Frederic Chopin |

Frederic Chopin

Zodabwitsa, zachiwanda, zachikazi, zolimba mtima, zosamvetsetseka, aliyense amamvetsetsa Chopin yowopsya. S. Richter

Malingana ndi A. Rubinstein, "Chopin ndi bard, rhapsodist, mzimu, moyo wa piyano." Chinthu chapadera kwambiri mu nyimbo za Chopin chikugwirizana ndi piyano: kugwedezeka kwake, kukonzanso, "kuyimba" kwa maonekedwe onse ndi mgwirizano, kuphimba nyimboyo ndi "utsi" wobiriwira. Mitundu yonse yamitundumitundu yachikondi yapadziko lapansi, zonse zomwe nthawi zambiri zimafunikira nyimbo zazikulu (ma symphonies kapena ma opera) kuti ziwonekere, zidafotokozedwa ndi woyimba wamkulu waku Poland komanso woyimba piyano mu nyimbo za piyano (Chopin ali ndi ntchito zochepa kwambiri ndi kutenga nawo gawo kwa zida zina, mawu amunthu. kapena orchestra). Kusiyanitsa komanso zotsutsana zachikondi mu Chopin zidasandulika kukhala mgwirizano wapamwamba kwambiri: chisangalalo chamoto, "kutentha" kwamalingaliro - ndi malingaliro okhwima a chitukuko, chinsinsi cha mawu achinsinsi - ndi lingaliro la masikelo a symphonic, luso laukadaulo, zobweretsa kutukuka kwapamwamba, ndikutsatira. kwa izo - chiyero choyambirira cha "zithunzi za anthu". Nthawi zambiri, chiyambi cha nthano za Chipolishi (mitundu yake, nyimbo, nyimbo) zidalowa mu nyimbo zonse za Chopin, zomwe zidakhala gulu loimba la Poland.

Chopin anabadwira pafupi ndi Warsaw, ku Zhelyazova Wola, kumene abambo ake, mbadwa ya France, ankagwira ntchito monga mphunzitsi wapakhomo m'banja la owerengera. Atangobadwa Fryderyk, banja Chopin anasamukira ku Warsaw. Talente yodabwitsa yanyimbo imawonekera kale ali mwana, ali ndi zaka 6, mnyamatayo amalemba ntchito yake yoyamba (polonaise), ndipo ali ndi zaka 7 amachita ngati woyimba piyano kwa nthawi yoyamba. Chopin amalandira maphunziro ambiri ku Lyceum, amatenganso maphunziro a piyano kuchokera kwa V. Zhivny. Kupangidwa kwa katswiri woimba kumamalizidwa ku Warsaw Conservatory (1826-29) motsogozedwa ndi J. Elsner. Luso la Chopin silinawonekere mu nyimbo zokha: kuyambira ali mwana adalemba ndakatulo, adasewera m'masewera a kunyumba, ndikujambula modabwitsa. Kwa moyo wake wonse, Chopin adakhalabe ndi mphatso ya caricaturist: amatha kujambula kapena kuwonetsa munthu ndi mawonekedwe a nkhope kotero kuti aliyense adamuzindikira munthu uyu.

Luso moyo Warsaw anapatsa chidwi kwambiri woimba woyamba. Opera ya dziko la Italy ndi Polish, maulendo a ojambula akuluakulu (N. Paganini, J. Hummel) adalimbikitsa Chopin, adamutsegulira zatsopano. Nthawi zambiri pa tchuthi cha chilimwe, Fryderyk anapita kumadera a dziko la abwenzi ake, kumene sanangomvetsera kusewera kwa oimba a m'midzi, koma nthawi zina iye ankaimba chida. Zoyesera zoyamba za Chopin zinali zovina za ndakatulo za moyo waku Poland (polonaise, mazurka), ma waltzes, ndi ma nocturnes - tinthu tating'ono tamtundu wanyimbo. Amatembenukira ku mitundu yomwe idapanga maziko a nyimbo za oimba piyano panthawiyo - kusiyanasiyana kwamakonsati, zongopeka, rondos. Zomwe zimapangidwira ntchito zoterezi zinali, monga lamulo, mitu yamasewera otchuka kapena nyimbo zamtundu wa Chipolishi. Kusiyana kwa mutu wa sewero la WA Mozart loti “Don Giovanni” kunakumana ndi yankho labwino kuchokera kwa R. Schumann, yemwe analemba nkhani yosangalatsa yokhudza iwo. Schumann alinso ndi mawu otsatirawa: "... Ngati wanzeru ngati Mozart wabadwa m'nthawi yathu, adzalemba ma concerto ngati Chopin kuposa Mozart." 2 concertos (makamaka mu E wamng'ono) anali kupambana kwakukulu kwa ntchito yoyambirira ya Chopin, kuwonetsera mbali zonse za dziko lazojambula za wolemba wazaka makumi awiri. Nyimbo zachikale, zofanana ndi zachikondi za ku Russia za zaka zimenezo, zimayambitsidwa ndi kukongola kwa khalidwe labwino komanso mitu yowala ngati masika. Mawonekedwe angwiro a Mozart amadzazidwa ndi mzimu wachikondi.

Paulendo wopita ku Vienna ndi mizinda ya Germany, Chopin adagwidwa ndi nkhani ya kugonjetsedwa kwa zipolowe za ku Poland (1830-31). Tsoka la Poland linakhala tsoka lamphamvu kwambiri laumwini, kuphatikizapo kusatheka kubwerera kudziko lakwawo (Chopin anali bwenzi la anthu ena mu gulu la ufulu). Monga momwe B. Asafiev ananenera, “kuwombana kumene kunamudetsa nkhaŵa kunagogomezera pa magawo osiyanasiyana a kutha kwa chikondi ndi kuphulika koŵala kwambiri kwa kuthedwa nzeru kwa imfa ya dziko la makolo ake.” Kuyambira tsopano, sewero lenileni likulowa mu nyimbo zake (Ballad mu G wamng'ono, Scherzo mu B wamng'ono, Etude mu C wamng'ono, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "Revolutionary"). Schumann akulemba kuti "... Chopin adayambitsa mzimu wa Beethoven muholo ya konsati." Ballad ndi scherzo ndi mitundu yatsopano yanyimbo za piyano. Ma ballads ankatchedwa chikondi chatsatanetsatane cha chikhalidwe-chochititsa chidwi; kwa Chopin, izi ndi ntchito zazikulu za mtundu wa ndakatulo (zolembedwa pansi pa malingaliro a ballads a A. Mickiewicz ndi Polish dumas). Scherzo (kawirikawiri mbali ya kuzungulira) ikuganiziridwanso - tsopano yayamba kukhalapo ngati mtundu wodziyimira pawokha (osati nthabwala konse, koma nthawi zambiri - zongochitika mwachiwanda).

Moyo wotsatira wa Chopin ukugwirizana ndi Paris, komwe amathera mu 1831. Pakatikati mwa zojambulajambula izi, Chopin amakumana ndi ojambula ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya: olemba G. Berlioz, F. Liszt, N. Paganini, V. Bellini, J. Meyerbeer , woimba piyano F. Kalkbrenner, olemba G. Heine, A. Mickiewicz, George Sand, wojambula E. Delacroix, yemwe adajambula chithunzi cha wolemba nyimboyo. Paris m'zaka za m'ma 30 XIX - imodzi mwa malo a luso latsopano, lachikondi, linadzitsimikizira lokha polimbana ndi maphunziro. Malinga ndi Liszt, "Chopin adalowa nawo gulu la Romantics poyera, atalemba dzina la Mozart pa mbendera yake." Zowonadi, ziribe kanthu momwe Chopin adapitira patsogolo pazatsopano zake (ngakhale Schumann ndi Liszt sanamumvetse nthawi zonse!), Ntchito yake inali mu chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe, monga momwe zimakhalira, kusintha kwamatsenga. Mafano a chikondi cha ku Poland anali Mozart ndipo, makamaka, JS Bach. Chopin nthawi zambiri sankavomereza nyimbo zamasiku ano. Mwinamwake, kukoma kwake kokhwima, koyengedwa bwino, komwe sikunalole nkhanza, mwano komanso monyanyira mawu, zomwe zimakhudzidwa pano. Ndi chiyanjano chonse chadziko komanso mwaubwenzi, adaletsedwa ndipo sanakonde kutsegula dziko lake lamkati. Choncho, za nyimbo, zomwe zili mu ntchito zake, ankalankhula kawirikawiri komanso mochepa, nthawi zambiri amabisala ngati nthabwala.

M'maphunziro omwe adapangidwa m'zaka zoyambirira za moyo wa Parisian, Chopin amapereka chidziwitso chake cha ukoma (mosiyana ndi luso la oimba piyano) ngati njira yomwe imathandizira kufotokozera zaluso komanso zosagwirizana nazo. Chopin mwiniwake, komabe, samakonda kuchita nawo makonsati, amakonda chipinda, malo omasuka a salon yadziko kuposa holo yayikulu. Ndalama zochokera ku makonsati ndi zofalitsa za nyimbo zinalibe, ndipo Chopin anakakamizika kupereka maphunziro a piyano. Kumapeto kwa 30s. Chopin amamaliza kuzungulira kwa ma preludes, omwe asanduka encyclopedia yeniyeni ya chikondi, kuwonetsa kugunda kwakukulu kwa chikondi cha dziko. M'mawu otsogolera, zidutswa zing'onozing'ono, "kachulukidwe" chapadera, kufotokozera, kumatheka. Ndipo kachiwiri tikuwona chitsanzo cha malingaliro atsopano ku mtunduwo. M'nyimbo zakale, zoyambira nthawi zonse zakhala chiyambi cha ntchito ina. Ndi Chopin, ichi ndi chidutswa chamtengo wapatali pachokha, panthawi imodzimodziyo kukhalabe ndi malingaliro ochepa a aphorism ndi "improvisational" ufulu, womwe umagwirizana kwambiri ndi chikondi cha dziko. Kuzungulira kwa ma preludes kunatha pachilumba cha Mallorca, komwe Chopin adayenda ndi George Sand (1838) kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino. Kuwonjezera apo, Chopin adachoka ku Paris kupita ku Germany (1834-1836), kumene anakumana ndi Mendelssohn ndi Schumann, ndipo adawona makolo ake ku Carlsbad, ndi ku England (1837).

Mu 1840, Chopin analemba Sonata Yachiwiri mu B lathyathyathya wamng'ono, imodzi mwa ntchito zake zoopsa kwambiri. Gawo lake lachitatu - "Maliro a Marichi" - akhalabe chizindikiro chakulira mpaka lero. Ntchito zina zazikulu zikuphatikiza ma ballads (3), scherzos (4), Fantasia mu F minor, Barcarolle, Cello ndi Piano Sonata. Koma chofunika kwambiri kwa Chopin chinali mitundu yaing'ono yachikondi; pali ma nocturnes atsopano (onse pafupifupi 4), mapolonaise (20), ma waltzes (16), impromptu (17). Chikondi chapadera cha wolemba nyimboyo chinali mazurka. Mazurkas 4 a Chopin, akulemba ndakatulo zovina za ku Poland (mazur, kujawiak, oberek), adakhala chivomerezo chanyimbo, "diary" ya wolembayo, chiwonetsero chachikondi kwambiri. Sizodabwitsa kuti ntchito yomaliza ya "wolemba ndakatulo wa piyano" inali yachisoni F-minor mazurka op. 52, No. 68 - chithunzi cha dziko lakutali, losafikirika.

Kumapeto kwa ntchito yonse ya Chopin kunali Sonata Yachitatu mu B wamng'ono (1844), momwe, monga momwe zinakhalira pambuyo pake, kuwala ndi mtundu wa phokoso umawonjezeka. Wopeka amene akudwala matenda osachiritsika amapanga nyimbo zokhala ndi kuwala, kosangalatsa kophatikizana ndi chilengedwe.

M'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake, Chopin anapanga ulendo waukulu ku England ndi Scotland (1848), zomwe, monga kusweka kwa ubale ndi George Sand zomwe zisanachitike, pamapeto pake zinasokoneza thanzi lake. Nyimbo za Chopin ndizopadera kwambiri, pamene zinakhudza olemba ambiri a mibadwo yotsatira: kuchokera ku F. Liszt kupita ku K. Debussy ndi K. Szymanowski. Oimba a ku Russia A. Rubinshtein, A. Lyadov, A. Skryabin, S. Rachmaninov anali ndi malingaliro apadera, "achibale" kwa iye. Luso la Chopin lakhala kwa ife gawo lofunikira kwambiri, logwirizana kwambiri lachikondi komanso lolimba mtima, lodzaza ndi kulimbana, kuyesetsa.

K. Zenkin

M'zaka za m'ma 30 ndi 40 m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi zidalemeretsedwa ndi zochitika zazikulu zitatu zaluso zomwe zidachokera kum'mawa kwa Europe. Ndi luso la Chopin, Glinka, Liszt, tsamba latsopano latsegulidwa m'mbiri ya luso la nyimbo.

Pazoyambira zawo zonse zaluso, ndi kusiyana kowoneka bwino kwa tsogolo la luso lawo, olemba atatuwa amalumikizidwa ndi ntchito yofanana ya mbiri yakale. Ndiwo omwe adayambitsa gululo popanga masukulu adziko lonse, omwe ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha nyimbo zaku Europe cham'ma 30 (ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX). M'zaka mazana awiri ndi theka zomwe zidatsatira Renaissance, luso lanyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi zidakula pafupifupi m'malo atatu amitundu yonse. Mafunde aliwonse ofunikira aluso omwe adalowa mu nyimbo za pan-European adachokera ku Italy, France ndi maulamuliro a Austro-Germany. Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la XNUMX, kutchuka pakukula kwa nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi kunali kwa iwo. Ndipo mwadzidzidzi, kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, "kumphepete" ku Central Europe, masukulu akuluakulu a zaluso adawonekera, a zikhalidwe zamayiko omwe mpaka pano sanalowe "msewu waukulu" wa chitukuko cha luso loimba. zonse, kapena anazisiya izo kalekale. ndipo anakhala m’mithunzi kwa nthawi yaitali.

Masukulu atsopano a dziko lino - choyamba cha Chirasha (chomwe posakhalitsa chinatenga ngati sichinali choyamba, ndiye chimodzi mwa malo oyambirira mu luso la nyimbo zapadziko lonse), Polish, Czech, Hungarian, ndiye Norwegian, Spanish, Finnish, English ndi ena - adaitanidwa. kutsanulira mtsinje watsopano mu miyambo yakale ya nyimbo za ku Ulaya. Anamutsegulira njira zatsopano zaluso, adamukonzanso ndikulemeretsa zida zake zowonetsera. Chithunzi cha nyimbo za pan-European mu theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX sichingatheke popanda masukulu atsopano, omwe akukula mwachangu.

Oyambitsa gululi anali olemba atatu omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa omwe adalowa padziko lonse lapansi nthawi imodzi. Pofotokoza njira zatsopano zaluso zaluso zaku Europe, akatswiriwa adakhala ngati oimira zikhalidwe zadziko lawo, kuwulula zikhalidwe zazikulu zomwe anthu awo adapeza mpaka pano. Zojambula pamlingo monga ntchito ya Chopin, Glinka kapena Liszt zitha kupangidwa pa nthaka yokonzedwa bwino, yokhwima ngati chipatso cha chikhalidwe chauzimu chakale komanso chotukuka, miyambo yake yaukadaulo wanyimbo, yomwe sinadzitope, komanso kubadwa mosalekeza. nthano. Mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chofala cha nyimbo zaukatswiri ku Western Europe, chiyambi chowala cha nthanthi “zosakhudzidwa” za mayiko a Kum’maŵa kwa Yuropu mwa iko kokha kunachititsa chidwi kwambiri mwaluso. Koma kugwirizana kwa Chopin, Glinka, Liszt ndi chikhalidwe cha dziko lawo, ndithudi, sikunathe. Zolinga, zokhumba ndi zowawa za anthu awo, mapangidwe awo akuluakulu a maganizo, mitundu yodziwika bwino ya moyo wawo waluso ndi njira ya moyo - zonsezi, zosachepera kudalira nyimbo zoimba, zinatsimikiza za maonekedwe a ojambula awa. Nyimbo za Fryderyk Chopin zinali chithunzithunzi cha mzimu wa anthu aku Poland. Ngakhale kuti woimbayo adakhala nthawi yambiri ya moyo wake wolenga kunja kwa dziko lakwawo, komabe, ndi iye amene adayenera kuchita nawo mbali yaikulu, yodziwika bwino yoimira chikhalidwe cha dziko lake pamaso pa dziko lonse lapansi mpaka dziko lathu lapansi. nthawi. Wolemba uyu, yemwe nyimbo zake zalowa m'moyo wauzimu wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa munthu aliyense wachikhalidwe, amadziwika kuti ndi mwana wa anthu aku Poland.

Nyimbo za Chopin nthawi yomweyo zidadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Otsogolera otsogolera achikondi, omwe akutsogolera kulimbana ndi luso latsopano, adamva mwa iye kuti ali ndi maganizo ofanana. Ntchito yake idaphatikizidwa mwachilengedwe komanso mwachilengedwe muzosaka zapamwamba zaukadaulo za m'badwo wake. (Tiyeni tikumbukire osati zolemba za Schumann zokha, komanso "Carnival" yake, pomwe Chopin akuwoneka ngati mmodzi wa "Davidsbündlers". kulimbikitsa kulimba mtima kwa chilankhulo cha nyimbo (makamaka chogwirizana), luso lazopangapanga pamitundu ndi mawonekedwe - zonsezi zimagwirizana ndi kusaka kwa Schumann, Berlioz, Liszt, Mendelssohn. Ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, luso la Chopin linkadziwika ndi chiyambi chokongola chomwe chinamusiyanitsa ndi anthu onse a m'nthawi yake. Zoonadi, chiyambi cha Chopin chinachokera ku dziko la Poland la ntchito yake, yomwe anthu a m'nthawi yake anamva nthawi yomweyo. Koma ziribe kanthu momwe chikhalidwe cha Asilavo chili ndi gawo lalikulu pakupanga kalembedwe ka Chopin, sizomwezo zokha zomwe ali nazo chifukwa cha chiyambi chake chodabwitsa kwambiri, Chopin, monga wina aliyense wopeka nyimbo, adatha kuphatikiza ndi kuphatikiza pamodzi zochitika zamakono zomwe poyang'ana koyamba. zikuwoneka kuti ndizogwirizana. Mmodzi akhoza kulankhula za zotsutsana za kulenga kwa Chopin ngati sichinagulitsidwe pamodzi ndi kalembedwe kodabwitsa, payekha, kokhutiritsa kwambiri, kutengera mitundu yosiyanasiyana, nthawi zina ngakhale mafunde owopsa.

Chifukwa chake, chowonadi, chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha ntchito ya Chopin ndi kupezeka kwake kwachangu. Kodi ndizosavuta kupeza wolemba wina yemwe nyimbo zake zimatha kupikisana ndi Chopin mu mphamvu yake yanthawi yomweyo komanso yozama kwambiri? Mamiliyoni a anthu adabwera ku nyimbo zamaluso "kupyolera mwa Chopin", ena ambiri omwe alibe chidwi ndi luso lanyimbo wamba, komabe amawona "mawu" a Chopin mokhudzidwa mtima. Zokhazokha zolembedwa ndi olemba ena - mwachitsanzo, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony kapena Pathétique Sonata, Tchaikovsky's Sixth Symphony kapena Schubert's "Unfinished" - angafanane ndi chithumwa chachikulu cha Chopin chilichonse. Ngakhale panthawi ya moyo wa woimbayo, nyimbo zake sizinali kulimbana ndi omvera, kugonjetsa kukana kwamaganizo kwa omvera omvera - tsoka limene oyambitsa onse olimba mtima pakati pa oimba a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya a m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi adagawana nawo. M'lingaliro limeneli, Chopin ali pafupi ndi olemba masukulu atsopano a dziko-demokalase (omwe anakhazikitsidwa makamaka mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma XNUMX) kusiyana ndi achikondi amasiku ano aku Western Europe.

Pakadali pano, ntchito yake ikuwoneka bwino pakudziyimira pawokha ku miyambo yomwe idachitika m'masukulu a demokalase azaka za zana la XNUMX. Ndiwo mtundu womwewo womwe udasewera gawo lalikulu komanso lothandizira kwa oyimira ena onse asukulu za demokalase - opera, nyimbo zachikondi za tsiku ndi tsiku ndi nyimbo zamapulogalamu - sizikupezeka konse ku cholowa cha Chopin kapena amakhala ndi malo achiwiri momwemo.

Loto lopanga opera ya dziko, yomwe inalimbikitsa olemba ena a ku Poland - oyambirira a Chopin ndi a m'nthawi yake - sanawonekere mu luso lake. Chopin analibe chidwi ndi zisudzo zanyimbo. Nyimbo za Symphonic zambiri, komanso nyimbo zamapulogalamu makamaka, sizinalowemo nkomwe. zokonda zake zaluso. Nyimbo zopangidwa ndi Chopin ndizosangalatsa, koma zimakhala ndi malo apamwamba poyerekeza ndi ntchito zake zonse. Nyimbo zake ndi zachilendo ku kuphweka kwa "cholinga", "ethnographic" kuwala kwa kalembedwe, khalidwe la luso la masukulu a dziko-demokalase. Ngakhale mu mazurkas, Chopin amasiyanitsidwa ndi Moniuszko, Smetana, Dvorak, Glinka ndi olemba ena omwe adagwiranso ntchito mumtundu wa anthu kapena kuvina kwa tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndipo mu mazurkas, nyimbo zake zimadzaza ndi luso lamanjenje, kuwongolera kwauzimu komwe kumasiyanitsa lingaliro lililonse lomwe akufotokoza.

Nyimbo za Chopin ndi quintessence ya kukonzanso m'lingaliro labwino kwambiri la mawu, kukongola, kukongola kopukutidwa bwino. Koma kodi tingatsutse kuti luso limeneli, lomwe kunja kwake ndi la saluni yolemekezeka, limagonjetsa malingaliro a anthu zikwi zambiri ndikuwanyamula pamodzi ndi mphamvu zochepa kuposa zomwe zimaperekedwa kwa wolankhula wamkulu kapena mtsogoleri wotchuka?

"Salonness" ya nyimbo ya Chopin ndi mbali yake ina, yomwe ikuwoneka kuti ikutsutsana kwambiri ndi chithunzi chojambula cha wolembayo. Zolumikizana za Chopin ndi salon ndizosatsutsika komanso zowonekera. Sizinangochitika mwangozi kuti m'zaka za zana la XNUMX kutanthauzira kocheperako kwa nyimbo za Chopin kudabadwa, komwe, mwanjira ya opulumuka azigawo, kudasungidwa m'malo ena Kumadzulo ngakhale m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Monga wosewera, Chopin sanakonde ndipo ankawopa siteji ya konsati, m'moyo iye anasamukira makamaka mu malo olemekezeka, ndi mlengalenga woyengeka wa salon dziko nthawi zonse anauzira ndi kumulimbikitsa. Kodi, ngati si mu salon yadziko, munthu angayang'ane magwero a kukonzanso kosasinthika kwa kalembedwe ka Chopin? Kukongola komanso "kukongola" kwabwino kwa nyimbo zake, popanda zotsatira zowoneka bwino, sizinayambirenso m'chipinda chachipinda, komanso m'malo osankhidwa olemekezeka.

Koma nthawi yomweyo, ntchito ya Chopin ndi antipode wathunthu wa salonism. Kuwonekera kwamalingaliro, zabodza, osati kukongola kwenikweni, kuyika, kutsindika kukongola kwa mawonekedwe potengera kuya ndi zomwe zili - izi zofunikira za salonism yapadziko lapansi ndi zachilendo kwa Chopin. Ngakhale kukongola ndi kukonzanso kwa mawonekedwe a mawu, mawu a Chopin nthawi zonse amakhala okhudzidwa kwambiri, odzazidwa ndi mphamvu yochuluka ya kuganiza ndi kumverera kotero kuti samasangalala, koma nthawi zambiri amadabwitsa omvera. Zotsatira zamaganizo ndi zamaganizo za nyimbo zake ndi zazikulu kwambiri moti Kumadzulo adafanizidwanso ndi olemba Russian - Dostoevsky, Chekhov, Tolstoy, akukhulupirira kuti pamodzi nawo adawulula kuya kwa "moyo wa Slavic".

Tiyeni tionenso khalidwe lina lomwe likuwoneka ngati lotsutsana la Chopin. Wojambula waluso waluso, yemwe adasiya chidwi chachikulu pakukula kwa nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi, akuwonetsa m'ntchito yake malingaliro ambiri atsopano, adapeza kuti ndizotheka kufotokoza yekha kwathunthu pogwiritsa ntchito mabuku a piyano okha. Palibe woyimba wina, kapena omwe adayambitsa Chopin kapena otsatira ake, adadziletsa yekha, monga iye, ku chimango cha nyimbo za piyano (ntchito zopangidwa ndi Chopin osati za piyano zimakhala ndi malo opanda pake mu cholowa chake cholenga kotero kuti sasintha chithunzicho ngati zonse).

Ziribe kanthu momwe piyano ilili munyimbo zaku Western Europe m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, zilibe kanthu kuti ulemu uperekedwa kwa oimba onse aku Western Europe kuyambira ndi Beethoven, palibe m'modzi wa iwo, kuphatikiza ngakhale woyimba piyano wamkulu kwambiri. Zaka zana, Franz Liszt, sanakhutire kwathunthu ndi kuthekera kwake kofotokozera. Poyang'ana koyamba, kudzipereka kwa Chopin kokha ku nyimbo za piyano kungapereke lingaliro la kukhala ndi maganizo opapatiza. Koma kwenikweni, sikunali umphawi wa malingaliro omwe adamupangitsa kukhala wokhutira ndi luso la chida chimodzi. Atamvetsetsa mwanzeru zonse zowonetsera piyano, Chopin adatha kukulitsa malire aluso a chida ichi ndikuchipatsa tanthauzo lokwanira lomwe silinawonekepo.

Zomwe Chopin adazipeza m'mabuku a piyano sizinali zochepa poyerekeza ndi zomwe anthu a m'nthawi yake adachita pankhani ya nyimbo za symphonic kapena opera. Ngati miyambo ya virtuoso ya piyano ya pop inalepheretsa Weber kupeza kalembedwe katsopano ka kulenga, komwe adapeza kokha m'malo oimba nyimbo; ngati sonatas za piano za Beethoven, chifukwa cha kufunikira kwawo kwakukulu kwaluso, zinali njira zofikira kumtunda wapamwamba kwambiri wa woyimba nyimbo wanzeru; ngati Liszt, atafika kukhwima kulenga, pafupifupi anasiya kulemba kwa limba, kudzipereka makamaka ntchito symphonic; ngakhale Schumann, yemwe adadziwonetsera yekha ngati woyimba piyano, adapereka msonkho kwa chida ichi kwa zaka khumi zokha, ndiye kwa Chopin, nyimbo za piyano zinali chirichonse. Inali ponse paŵiri labotale yolenga ya wolembayo ndiponso malo amene zipambano zake zapamwamba kwambiri zinasonyezedwa. Unali njira yotsimikizira njira yatsopano ya virtuoso komanso gawo lofotokozera zakuya kwambiri kwapamtima. Apa, ndi chidzalo chodabwitsa komanso malingaliro odabwitsa a kulenga, mbali zonse za "zanyama" zowoneka bwino komanso zamitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso zomveka zamtundu waukulu wanyimbo zidakwaniritsidwa ndi ungwiro wofanana. Kuphatikiza apo, ena mwamavuto omwe adabwera chifukwa chakukula kwa nyimbo za ku Europe m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, Chopin adawathetsa mu ntchito yake ya piyano mokopa mwaluso kwambiri, pamlingo wapamwamba kuposa momwe oimba ena adapeza pankhani yamitundu yama symphonic.

Zowoneka ngati zosagwirizana zitha kuwonekanso pokambirana za "mutu waukulu" wa ntchito ya Chopin.

Kodi Chopin anali ndani - wojambula wadziko lonse ndi wojambula, wolemekeza mbiriyakale, moyo, luso la dziko lake ndi anthu ake, kapena wachikondi, wokhazikika muzochitika zapamtima ndikuwona dziko lonse lapansi momveka bwino? Ndipo mbali ziwiri izi zamphamvu zanyimbo zazaka za zana la XNUMX zidaphatikizidwa ndi iye mogwirizana.

Inde, mutu waukulu wa kulenga wa Chopin unali mutu wa dziko lake. Chithunzi cha Poland - zithunzi za mbiri yake yakale, zithunzi za mabuku a dziko, moyo wamakono wa Chipolishi, phokoso la kuvina kwa anthu ndi nyimbo - zonsezi zimadutsa ntchito ya Chopin mu chingwe chosatha, kupanga zomwe zili zofunika kwambiri. Ndi malingaliro osatha, Chopin akhoza kusiyanitsa mutu umodzi uwu, popanda zomwe ntchito yake idzataya nthawi yomweyo umunthu wake wonse, kulemera kwake ndi mphamvu zake zamakono. Mwanjira ina, amatha kutchedwa wojambula wa "monothematic" warehouse. N'zosadabwitsa kuti Schumann, monga woimba womvera, nthawi yomweyo anayamikira zosintha zokonda dziko za ntchito ya Chopin, kutcha ntchito zake "mfuti zobisika m'maluwa."

"... Ngati mfumu yamphamvu ya autocratic kumeneko, Kumpoto, idadziwa kuti mdani woopsa wagona kwa iye mu ntchito za Chopin, m'mawu osavuta a mazurkas ake, akanaletsa nyimbo ..." - Wolemba nyimbo wa ku Germany analemba.

Ndipo, komabe, m'mawonekedwe onse a "woyimba" uyu, momwe adayimbira za ukulu wa dziko lake, pali chinachake chofanana kwambiri ndi zokometsera za oimba achikondi amakono aku Western. Lingaliro ndi malingaliro a Chopin okhudza Poland adavekedwa ngati "maloto achikondi osatheka". Zovuta (komanso pamaso pa Chopin ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake zinali pafupifupi zopanda chiyembekezo) tsoka la Poland linapereka kumverera kwake kwa dziko lakwawo mawonekedwe a chikhumbo chowawa chomwe sichingachitike komanso mthunzi wosilira mopambanitsa chifukwa cha mbiri yake yokongola. Kwa okondana a Western Europe, ziwonetsero zotsutsana ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, zotsutsana ndi dziko lenileni la "philistines ndi amalonda" zidawonetsedwa polakalaka dziko lomwe silinakhalepo lazongopeka zokongola (za "maluwa abuluu" a wolemba ndakatulo waku Germany Novalis, chifukwa. "Kuwala kwapadziko lapansi, kosawoneka ndi aliyense pamtunda kapena panyanja" ndi English romantic Wordsworth, malinga ndi malo amatsenga a Oberon ku Weber ndi Mendelssohn, malinga ndi mzimu wodabwitsa wa wokondedwa wosafikirika ku Berlioz, etc.). Kwa Chopin, "loto lokongola" m'moyo wake wonse linali loto la Poland yaulere. Mu ntchito yake mulibe moona enchanting, otherworld, nthano-wosangalatsa motifs, kotero khalidwe la Western Europe romantics ambiri. Ngakhale zithunzi za ma ballads ake, owuziridwa ndi nyimbo zachikondi za Mickiewicz, zilibe kukoma kwanthano komwe kumamveka bwino.

Zithunzi za Chopin za kulakalaka dziko losatha la kukongola zinadziwonetsera osati mwa mawonekedwe a kukopa kudziko la mizimu ya maloto, koma mu mawonekedwe a kusowa kwawo kosatha.

Mfundo yakuti kuyambira zaka makumi awiri Chopin anakakamizika kukhala m'dziko lachilendo, kuti pafupifupi zaka makumi awiri wotsatira phazi lake silinapondepo phazi pa nthaka ya ku Poland, mosakayikira kulimbikitsa maganizo ake achikondi ndi maloto ku chirichonse chokhudzana ndi dziko lakwawo. M'malingaliro ake, Poland idakhala ngati yokongola kwambiri, yopanda mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso yodziwika bwino ndi nyimbo zamanyimbo. Ngakhale "zithunzi zamtundu" zomwe zimapezeka m'mazurkas ake, kapena zithunzi zamagulu aluso mu ma polonaises, kapena zojambula zazikulu za ballads zake, zowuziridwa ndi ndakatulo zazikulu za Mickiewicz - zonsezo, mpaka kumlingo wofanana. zojambula zamaganizo, zimatanthauziridwa ndi Chopin kunja kwa cholinga "chogwira ntchito". Izi ndi zokumbukira zabwino kapena maloto osangalatsa, awa ndi chisoni chambiri kapena zionetsero zachangu, awa ndi masomphenya osakhalitsa kapena chikhulupiriro chowala. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Chopin, ngakhale kugwirizana koonekeratu kwa ntchito yake ndi mtundu, tsiku ndi tsiku, nyimbo zachikhalidwe za ku Poland, ndi mabuku ake a dziko ndi mbiri yakale, komabe samadziwika kuti ndi wopeka wa mtundu wa cholinga, epic kapena malo osungiramo zisudzo, koma. monga woyimba nyimbo komanso wolota. Ndicho chifukwa chake motifs kukonda dziko lako ndi kusintha motifs zomwe zimapanga zili zazikulu za ntchito yake sanali ophatikizidwa mwina mu mtundu wanyimbo opera, kugwirizana ndi zenizeni zolinga za zisudzo, kapena mu nyimbo, zochokera miyambo banja nthaka. Zinali ndendende nyimbo za piyano zomwe zimagwirizana bwino ndi malo osungiramo malingaliro a Chopin, momwe iye mwini adapeza ndikupeza mwayi waukulu wofotokozera zithunzi za maloto ndi nyimbo.

Palibe wolemba nyimbo wina, mpaka nthawi yathu ino, kuposa chithumwa cha ndakatulo cha nyimbo za Chopin. Ndi mitundu yonse yamitundumitundu - kuyambira kunyowa kwa "kuwala kwa mwezi" kupita ku sewero lamphamvu la zilakolako kapena ngwazi zachivalrous - zonena za Chopin nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi ndakatulo zapamwamba. Mwina ndi kuphatikiza kodabwitsa kwa maziko a nyimbo za Chopin, nthaka ya dziko lake komanso kusintha kwa malingaliro okhala ndi ndakatulo zosayerekezeka komanso kukongola kopambana komwe kumafotokoza kutchuka kwake kwakukulu. Mpaka pano, amaonedwa ngati chizindikiro cha mzimu wa ndakatulo mu nyimbo.

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Chikoka cha Chopin pakupanga nyimbo zotsatila ndizabwino komanso zosunthika. Zimakhudza osati gawo la piyano kokha, komanso m'munda wa chinenero choyimba (chizoloŵezi chomasula mgwirizano kuchokera ku malamulo a diatonicity), komanso m'munda wa nyimbo (Chopin, makamaka, anali woyamba mu nyimbo zoimbira kuti aziimba nyimbo). pangani mawonekedwe aulere achikondi), ndipo potsiriza - muzokongoletsa. The maphatikizidwe mfundo dziko-nthaka akwaniritsa ndi iye ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa ukatswiri wamakono akhoza kutumikira monga muyezo kwa olemba masukulu dziko-demokalase.

Kuyandikira kwa Chopin ku njira zomwe oimba a ku Russia a m'zaka za m'ma 1894 kunasonyezedwa ndi kuyamikira kwakukulu kwa ntchito yake, yomwe inasonyezedwa ndi oimira apadera a lingaliro la nyimbo la Russia (Glinka, Serov, Stasov, Balakirev). Balakirev adachitapo kanthu kuti atsegule chipilala cha Chopin ku Zhelyazova Vola mu XNUMX. Womasulira wodziwika bwino wa nyimbo za Chopin anali Anton Rubinstein.

V. Konen

Zolemba:

kwa piyano ndi orchestra:

zoimbaimba - No. 1 e-moll op. 11 (1830) ndi No. 2 f-molo. 21 (1829), kusiyanasiyana pamutu kuchokera ku opera ya Mozart Don Giovanni op. 2 ("Ndipatseni dzanja lanu, kukongola" - "La ci darem la mano", 1827), rondo-krakowiak F-dur op. 14, Zongopeka pa Mitu yaku Poland A-dur op. 13 (1829), Andante spinanato and polonaise Es-dur op. 22 (1830-32);

Chamber instrumental ensembles:

sonata ya piyano ndi cello g-moll op. 65 (1846), kusiyanasiyana kwa chitoliro ndi piyano pamutu wochokera ku Rossini's Cinderella (1830?), mawu oyamba ndi polonaise ya piyano ndi cello C-dur op. 3 (1829), Large concert duet for limba ndi cello pa mutu wochokera kwa Meyerbeer's Robert the Devil, ndi O. Franchomme (1832?), piano trio g-moll op. 8 (1828);

za piyano:

sonatas c op. 4 (1828), b-moll op. 35 (1839), b-moll op. 58 (1844), konsati Allegro A-dur op. 46 (1840-41), zongopeka mu f op yaying'ono. 49 (1841), 4 mabala - G pang'ono op. 23 (1831-35), F op. 38 (1839), Kupambana kwakukulu. 47 (1841), mu F yaying'ono op. 52 (1842), 4 mzzu - B pang'ono op. 20 (1832), B yaying'ono op. 31 (1837), C op pang'ono. 39 (1839), E major Op. 54 (1842), 4 zosayembekezereka - Nthawi zonse. 29 (1837), Fis-dur op. 36 (1839), Ges-dur op. 51 (1842), fantasy-impromptu cis-moll op. 66 (1834), 21 usiku (1827-46) - 3 op. 9 (B yaying'ono, E lathyathyathya chachikulu, B chachikulu), 3 op. 15 (F yayikulu, F yayikulu, G yaying'ono), 2 op. 27 (C wakuthwa pang'ono, D wamkulu), 2 op. 32 (H major, A flat major), 2 op. 37 (G wamng'ono, G wamkulu), 2 op. 48 (C yaying'ono, F yakuthwa yaying'ono), 2 op. 55 (F yaying'ono, E lathyathyathya chachikulu), 2 op.62 (H yaikulu, E yaikulu), op. 72 mu E wamng'ono (1827), C wamng'ono popanda op. (1827), C sharp wamng'ono (1837), 4 rondo - C op pang'ono. 1 (1825), F yaikulu (mazurki style) Kapena. 5 (1826), E flat major Op. 16 (1832), C major Op. makalata 73 (1840), Zotsatira za 27 - 12 op. 10 (1828-33), 12 op. 25 (1834-37), 3 "zatsopano" (F zazing'ono, A zazikulu, D zazikulu, 1839); foreplay - 24 op. 28 (1839), C op pang'ono. 45 (1841); waltzes (1827-47) - Mkulu wapamwamba, E flat major (1827), E flat major Op. 18, 3pa. 34 (Mkulu wathyathyathya, Wamng'ono, F wamkulu), Wopanda phokoso lalikulu. 42, 3pa. 64 (D yayikulu, C yakuthwa yaying'ono, A yayikulu kwambiri), 2 op. 69 (A flat major, B wamng'ono), 3 op. 70 (G yaikulu, F yaying'ono, D yaikulu), E yaikulu (pafupifupi 1829), A yaying'ono (con. 1820-х г.), E yaying'ono (1830); Mazurkas -4 op. 6 (F yakuthwa yaying'ono, C yakuthwa yaying'ono, E yayikulu, E yaying'ono), 5 op. 7 (B yaikulu, A yaying'ono, F yaying'ono, A yaikulu, C yaikulu), 4 op. 17 (B yayikulu, E yaying'ono, A yayikulu, A yaying'ono), 4 op. 24 (G wamng'ono, C wamkulu, A wamkulu, B wamng'ono), 4 op. 30 (C yaying'ono, B yaying'ono, D yayikulu, C yakuthwa yaying'ono), 4 op. 33 (G wamng'ono, D wamkulu, C wamkulu, B wamng'ono), 4 op. 41 (C yakuthwa yaying'ono, E yaying'ono, B yayikulu, A yayikulu kwambiri), 3 op. 50 (G major, A flat major, C wakuthwa pang'ono), 3 op. 56 (B yaikulu, C yaikulu, C yaying'ono), 3 op. 59 (Wamng'ono, Wamkulu, F wakuthwa), 3 op. 63 (B yayikulu, F yaying'ono, C yakuthwa yaying'ono), 4 op. 67 (G wamkulu ndi C wamkulu, 1835; G wamng'ono, 1845; Wamng'ono, 1846), 4 op. 68 (C wamkulu, A wamng'ono, F wamkulu, F wamng'ono), polonaise (1817-1846) - g-wamkulu, B-wamkulu, As-major, gis-minor, Ges-major, b-minor, 2 op. 26 (cis-yaing'ono, es-yaing'ono), 2 op. 40 (A-major, c-minor), yachisanu-yaing'ono op. 44, Monga-nthawi op. 53, As-dur (pure-minofu) op. 61 ku. 3 (d-minor, B-major, f-minor), chitoliro As-major op. 71 (43), 2 zovina zowerengera (B-dur, Ges-dur, 1827), 3 ecossaise (D major, G major ndi Des major, 1830), Bolero C major op. 19 (1833); kwa piyano 4 manja - kusiyanasiyana kwa D-dur (pamutu wa Moore, osasungidwa), F-dur (zozungulira zonse za 1826); kwa piano ziwiri - Rondo mu C major op. 73 (1828); Nyimbo 19 zamawu ndi piyano - pa. 74 (1827-47, mpaka mavesi a S. Witvitsky, A. Mickiewicz, Yu. B. Zalesky, Z. Krasiński ndi ena), zosiyana (1822-37) - pamutu wa nyimbo yaku Germany E-dur (1827), Reminiscence of Paganini (pamutu wa nyimbo ya Neapolitan "Carnival in Venice", A-dur, 1829), pamutu wa opera ya Herold. "Louis" (B-dur op. 12, 1833), pamutu wa March wa Puritans kuchokera ku Bellini's opera Le Puritani, Es-dur (1837), barcarolle Fis-dur op. 60 (1846), Cantabile B-dur (1834), Album Leaf (E-dur, 1843), lullaby Des-dur op. 57 (1843), Largo Es-dur (1832?), Maliro March (c-moll op. 72, 1829).