya Antar. Mu ntchito za symphonic za Debussy, pali njira zoyimba pafupi ndi Rimsky-Korsakov, makamaka kutengera kwa "mawu oyera", kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera, ndi zina zambiri.

Mu nyimbo za Mussorgsky ndi opera Boris Godunov, Debussy anayamikira chikhalidwe chakuya chamaganizo cha nyimbo, kuthekera kwake kufotokoza chuma chonse cha dziko lauzimu la munthu. “Palibe amene wachita zabwino mwa ife, kukhala wachifundo ndi wakuya,” timapezamo mawu a wolemba nyimboyo. Pambuyo pake, m'mawu angapo a Debussy komanso mu opera Pelléas et Mélisande, munthu amatha kumva chikoka cha chilankhulo cha Mussorgsky chofotokozera momveka bwino komanso chosinthika, chomwe chimapereka mithunzi yobisika kwambiri yakulankhula kwamunthu mothandizidwa ndi mawu omveka bwino.

Koma Debussy anangowona mbali zina za kalembedwe ndi njira ya amisiri aakulu Russian. Iye anali mlendo ku zizolowezi za demokalase ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu pa ntchito ya Mussorgsky. Debussy anali kutali ndi ziwembu zakuya zaumunthu ndi filosofi ya masewera a Rimsky-Korsakov, kuchokera ku kugwirizana kosalekeza ndi kosalekanitsidwa pakati pa ntchito ya olemba awa ndi chiyambi cha anthu.

Mawonekedwe a kusagwirizana kwa mkati ndi mbali imodzi mu ntchito yovuta ya Debussy inasonyezedwa mu kunyalanyaza kwake koonekeratu kwa ntchito ya mbiri yakale ndi kufunikira kwa luso la ntchito ya olemba monga Handel, Gluck, Schubert, Schumann.

M’mawu ake odzudzula, Debussy nthaŵi zina ankatenga mikhalidwe yabwino, akumatsutsa kuti “nyimbo ndi masamu osamvetsetseka, amene mbali zake zimaloŵetsedwamo m’kusamalizika.”

Polankhula m'nkhani zingapo zochirikiza lingaliro lopanga zisudzo za anthu, Debussy pafupifupi nthawi imodzi akufotokoza lingaliro lodabwitsa lakuti "luso lapamwamba ndilo tsogolo la olemekezeka auzimu okha." Kuphatikizika kwa malingaliro ademokalase komanso olemekezeka odziwika bwino kunali kofanana ndi akatswiri aluso aku France kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX.

Zaka za m'ma 1900 ndizopamwamba kwambiri pazochitika za kulenga za wolemba. Ntchito zomwe zinapangidwa ndi Debussy panthawiyi zimalankhula za zochitika zatsopano muzopangapanga ndipo, choyamba, kuchoka kwa Debussy kuchoka ku zokometsera zophiphiritsira. Wolemba nyimboyo amakopeka ndi mawonekedwe amtundu, zithunzi zanyimbo ndi zithunzi za chilengedwe. Pamodzi ndi mitu yatsopano ndi ziwembu, mawonekedwe a kalembedwe katsopano amawonekera mu ntchito yake. Umboni wa izi ndi ntchito za limba monga "An Evening in Grenada" (1902), "Gardens in the Rain" (1902), "Island of Joy" (1904). M'zolemba izi, Debussy amapeza kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi chiyambi cha nyimbo (mu "Madzulo ku Grenada" - ndi chikhalidwe cha Chisipanishi), amateteza mtundu wa nyimbo mumtundu wa kuvina. Mwa iwo, woimbayo amakulitsa kukula kwa luso la limba komanso luso la limba. Amagwiritsa ntchito masinthidwe abwino kwambiri amitundu yosunthika mkati mwa gulu limodzi la mawu kapena kuphatikiza mitundu yakuthwa kwambiri. Nyimbo za nyimbozi zimayamba kugwira ntchito momveka bwino popanga chithunzi chaluso. Nthawi zina zimakhala zosinthika, zaulere, pafupifupi zosasinthika. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'ntchito za zaka izi, Debussy amawulula chikhumbo chatsopano cha gulu lomveka bwino komanso lolimba la nyimbo zonsezo mwa kubwereza mobwerezabwereza "pachimake" chimodzi pa ntchito yonse kapena gawo lake lalikulu (mawu oyambirira mu A wamng'ono, "Gardens in the Rain", "Madzulo ku Grenada", pomwe nyimbo ya habanera ndi "pachimake" cha nyimbo zonse).

Ntchito za nthawi ino zimasiyanitsidwa ndi malingaliro odzaza magazi modabwitsa a moyo, ofotokozedwa molimba mtima, pafupifupi zowoneka bwino, zithunzi zotsekedwa mu mawonekedwe ogwirizana. "Impressionism" ya ntchitozi imangokhala mumtundu wokulirapo wamtundu, pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yowoneka bwino ya "glare ndi mawanga", mumasewera obisika a timbres. Koma njira iyi simaphwanya kukhulupirika kwa nyimbo zachifanizo. Zimangowonjezera kuphulika.

Pakati pa ntchito za symphonic zopangidwa ndi Debussy m'zaka za m'ma 900, "Nyanja" (1903-1905) ndi "Images" (1909) imaonekera, yomwe imaphatikizapo "Iberia" yotchuka.

"Nyanja" ili ndi magawo atatu: "Panyanja kuyambira m'bandakucha mpaka masana", "sewero la mafunde" ndi "kukambirana kwa mphepo ndi nyanja". Zithunzi za m'nyanja nthawi zonse zimakopa chidwi cha olemba amitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso masukulu adziko lonse. Zitsanzo zambiri za symphonic zogwira ntchito pamitu ya "zam'madzi" zolembedwa ndi olemba nyimbo aku Western Europe zitha kutchulidwa (zolemba za "Fingal's Cave" lolemba Mendelssohn, magawo amtundu wa "The Flying Dutchman" lolemba Wagner, ndi zina zotero). Koma zithunzi za m'nyanja zinadziwika bwino kwambiri komanso momveka bwino mu nyimbo za ku Russia, makamaka ku Rimsky-Korsakov (chithunzi cha symphonic Sadko, opera ya dzina lomwelo, gulu la Scheherazade, nthawi yopuma yachiwiri ya opera "Nthano ya". Tsar Saltan),

Mosiyana ndi nyimbo za orchestra za Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy amayika ntchito yake osati chiwembu, koma ntchito zowonetsera komanso zojambula. Amafuna kufotokoza mwa nyimbo kusintha kwa kuwala kwa kuwala ndi mitundu panyanja pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana za tsiku, maiko osiyanasiyana a nyanja - bata, kugwedezeka ndi mphepo yamkuntho. M'malingaliro a wolemba za zojambula za m'nyanja, palibe zifukwa zotere zomwe zingapereke chinsinsi chamdima ku mitundu yawo. Debussy imayendetsedwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa, mitundu yodzaza ndi magazi. Woipekayo molimba mtima amagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo zovina komanso kukongola kwamphamvu kuti afotokoze zithunzi zanyimbo zotsitsimula.

Mu gawo loyamba, chithunzi cha kudzutsidwa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa nyanja m'bandakucha, mafunde oyenda mwaulesi, kuwala kwa dzuwa loyamba pa iwo kumawonekera. Chiyambi cha okhestra cha gululi chimakhala chokongola kwambiri, pomwe, kumbuyo kwa "rustle" ya timpani, ma octaves a azeze aŵiri "ozizira" ndi "zoyimba" zoyimba m'kaundula wapamwamba, mawu achidule a oboe. kuwoneka ngati kunyezimira kwa dzuwa pa mafunde. Maonekedwe a nyimbo yovina sikusokoneza chithumwa cha mtendere wathunthu ndi kulingalira molota.

Gawo lamphamvu kwambiri la ntchitoyi ndi lachitatu - "Kukambirana kwa Mphepo ndi Nyanja". Kuchokera pa chithunzi chosasunthika, chozizira cha nyanja yabata kumayambiriro kwa gawolo, kukumbukira choyamba, chithunzi cha mkuntho chikuwonekera. Debussy amagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zoimbira pachitukuko champhamvu komanso champhamvu - melodic-rhythmic, dynamic and makamaka orchestral.

Kumayambiriro kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kanthandobukambo ka ngokwezve ngokwezve ngokwezve ngokweyisanganilinganganingaliumiza mtima Chingeledwe kachitidwe kachitidwe ka m'Chi Kuphatikiza pa kugwirizana kwapang'onopang'ono kwa magulu atsopano a oimba ndi kuwonjezeka kwa yunifolomu kwa sonority, Debussy amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya chitukuko cha rhythmic apa: kuyambitsa nyimbo zambiri zovina zatsopano, amadzaza nsalu ya ntchitoyo ndi kuphatikiza kosinthika kwa nyimbo zingapo. machitidwe.

Mapeto a zolemba zonse sizikuwoneka ngati chisangalalo cha zinthu za m'nyanja, koma ngati nyimbo yosangalatsa ya nyanja, dzuwa.

Zambiri mu mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira a "Nyanja", mfundo za kuyimba, zinakonzekera maonekedwe a symphonic "Iberia" - imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri komanso zoyambirira za Debussy. Zimakhudza kwambiri kugwirizana kwake ndi moyo wa anthu a ku Spain, nyimbo zawo ndi chikhalidwe cha kuvina. M'zaka za m'ma 900, Debussy adatembenukira kangapo ku nkhani zokhudzana ndi Spain: "Madzulo ku Grenada", zoyambira "Gate of the Alhambra" ndi "The Interrupted Serenade". Koma "Iberia" ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zabwino kwambiri za olemba omwe adachokera ku kasupe wosatha wa nyimbo za anthu a ku Spain (Glinka mu "Aragonese Jota" ndi "Nights in Madrid", Rimsky-Korsakov mu "Spanish Capriccio", Bizet mu "Carmen", Ravel mu "Bolero" ndi atatu, osatchula oimba achisipanishi a Falla ndi Albeniz).

"Iberia" ili ndi magawo atatu: "M'misewu ndi misewu ya ku Spain", "Ffurances of the Night" ndi "Morning of Holiday". Gawo lachiwiri likuwonetsa zojambula za Debussy zomwe amakonda kwambiri zachilengedwe, zodzaza ndi fungo lapadera, zokometsera za usiku wa ku Spain, "zolembedwa" ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino za wolembayo, kusintha kwachangu kwa zithunzi zowoneka bwino komanso zosawoneka. Gawo loyamba ndi lachitatu likujambula zithunzi za moyo wa anthu ku Spain. Chokongola kwambiri ndi gawo lachitatu, lomwe lili ndi nyimbo zambiri ndi kuvina kovina kwa Chisipanishi, zomwe zimapanga chithunzi chosangalatsa cha tchuthi chamitundu yokongola posinthana mwachangu. Wopeka nyimbo wamkulu wa ku Spain de Falla ananena izi ponena za Iberia: “Kumveka kwa mudziwo m’chifuno chachikulu cha ntchito yonseyo (“Sevillana”) kumawonekera kukuwuluka mumlengalenga moyera kapena m’kuunika konjenjemera. Matsenga oledzeretsa a usiku wa Andalusia, chisangalalo cha gulu la zikondwerero, lomwe likuvina phokoso la nyimbo za "gulu" la oimba gitala ndi oimba ... , ndipo kuganiza kwathu kosalekeza kumasokonezedwa ndi makhalidwe abwino kwambiri a nyimbo zachikoka zofotokoza momveka bwino komanso zamitundumitundu.”

Zaka khumi zapitazi za moyo wa Debussy zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kulenga kosalekeza ndikuchita zinthu mpaka nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itayamba. Concert maulendo monga kondakitala ku Austria-Hungary anabweretsa kutchuka kwa wolemba nyimbo kunja. Analandiridwa mwachikondi makamaka ku Russia mu 1913. Makonsati ku St. Petersburg ndi Moscow anali opambana kwambiri. Kulumikizana kwa Debussy ndi oimba ambiri aku Russia kunalimbitsanso kugwirizana kwake ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha ku Russia.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo chidapangitsa Debussy kuwuka m'malingaliro okonda dziko lawo. M’mawu ake osindikizidwa, amadzitcha motsimikiza kuti: “Claude Debussy ndi woimba wachifalansa.” Ntchito zingapo zazaka izi zimalimbikitsidwa ndi mutu wokonda dziko lawo: "Heroic Lullaby", nyimbo "Khirisimasi ya Ana Osowa Panyumba"; m'gulu la limba ziwiri "White ndi Black" Debussy ankafuna kufotokoza maganizo ake za zoopsa za nkhondo ya imperialist. Ode kupita ku France ndi cantata Joan waku Arc sanakwaniritsidwe.

Mu ntchito ya Debussy m'zaka zaposachedwa, munthu atha kupeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe sanakumanepo nayo kale. Mu nyimbo zoyimba m'chipinda, Debussy amapeza kugwirizana kwa ndakatulo zakale zaku France za Francois Villon, Charles waku Orleans ndi ena. Ndi olemba ndakatulowa, akufuna kupeza gwero la kukonzanso nkhaniyo ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo amapereka msonkho ku zojambula zakale zachifalansa zomwe wakhala akuzikonda nthawi zonse. M'munda wa nyimbo zoimbira za chipinda, Debussy amatenga kuzungulira kwa ma sonatas asanu ndi limodzi pazida zosiyanasiyana. Tsoka ilo, adakwanitsa kulemba atatu okha - sonata ya cello ndi piyano (1915), sonata ya chitoliro, zeze ndi viola (1915) ndi sonata ya violin ndi piyano (1916-1917). M'zolemba izi, Debussy amatsatira mfundo za kalembedwe ka suite m'malo mopanga sonata, motero amatsitsimutsa miyambo ya olemba achi French azaka za zana la XNUMX. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, nyimbozi zimachitira umboni za kufufuza kosalekeza kwa luso lamakono, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zida (mu sonata ya chitoliro, zeze ndi viola).

Zopambana kwambiri ndi luso la Debussy m'zaka khumi zapitazi za moyo wake mu ntchito ya piyano: "Children's Corner" (1906-1908), "Toy Box" (1910), ma preludes makumi awiri ndi anayi (1910 ndi 1913), "Six Antique". Epigraphs" m'manja anayi (1914), maphunziro khumi ndi awiri (1915).

Gulu la piyano la "Children's Corner" laperekedwa kwa mwana wamkazi wa Debussy. Chikhumbo chowululira dziko mu nyimbo kudzera m'maso mwa mwana muzithunzi zake zanthawi zonse - mphunzitsi wokhwima, chidole, m'busa wamng'ono, njovu ya chidole - zimapangitsa Debussy kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi nyimbo, komanso mitundu yanyimbo zamaluso. mu grotesque, caricatured mawonekedwe - kuyimba mu "The Elephant's Lullaby", nyimbo abusa "The Little Shepherd", keke-kuyenda kuvina kuti anali yapamwamba pa nthawi imeneyo, mu sewero la dzina lomwelo. Pafupi ndi iwo, kafukufuku wamba mu "Doctor Gradus ad Parnassum" amalola Debussy kupanga chithunzi cha mphunzitsi woyenda pansi ndi wophunzira wotopa pogwiritsa ntchito zojambulajambula zofewa.

Maphunziro khumi ndi awiri a Debussy amalumikizana ndi kuyesa kwake kwanthawi yayitali pankhani ya kalembedwe ka piyano, kufunafuna mitundu yatsopano yaukadaulo wa piyano ndi njira zofotokozera. Koma ngakhale mu ntchito zimenezi, iye amayesetsa kuthetsa osati mwangwiro virtuoso, komanso mavuto phokoso (phunziro lakhumi amatchedwa: "Kusiyanitsa sonorities"). Tsoka ilo, sizithunzi zonse za Debussy zomwe zidatha kuphatikiza lingaliro laukadaulo. Zina mwa izo zimalamulidwa ndi mfundo yothandiza.

Zolemba ziwiri zoyambira zake za piyano ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti ndizofunikira panjira yonse yolenga ya Debussy. Apa, titero, mawonekedwe odziwika kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe aukadaulo, njira yopangira komanso kalembedwe ka woipeka adakhazikika. Kuzunguliraku kuli ndi gawo lathunthu la gawo lophiphiritsa komanso landakatulo la ntchito ya Debussy.

Mpaka masiku otsiriza a moyo wake (anamwalira pa March 26, 1918 pa kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Paris ndi Ajeremani), ngakhale kuti anali ndi matenda aakulu, Debussy sanasiye kufufuza kwake kulenga. Amapeza mitu ndi ziwembu zatsopano, kutembenukira kumitundu yachikhalidwe, ndikuzisintha mwanjira yachilendo. Kusaka konseku sikumakula mu Debussy mpaka kumapeto kwake - "kwatsopano chifukwa cha zatsopano." M'zolemba ndi mawu otsutsa azaka zaposachedwa onena za ntchito ya olemba ena amakono, amatsutsa mosatopa kusowa kwa zomwe zili, zovuta zamawonekedwe, zovuta mwadala za chilankhulo choyimba, zomwe zimayimira ambiri oimira luso lamakono ku Western Europe kumapeto kwa XNUMXth. ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Iye ananena moyenerera kuti: “Monga lamulo lachisawawa, cholinga chilichonse chosokoneza maonekedwe ndi malingaliro chimasonyeza kuti wolembayo alibe chonena.” "Nyimbo zimakhala zovuta nthawi iliyonse kulibe." Lingaliro lachidwi ndi lopanga la wolembayo mosatopa amafunafuna kulumikizana ndi moyo kudzera mumitundu yanyimbo zomwe sizimasokonezedwa ndi maphunziro owuma komanso kutsogola koyipa. Zokhumba izi sizinalandire kupitiriza kwenikweni kuchokera kwa Debussy chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha bourgeois mu nthawi yamavutoyi, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zokonda za kulenga, khalidwe ngakhale la ojambula akuluakulu monga iye mwini.

B. Ioni

• Piano ntchito za Debussy →
• Ntchito za Symphonic za Debussy →
• Chiwonetsero cha nyimbo za ku France →

Zolemba:

machitidwe - Rodrigue ndi Jimena (1891-92, sanathe), Pelléas ndi Mélisande (sewero lanyimbo pambuyo pa M. Maeterlinck, 1893-1902, lomwe linapangidwa mu 1902, Opera Comic, Paris); ballet – Games (Jeux, lib. V. Nijinsky, 1912, post. 1913, tr Champs Elysees, Paris), Kamma (Khamma, 1912, piyano score; orchestrated by Ch. Kouklen, final performance 1924, Paris), Toy Box (La boîte à joujoux, ballet ya ana, 1913, yokonzedwa ndi 2 fp., yokonzedwa ndi A. Caplet, c. 1923); kwa oimba solo, kwaya ndi okhestra - Daniel (cantata, 1880-84), Spring (Printemps, 1882), Imbani (Kupempha, 1883; piyano yosungidwa ndi mawu), Prodigal Son (L'enfant prodigue, lyrical scene, 1884), Diana m'nkhalango (cantata , yochokera pa sewero lanthabwala la T. de Banville, 1884-1886, lomwe silinathe), Wosankhidwayo (La damoiselle élue, ndakatulo yanyimbo, yozikidwa pa chiwembu cha ndakatulo ya wolemba ndakatulo wachingerezi DG Rossetti, kumasulira kwachi French kwa G. Sarrazin, 1887-88), Ode ku France (Ode à la France, cantata, 1916-17, osatha, pambuyo pa imfa ya Debussy zojambulazo zinamalizidwa ndikusindikizidwa ndi MF Gaillard); za orchestra - The Triumph of Bacchus (divertimento, 1882), Intermezzo (1882), Spring (Printemps, symphonic suite pa 2 koloko, 1887; idakonzedwanso molingana ndi malangizo a Debussy, wolemba nyimbo waku France ndi wochititsa A. Busset, 1907) , Kuyamba kwa Madzulo a Faun ( Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune, yozikidwa pa eclogue ya dzina lomweli ndi S. Mallarme, 1892-94), Nocturnes: Mitambo, Zikondwerero, Sirens (Nocturnes: Nuages , Fêtes; Sirènes, ndi kwaya ya akazi; 1897-99 ), Nyanja (La mer, 3 symphonic sketches, 1903-05), Zithunzi: Gigues (nyimbo yomaliza ndi Caplet), Iberia, Zovina Zapakati (Zithunzi: Gigues, Ibéria, Rondes de printemps, 1906-12); kwa zida ndi okhestra - Suite for cello (Intermezzo, c. 1880-84), Fantasia for piano (1889-90), Rhapsody for saxophone (1903-05, unfinished, yomalizidwa ndi JJ Roger-Ducas, publ. 1919), Dances (zazeze ndi zeze ndi string orchestra, 1904), First Rhapsody for clarinet (1909-10, poyambirira kwa clarinet ndi piyano); ma ensembles a chipinda - piano trio (G-dur, 1880), quartet ya zingwe (g-moll, op. 10, 1893), sonata for flute, viola ndi zeze (1915), sonata for cello ndi piyano (d-moll, 1915), sonata kwa violin ndi piyano (g-moll, 1916); kwa piyano 2 manja - Kuvina kwa Gypsy (Danse bohémienne, 1880), arabesques ziwiri (1888), Bergamas suite (1890-1905), Dreams (Rêverie), Ballad (Ballade kapolo), Dance (Styrian tarantella), Romantic waltz, Nocturne, Mazurka (onse 6 masewero - 1890), Suite (1901), Prints (1903), Island of Joy (L'isle joyeuse, 1904), Masks (Masques, 1904), Zithunzi (Zithunzi, 1st series, 1905; 2nd series, 1907), Ana Corner (Children's corner, piano suite, 1906-08), Makumi awiri ndi anayi (1) Preludes (1910st notebook, 2; 1910nd notebook, 13-1914), Heroic lullaby (Berceuse héroïque, 1914; orchestral edition, 1915 Studies) (XNUMX) ndi ena; kwa piyano 4 manja - Divertimento ndi Andante cantabile (c. 1880), symphony (h-moll, 1 ola, 1880, yopezeka ndikusindikizidwa ku Moscow, 1933), Little Suite (1889), Scottish March pa Folk Theme (Marche écossaise sur un thème populaire , 1891, yolembedwanso kwa oimba a symphonic ndi Debussy), Six Antique Epigraphs (Six épigraphes antiques, 1914), etc.; kwa 2 piano 4 manja - Lindaraja (Lindaraja, 1901), Pa zoyera ndi zakuda (En blanc et noir, suite of 3 pieces, 1915); za chitoliro - Chitoliro cha Pan (Syrinx, 1912); kwa kwaya ya cappella - Nyimbo zitatu za Charles d'Orleans (1898-1908); kwa mawu ndi piyano - Nyimbo ndi zachikondi (nyimbo za T. de Banville, P. Bourget, A. Musset, M. Bouchor, c. 1876), Zokonda zitatu (nyimbo za L. de Lisle, 1880-84), ndakatulo zisanu za Baudelaire (1887 - 89), Ariettes oiwalika (Ariettes oubliées, mawu a P. Verlaine, 1886-88), Chikondi ziwiri (mawu a Bourget, 1891), Nyimbo zitatu (mawu a Verlaine, 1891), Lyric prose (Proses lyriques, lyrics by D . , 1892-93), Nyimbo za Bilitis (Chansons de Bilitis, lyrics by P. Louis, 1897), Nyimbo Zitatu za ku France (Trois chansons de France, lyrics za C. Orleans ndi T. Hermite, 1904), Ma balladi atatu pa mawu. F. Villon (1910), Ndakatulo zitatu za S. Mallarmé (1913), Khrisimasi ya ana omwe alibenso pogona ( Noël des enfants qui n'ont plus de maison, lyrics by Debussy, 1915), etc.; nyimbo zowonetsera zisudzo - King Lear (zojambula ndi zojambula, 1897-99), The Martyrdom of St. Sebastian (nyimbo za oratorio-chinsinsi cha dzina lomwelo ndi G. D'Annunzio, 1911); zolembedwa - amagwira ntchito ndi KV Gluck, R. Schumann, C. Saint-Saens, R. Wagner, E. Satie, PI Tchaikovsky (3 kuvina kuchokera ku ballet "Swan Lake"), etc.