Arturo Toscanini (Arturo Toscanini) |

Arturo Toscanini

• Arturo Toscanini. Mphunzitsi wamkulu →
• Feat Toscanini →

Nthawi yonse mu luso loyendetsa imagwirizanitsidwa ndi dzina la woimba uyu. Kwa zaka pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi awiri iye anaima pa kutonthoza, kusonyeza dziko zitsanzo zosayerekezeka za kutanthauzira ntchito za nthawi zonse ndi anthu. Chithunzi cha Toscanini chinakhala chizindikiro cha kudzipereka kwa luso, iye anali katswiri weniweni wa nyimbo, yemwe sankadziwa zosokoneza mu chikhumbo chake chofuna kukwaniritsa zoyenera.

Masamba ambiri alembedwa za Toscanini ndi olemba, oimba, otsutsa, ndi atolankhani. Ndipo onsewo, kufotokoza mbali yaikulu mu fano la kulenga la wotsogolera wamkulu, amalankhula za kuyesetsa kwake kosatha kwa ungwiro. Sanakhutitsidwe konse ndi iye mwini kapena okhestra. Concert ndi zisudzo holo kwenikweni ananjenjemera ndi kuwomba m'manja mwachidwi, mu ndemanga anali kupereka epithets kwambiri, koma kwa maestro, chikumbumtima chake nyimbo, amene sankadziwa mtendere, anali woweruza.

Stefan Zweig analemba kuti: “… sitingathe kupeza lero m'gawo lina lililonse lachidziwitso. Popanda kunyada, popanda kudzikuza, popanda kudzifunira, amatumikira chifuniro chapamwamba cha mbuye amene amamukonda, amatumikira ndi njira zonse za utumiki wapadziko lapansi: mphamvu yoyimira pakati ya wansembe, umulungu wa wokhulupirira, kukhwima kwa mphunzitsi. ndi changu chosatopa cha wophunzira wamuyaya… Mu luso - kotero ndi ukulu wake wamakhalidwe abwino, uwu ndi ntchito yake ya umunthu Amazindikira okha angwiro ndi opanda kanthu koma angwiro. Chilichonse - chovomerezeka, pafupifupi chokwanira komanso pafupifupi - sichipezeka kwa wojambula wamakani uyu, ndipo ngati alipo, ndiye kuti amadana naye kwambiri.

Toscanini adazindikira kuyitanidwa kwake ngati kondakitala koyambirira. Iye anabadwira ku Parma. Abambo ake adatenga nawo gawo pankhondo yomenyera ufulu wa anthu aku Italy pansi pa mbendera ya Garibaldi. Luso la nyimbo la Arturo linamufikitsa ku Parma Conservatory, komwe adaphunzira cello. Ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi nditamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory, kuwonekera koyamba kugulu kunachitika. Pa June 25, 1886, adachita sewero la Aida ku Rio de Janeiro. Kupambana kopambana kunakopa chidwi cha oimba ndi oimba ku dzina la Toscanini. Kubwerera ku dziko lakwawo, kondakitala wamng'ono ntchito kwa nthawi mu Turin, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka anatsogolera Milan Theatre La Scala. Zopangidwa ndi Toscanini mu likulu la zisudzo ku Europe zimamubweretsera kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi.

M'mbiri ya New York Metropolitan Opera, nthawi kuyambira 1908 mpaka 1915 inalidi "golide". Kenako Toscanini ankagwira ntchito pano. Kenako, wochititsa filimuyo sanayamikire kwenikweni za bwaloli. Ndi kukulitsa kwake kwanthawi zonse, adauza wotsutsa nyimbo S. Khotsinov kuti: "Iyi ndi khola la nkhumba, osati opera. Aziwotcha. Inali zisudzo zoipa ngakhale zaka makumi anayi zapitazo. Ndinaitanidwa ku Met nthawi zambiri, koma nthawi zonse ndinkakana. Caruso, Scotty anabwera ku Milan ndi kundiuza kuti: “Ayi, mfumu, Metropolitan si bwalo lanu la zisudzo. Iye ndi wabwino popanga ndalama, koma sali wotsimikiza mtima.” Ndipo adapitiliza, kuyankha funso lomwe adachitabe ku Metropolitan: "Ah! Ndinabwera kumalo ochitira masewerowa chifukwa tsiku lina ndinauzidwa kuti Gustav Mahler anavomera kubwera kumeneko, ndipo ndinaganiza kuti: ngati woimba wabwino wotere monga Mahler akuvomera kupita kumeneko, Met sichingakhale choipa kwambiri. Imodzi mwa ntchito zabwino za Toscanini pa siteji ya New York Theatre inali kupanga Boris Godunov ndi Mussorgsky.

… Italy kachiwiri. Apanso zisudzo "La Scala", zisudzo mu zoimbaimba symphony. Koma zigawenga za Mussolini zinayamba kulamulira. Kondakitalayo anasonyeza poyera kusakonda ulamuliro wa chifasisti. "Duce" adayitana nkhumba ndi wakupha. Mu imodzi mwa makonsatiwo, iye anakana kuimba nyimbo ya chipani cha Nazi, ndipo pambuyo pake, potsutsa tsankho laufuko, sanachite nawo zikondwerero za nyimbo za Bayreuth ndi Salzburg. Ndipo zisudzo zakale za Toscanini ku Bayreuth ndi Salzburg zinali zokongoletsa zikondwerero izi. Kuopa maganizo a anthu padziko lonse ndi kumene kunalepheretsa wolamulira wankhanza wa ku Italy kuti ayambe kupondereza woimbayo.

Moyo ku Italy wa Fascist umakhala wosapiririka kwa Toscanini. Kwa zaka zambiri amasiya dziko lakwawo. Atasamukira ku United States, wotsogolera waku Italy mu 1937 amakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu lanyimbo lanyimbo la National Broadcasting Corporation - NBC. Amapita ku Europe ndi South America kokha paulendo.

Ndizosatheka kunena kuti ndi gawo liti lomwe talente ya Toscanini idadziwonetsera momveka bwino. Wand yake yamatsenga inabala luso lapamwamba pa siteji ya opera komanso pa siteji ya konsati. Opera ndi Mozart, Rossini, Verdi, Wagner, Mussorgsky, R. Strauss, symphonies ndi Beethoven, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Mahler, oratorios ndi Bach, Handel, Mendelssohn, zidutswa za orchestra za Debussy, Ravel, Duke - kuwerenga kwatsopano kulikonse kunali kupeza. Ma repertory a Toscanini achifundo samadziwa malire. Ma opera a Verdi ankamukonda kwambiri. M'mapulogalamu ake, pamodzi ndi ntchito zachikale, nthawi zambiri ankaphatikizapo nyimbo zamakono. Choncho, mu 1942, gulu la oimba anatsogolera anakhala woimba woyamba mu United States wa Seventh Symphony Shostakovich.

Kutha kwa Toscanini kulandira ntchito zatsopano kunali kwapadera. Kukumbukira kwake kudadabwitsa oimba ambiri. Busoni nthawi ina anati: “… Toscanini ali ndi chikumbukiro chodabwitsa, chitsanzo chake ndi chovuta kuchipeza m’mbiri yonse ya nyimbo… pa moyo! .. "

Toscanini ankaona ntchito yake yaikulu ndi yokhayo molondola ndi mozama zomwe zinalembedwa ndi wolemba muzolembazo. Mmodzi wa oimba solo wa gulu la oimba la National Broadcasting Corporation, S. Antek, akukumbukira kuti: “Nthaŵi ina, poyeserera nyimbo ya symphony, ndinafunsa Toscanini panthawi yopuma mmene “anachitira” kuimba kwake. "Zosavuta kwambiri," adayankha maestro. - Anachita momwe zinalembedwera. Ndithudi sikophweka, koma palibe njira ina. Aloleni otsogolera osadziwa, otsimikiza kuti ali pamwamba pa Ambuye Mulungu mwiniyo, achite zomwe akufuna. Muyenera kukhala olimba mtima kuti muzisewera mmene zinalembedwera.” Ndikukumbukira mawu ena a Toscanini pambuyo pa kubwereza kavalidwe ka Shostakovich's Seventh ("Leningrad") Symphony ... "Zinalembedwa choncho," adatero motopa, akutsika masitepe a siteji. “Tsopano ena ayambe ‘kumasulira’ kwawo. Kuchita ntchito "monga momwe zalembedwera", kuchita "ndendende" - izi ndi nyimbo zake.

Kubwereza kulikonse kwa Toscanini ndi ntchito yosangalatsa. Sanadzimvere chisoni ngakhale oimba. Zakhala choncho nthawi zonse: muunyamata, muuchikulire, ndi muukalamba. Toscanini amakwiya, akufuula, akupempha, akung'amba malaya ake, amathyola ndodo yake, amachititsa oimba kubwereza mawu omwewo kachiwiri. Palibe kuvomereza - nyimbo ndi zopatulika! Chikhumbo chamkati cha wotsogolera ichi chinaperekedwa ndi njira zosawoneka kwa wojambula aliyense - wojambula wamkulu adatha "kuimba" miyoyo ya oimba. Ndipo mu umodzi uwu wa anthu odzipereka ku luso linabadwa ntchito yabwino, yomwe Toscanini ankalota za moyo wake wonse.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek