Instrumentovedenie |

Nthambi ya musicology yomwe imagwira ntchito yophunzira za chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha zida, mapangidwe awo, timbre ndi acoustic. katundu ndi nyimbo.-express. mwayi, komanso gulu la zida. I. imagwirizana kwambiri ndi ma muses. folklore, ethnography, ukadaulo wa zida ndi mawu. Pali zigawo ziwiri zazikulu za I. Cholinga cha imodzi mwa izo ndi Nar. zida za nyimbo, zina - zomwe zimatchedwa. akatswiri, ophatikizidwa mu symphony, mzimu. ndi estr. okhestra, osiyana. chipinda ensembles ndi ntchito paokha. Pali njira ziwiri zosiyana zowerengera zida - musicological and organiological (organographic).

Oimira njira yoyamba amawona zida monga njira yopangira nyimbo ndi kuziphunzira mogwirizana kwambiri ndi nyimbo. luso ndi ntchito. Othandizira njira yachiwiri amayang'ana kwambiri kapangidwe ka zida ndi kusinthika kwake. Zinthu za I. - zithunzi zoyamba za zida ndi mafotokozedwe awo - zinayambira ngakhale isanafike nthawi yathu. pakati pa anthu a Dr. East - ku Egypt, India, Iran, China. Ku China ndi India, mitundu yoyambirira yosinthira ma muses idayambanso. zida. Malinga ndi dongosolo la whale, zidazo zidagawidwa m'magulu 8 kutengera zomwe zidapangidwa: mwala, chitsulo, mkuwa, matabwa, zikopa, mphonda, dothi (dongo) ndi silika. Ind. dongosololi linagawa zidazo m'magulu a 4 kutengera kapangidwe kawo ndi njira yosangalatsa ya kugwedezeka kwa mawu. Zambiri za kum'mawa kwina. zida zinawonjezeredwa kwambiri ndi asayansi, olemba ndakatulo ndi oimba a Middle Ages: Abu Nasr al-Farabi (zaka za 8th-9th), wolemba "Great Treatise on Music" ("Kitab al-musiki al-kabir"), Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (zaka za 9th-10th). Zaka 11), Ganjavi Nizami (zaka 12-14), Alisher Navoi (zaka 15-17), komanso olemba ambiri. zolemba panyimbo - Dervish Ali (zaka za zana la XNUMX), etc.

Kufotokozera koyambirira kwa zida za nyimbo ku Europe ndi kwa Greek ena. wasayansi Aristides Quintilian (zaka za m'ma 3 BC). Ntchito zapadera zoyambirira pa I. zidawonekera m'zaka za zana la 16 ndi 17. ku Germany - "Nyimbo yotengedwa ndi kuperekedwa m'Chijeremani" ("Musica getutscht und ausgezogen ...") ndi Sebastian Firdung (2nd theka la 15th - oyambirira 16th century), "nyimbo za zida za ku Germany" ("Musica Instrumentalis deudsch") Martin Agricola ( 1486-1556) ndi Syntagma Musicium lolemba Michael Praetorius (1571-1621). Ntchito izi ndi magwero ofunika kwambiri a chidziwitso cha Europe. zida zoimbira za nthawi imeneyo. Amafotokoza za kapangidwe ka zida, momwe amazisewera, kugwiritsa ntchito zida pazokha, kuphatikiza ndi orc. kuchita, etc., zithunzi zawo amaperekedwa. Zofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha I. zinali ntchito za Bela yaikulu kwambiri. Wolemba nyimbo FJ Fetis (1784-1871). Buku lake lakuti La musique mise a la porte de tout le monde (1830), lofotokoza za zida zambiri zoimbira, mu 1833 linasindikizidwa m’Chirasha. kumasulira pansi pa mutu wakuti "Nyimbo zomveka kwa onse". Udindo waukulu pakuphunzira nyimbo. zida zosiyanasiyana. maiko ankasewera “Encyclopedia of Music” (“Encyclopédie de la musique et Dictionnaire du Conservatoire”) ya Chifalansa chotchuka. katswiri wa nyimbo A. Lavignac (1846-1916).

Nkhani zoyambirira za Kum'mawa.-Asilavo. (Russian) nyimbo. zida zili mu annals, administrative-zauzimu ndi hagiographic. (hagiographic) mabuku azaka za zana la 11. ndi nthawi zina. Zolemba zochepa zonena za iwo zimapezeka pakati pa anthu a ku Byzantine. wolemba mbiri wazaka za m'ma 7 Theophylact Simocatta ndi Arab. wolemba ndi woyendayenda mochedwa 9th - oyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 10 Ibn Rusty. Mu zaka 16-17. Madikishonale ofotokozera amawonekera ("ABCs"), momwemo mayina a muses amapezeka. zida ndi zogwirizana Russian. mawu. Woyamba wapadera Russian mafotokozedwe. nar. zida zidagwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za zana la 18. Y. Shtelin m’nkhani yakuti “News about Music in Russia” (1770, m’Chijeremani, kumasulira kwa Chirasha m’bukulo. Y. Shtelin, “Music and Ballet in Russia in the 1935th Century”, 1780), SA Tuchkov mu “Notes” yake. ” (1809-1908, ed. 1795) ndi M. Guthrie (Guthrie) m’buku lakuti “Discourses on Russian Antiquities” (“Dissertations sur les antiquitйs de Russie”, 19). Ntchitozi zili ndi chidziwitso chokhudza kapangidwe ka zida ndikugwiritsa ntchito mu Nar. moyo ndi muz.-art. kuchita. Mutu wanyimbo. zida zochokera mu "Kukambitsirana" za Guthrie zasindikizidwa mobwerezabwereza mu Chirasha. chinenero (chathunthu ndi mwachidule). Pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma XNUMX chidwi chachikulu pakuphunzira Chirasha. nar. zida zidaperekedwa kwa VF Odoevsky, MD Rezvoy ndi DI Yazykov, omwe adasindikiza nkhani za iwo mu Encyclopedic Dictionary of AA Plushar.

Kukula mu symp ya 19th century. nyimbo, kukula kwa solo, ensemble ndi orc. kuyimba, kulemeretsa kwa oimba ndi kuwongolera kwa zida zake zidapangitsa oimba kufunikira kofufuza mozama za mawonekedwe ake ndi mawu aluso. luso lachida. Kuyambira ndi G. Berlioz ndi F. Gevaart, olemba ndi otsogolera m'mabuku awo opangira zida anayamba kumvetsera kwambiri kufotokozera kwa chida chilichonse ndi makhalidwe ake ogwiritsidwa ntchito mu orc. ntchito. Njira. choperekacho chinapangidwanso ndi Rus. olemba. MI Glinka mu "Notes on Orchestration" (1856) anafotokoza momveka bwino. ndi kuchita. kuthekera kwa zida za symphonic. okhestra. Ntchito yaikulu ya NA Rimsky-Korsakov "Fundamentals of Orchestration" (1913) ikugwiritsidwabe ntchito. Kupatula. PI Tchaikovsky adawonetsa kufunika kwa chidziwitso cha zida komanso kuthekera kozigwiritsa ntchito bwino mu oimba. Iye ndi mwini wake womasulira m’Chirasha (1866) a “Guide to Instrumentation” (“Traité général d’instrumentation”, 1863) ndi P. Gevart, lomwe linali buku loyamba la buku la I. M’mawu oyamba ake, Tchaikovsky analemba kuti: “ Ophunzira ... apeza m'buku la Gevaart malingaliro abwino komanso othandiza a magulu oimba ambiri komanso umunthu wa chida chilichonse makamaka."

Chiyambi cha mapangidwe I. monga wodziimira. nthambi ya musicology anaikidwa mu 2 pansi. Otsogolera azaka za m'ma 19 ndi atsogoleri a nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale zazikulu kwambiri zamamyuziyamu. zida - V. Mayyon (Brussels), G. Kinsky (Cologne ndi Leipzig), K. Sachs (Berlin), MO Petukhov (Petersburg), etc. Mayyon adafalitsa sayansi yamagulu asanu. mndandanda wa zida zakale kwambiri komanso zazikulu kwambiri za Brussels Conservatory m'mbuyomu ("Catalogue descriptif et analytique du Musée instrumental (historique et technique) du Conservatoire Royale de musique de Bruxelles", I, 1880).

Anthu ambiri apeza kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi. kafukufuku wa K. Zaks mu gawo la nar. ndi Prof. zida zanyimbo. Yaikulu kwambiri mwa izo ndi “Dictionary of Musical Instruments” (“Reallexikon der Musikinstrumente”, 1913), “Guide to Instrumentation” (“Handbuch der Musikinstrumentenkunde”, 1920), “The Spirit and Formation of Musical Instruments” (“Geist und Werden der Musikinstrumente", 1929), "Mbiri ya zida zoimbira" ("Mbiri ya zida zoimbira", 1940). M'chinenero cha Chirasha, buku lake "Modern Orchestral Musical Instruments" ("Die modernen Musikinstrumente", 1923, kumasulira kwa Chirasha - M.-L., 1932) linasindikizidwa. Mayon adayambitsa gulu loyamba la sayansi la Muses. zida, kuwagawa molingana ndi kulira kwa thupi m'magulu 4: autophonic (kudziimba yekha), nembanemba, mphepo ndi zingwe. Chifukwa cha izi, I. ndapeza maziko olimba asayansi. Chiwembu cha Mayon chinapangidwa ndikukonzedwanso ndi E. Hornbostel ndi K. Sachs ("Systematics of Musical Instruments" - "Systematik der Musikinstrumente", "Zeitschrift für Ethnologie", Jahrg. XLVI, 1914). Dongosolo lawo lamagulu limachokera pazigawo ziwiri - gwero la phokoso (mawonekedwe amagulu) ndi momwe amachotsera (mtundu wamtundu). Atasunga magulu anayi omwewo (kapena makalasi) - ma idiophones, membranophones, aerophones ndi chordophones, adagawanitsa aliyense wa iwo m'magulu ambiri. mitundu. Dongosolo lamagulu a Hornbostel-Sachs ndilabwino kwambiri; lalandira kuzindikirika kwakukulu. Ndipo komabe limodzi, ambiri amavomereza dongosolo la gulu la muses. zida palibe pano. Oyimba zida zakunja ndi Soviet akupitilizabe kukonzanso gululi, nthawi zina akuwonetsa njira zatsopano. KG Izikovich mu ntchito yake pa nyimbo. Zida za ku South America Amwenye ("nyimbo ndi zida zina zomveka za Amwenye aku South America", 1935), nthawi zambiri amatsatira ndondomeko yamagulu anayi a Hornbostel-Sachs, adakulitsa kwambiri ndikuwongolera kugawidwa kwa zida mu mitundu. M'nkhani yokhudza zida za nyimbo, publ. mu kope lachiwiri la Great Soviet Encyclopedia (vol. 2, 28), IZ Alender, IA Dyakonov ndi DR Rogal-Levitsky anayesera kuwonjezera magulu a "bango" (kuphatikizapo flexatone) ndi "mbale" (kumene tubophone ndi machubu ake achitsulo adagwanso), potero m'malo mwa gulu (gwero la mawu) ndi subspecies imodzi (mapangidwe a zida). Wofufuza wa Slovak Nar. zida zoimbira L. Leng mu ntchito yake pa iwo ("Slovenskй ladove hudebne nastroje", 1954) anasiya kotheratu dongosolo Hornbostel-Sachs ndipo anakhazikitsa dongosolo gulu lake pa mbali thupi-amayimbidwe. Amagawa zida m'magulu atatu: 1959) ma idiophones, 3) ma membranophones, chordophones ndi ma aerophones, 1) zamagetsi ndi ma electrophonic. zida.

Machitidwe a magulu monga omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa amapeza kuti amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku a AD. zida, zomwe zimadziwika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu ndi mawonekedwe, m'ntchito zoperekedwa kwa prof. zida, makamaka m'mabuku ndi uch. mabuku okhudza zida, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito (onani, mwachitsanzo, ntchito yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa ya Gewart) yakhazikitsidwa mokhazikika. kugawa zida kukhala mphepo (zamatabwa ndi zamkuwa), zingwe zoweramira ndi zodulira, zoyimba ndi kiyibodi (organ, piyano, harmonium). Ngakhale kuti dongosolo ili lamagulu silili lopanda cholakwika kuchokera ku sayansi (mwachitsanzo, limayika zitoliro ndi ma saxophones opangidwa ndi chitsulo ngati mphepo yamkuntho), zidazo zimagawidwa motsatira njira zosiyanasiyana - mphepo ndi zingwe zimasiyanitsidwa ndi phokoso. gwero, percussion - ndi momwe zimamvekera. m'zigawo, ndi kiyibodi - ndi kapangidwe), izo mokwanira amakwaniritsa zofunika akawunti. ndi kuchita. machitidwe.

Mu ntchito pa I. pl. asayansi akunja, ch. ayi. organologists (kuphatikizapo K. Sachs), otchedwa. njira yofufuzira malo potengera zomwe F. Grebner adapereka. chiphunzitso cha ethnographic cha "cultural circles". Malinga ndi chiphunzitsochi, zochitika zofananazi zinawonedwa mu chikhalidwe cha Dec. anthu (ndi chifukwa chake zida zoimbira) zimachokera kumalo amodzi. M'malo mwake, zitha kuchitika mu Dec. anthu paokha, mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe ndi mbiri yawo. chitukuko. Palibe chodziwika bwino ndi typology yofananizira. njira yomwe siiganiziranso za kusinthika kwa kuonekera kwa mitundu yosavuta kwambiri, kapena kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa mbiri yakale ndi chikhalidwe cha kulankhulana pakati pa anthu omwe ali ndi zofanana kapena zachibale. zida. Ntchito zoperekedwa ku zovuta za typology zikufalikira kwambiri. Monga lamulo, zida zimaganiziridwa mwa iwo modzipatula kwathunthu ku ntchito yawo mu nyimbo. kuchita. Izi, mwachitsanzo, ndi maphunziro a G. Möck (Germany) pa mitundu ya Europ. zitoliro (“Ursprung und Tradition der Kernspaltflöten…”, 1951, ed. 1956) ndi O. Elshek (Czechoslovakia) pa njira yogwirira ntchito ya typology ya zida zoimbira za anthu (“Typologische Arbeitverfahren bei Volksmusikibnstrumenten”), mu "Studies of Folk Musical Instruments" ("Studia instrumentorum musicae popularis", t. 1, 1969). Chothandizira chachikulu pakuphunzira kwa zida zoimbira zamtundu wa anthu chinapangidwa ndi amakono otere. oimba zida, monga I. Kachulev (NRB), T. Alexandru (SRR), B. Saroshi (Hungary), katswiri pa nkhani ya Chiarabu. zida za G. Farmer (England) ndi ena ambiri. etc. Institute of Ethnology ya German Academy of Sciences (GDR) olowa. ndi Swedish Musical History Mu 1966, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale inayamba kusindikiza buku lalikulu la mabuku a European Folk Musical Instruments (Handbuch der europdischen Volksmusikinstrumente), lolembedwa ndi E. Stockman ndi E. Emsheimer. Ntchitoyi ikupangidwa ndi kutenga nawo mbali kwa oyimba ambiri decomp. mayiko ndipo ndi wathunthu deta pa mapangidwe zida, mmene kusewera iwo, nyimbo-kuchita. mwayi, repertoire wamba, kugwiritsa ntchito m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, mbiri yakale. m'mbuyomu, ndi zina zotero. Imodzi mwa ma voliyumu "Handbuch" yaperekedwa ku muses. zida za anthu aku Europe. mbali za Soviet Union.

Zambiri zamtengo wapatali n.-i. ntchito zinaonekera pa mbiri ya Prof. zida zoimbira - mabuku "Mbiri ya orchestration" ("Mbiri ya orchestration", 1925) A. Kaps (Russian translation 1932), "Musical Instruments" ("Hudebni nastroje", 1938,1954) A. Modra (Russian kumasulira . 1959), "Zida Zakale za ku Ulaya" ("Zida Zakale za ku Ulaya", 1941) H. Bessarabova, "Zida zamphepo ndi mbiri yawo" ("Zida za Woodwind ndi mbiri yawo", 1957) A. Baynes, "Chiyambi cha masewera a zida za zingwe” (“Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels”, 1964) lolemba B. Bachmann, monographs, devoted to otd. zida, - "Bassoon" ("Der Fagott", 1899) ndi W. Haeckel, "Oboe" ("The Oboe", 1956) ndi P. Bate, "Clarinet" ("The clarinet", 1954) ndi P. Rendall ndi ena.

Njira. Buku la mabuku ambiri lakuti “History of Music in Illustrations” (“Musikgeschichte in Bildern”), limene likuchitidwa ku GDR, lilinso lokondweretsa sayansi; adzalowa. nkhani mpaka sep. mabuku ndi ndemanga za kope ili ali ndi zambiri zokhudza muses. zida zosiyanasiyana. anthu adziko lapansi.

Mu Russia kumapeto kwa 19 - chiyambi. Zaka za zana la 20 m'dera la zida zanyimbo zidagwira ntchito pl. ofufuza - AS Famintsyn, AL Maslov, NI Privalov, VV Andreev, NF Findeizen, NV Lysenko, DI Arakchiev (Arakishvili), N. Ya Nikiforovsky, AF Eikhgorn, A. Yuryan, A. Sabalyauskas ndi ena. Iwo anasonkhanitsa olemera nyimbo ndi ethnographic. zipangizo, makamaka Russian. zida, zofalitsidwa zikutanthauza. kuchuluka kwa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa maziko a maiko. I. Kuyenerera kwapadera mu izi ndi Famintsyn ndi Privalov. Chitsanzo potengera kufalikira kwa zolembedwa ndi iconographic. magwero ndi ntchito mwaluso ntchito za Famintsyn, makamaka "Gusli - Russian wowerengeka chida choimbira" (1890) ndi "Domra ndi zokhudzana zida zoimbira Russian anthu" (1891), ngakhale Famintsyn anali wochirikiza organisation. njira choncho anaphunzira Ch. ayi. mapangidwe zida, pafupifupi kumalambalala nkhani zogwirizana ndi ntchito yawo mu nar. moyo ndi luso. ntchito. Mosiyana ndi iye, Privalov analipira chachikulu. chidwi pa nkhani izi. Privalov analemba zolemba zambiri ndi maphunziro akuluakulu okhudza Chirasha. ndi Chibelarusi. zida, za mapangidwe ndi gawo loyamba la chitukuko cha Nar. zida za VV Andreev. Ntchito za Famintsyn ndi Privalov zinali chitsanzo kwa oyimba ena. Maslov analemba "Illustrated Description of Musical Instruments Kusungidwa mu Dashkovsky Ethnographic Museum ku Moscow" (1909), yomwe inatumikira monga mgwirizano kwa zaka zambiri. gwero lomwe oimba zida zakunja adatulutsa chidziwitso chokhudza zida za anthu okhala ku Russia. Kuphunzira Russian. nar. zida, motsogoleredwa ndi Andreev, anali kwathunthu subordinated kuti zothandiza. Zolinga: adafuna kukulitsa gulu la oimba ake ndi zida zatsopano. Chifukwa cha ntchito za Lysenko, Arakishvili, Eichhorn, Yuryan ndi zolemba zina. zida za Ayukireniya, Georgians, Uzbeks, Latvians ndi anthu ena zadziwika kwambiri kunja kwa gawo limene akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Akadzidzi. I. akufuna kuphunzira nyimbo. zida zoimbira n'zogwirizana kwambiri ndi nyimbo. luso, luso. ndi woyang'anira nyumba. machitidwe ndi mbiri yonse. njira ya chitukuko cha chikhalidwe ndi luso-va. Kukula kwa nyimbo. kulenga kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito. mmisiri, mogwirizana ndi izi, zofunikira zatsopano zimayikidwa pamapangidwe a chidacho. Chida chabwino kwambiri, chimapanganso zofunikira pakupititsa patsogolo zida, nyimbo ndi luso lamasewera.

Mu Sov. Union ili ndi mabuku ambiri a sayansi ndi otchuka a sayansi pa I. Ngati idapangidwa kale ndi Ch. ayi. Asilikali aku Russia. asayansi, tsopano akuwonjezeredwa ndi akatswiri oimba nyimbo ochokera pafupifupi mayiko onse a Union ndi maiko odziyimira pawokha. Maphunziro alembedwa pa zida za anthu ambiri a USSR, zoyeserera zapangidwa kuti zifananize. maphunziro awo. Zina mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri: "Zida Zoimbira za Anthu a ku Ukraine" ndi G. Khotkevich (1930), "Zida Zoyimba za Uzbekistan" ndi VM Belyaev (1933), "Zida Zoimba za Chijojiya" ndi DI Arakishvili (1940, m'chinenero cha Chijojiya). ), "Zida zanyimbo za Mari" zolembedwa ndi YA Eshpay (1940), "zida zoimbira za anthu aku Ukraine" zolembedwa ndi A. Gumenyuk (1967), "Zida zoimbira za anthu a ku Abkhazia" zolembedwa ndi IM Khashba (1967), "zida zoimbira zaku Moldova" LS Berova (1964), "Atlas of Musical Instruments of the Peoples of the USSR" (1963), etc.

Akadzidzi. oimba zida ndi oimba nyimbo adapanga njira. kuchuluka kwa mapepala asayansi okhudza Prof. zida zanyimbo ndi Prof. chita. kunena-ve. Zina mwa izo ndi BA Struve's The Process of Viols and Violins Formation (1959), The Piano ya PN Zimin in Its Past and Present (1934, yotchedwa The History of the Piano and Its Predecessors, 1967) ndi ena. ., komanso buku lalikulu la mavoliyumu anayi "Modern Orchestra" lolembedwa ndi DR Rogal-Levitsky (1953-56).

Kukula kwa mavuto a I. ndi kuphunzira nyimbo. zida zikugwira ntchito m'mbiri. ndi kuchita. madipatimenti a conservatories, m'mabungwe ofufuza zanyimbo; ku Leningrad. mu-zisudzo, nyimbo ndi cinematography pali wapadera. sector I.

Akadzidzi. I. ikufunanso kupereka thandizo kwa oimba, okonza mapulani ndi instr. masters pantchito yokonza ndi kumanganso mabanki. zida, kuwongolera zomveka bwino, luso-kuchita ndi luso.-express. mwayi, kupanga mabanja ophatikizana ndi orc. ntchito. Zongoyerekeza ndi kuyesa. ntchito mbali iyi ikuchitika pansi pa nat wamkulu. ensembles ndi orchestra, m'masukulu, nyimbo. uwu. mabungwe, zopanga nyumba, ma laboratories a fakitale ndi maofesi opangira, komanso dep. amisiri ambuye.

Mu akadzidzi ena. conservatories amawerenga mwapadera. nyimbo maphunziro. I., tisanayambe maphunziro a zida.

Zothandizira: Privalov HI, Zida zoimbira zoimba za anthu aku Russia, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1906-08; Belyaev VM, nyimbo za Turkmen, M., 1928 (ndi VA Uspensky); yake, Musical Instruments of Uzbekistan, M., 1933; Yampolsky IM, zojambula za violin zaku Russia, gawo 1, M., 1951; Guiraud E., Traité pratique d'instrumentation, P., 1895, Russian. pa. G. Konyusa, M., 1892 (chisindikizo cha Chifalansa chisanatulutsidwe), M., 1934; Mlimi H., Nyimbo ndi zida zoimbira za Arab, NY-L., 1916; zake, Studies in Oriental musical instruments, ser. 1-2, L., 1931, Glasgov, 1939; Sachs K., Mbiri ya zida zoimbira, NY, 1940; Bachmann W., Die Anfänge des Streichinstrumentenspiels, Lpz., 1964 zida zoimbira.

KA Vertkov