Pangani nyimbo |

1) Dongosolo la mayendedwe amawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu nyimbo. Lilipo mu mawonekedwe a zosasintha Makutu maganizo za kutalika kwa aliyense masitepe a lonse; zizindikiro izi zimadalira nyimbo zonse. zochita (ie. e. nyimbo, machitidwe ndi malingaliro a nyimbo) ndipo nthawi zambiri amalembedwa muzolemba zanyimbo, ndi zina zotero. mwa zizindikiro. Mawonekedwe a S. mu nyimbo chifukwa cha nat. chiyambi cha nyimbo. chikhalidwe, mawonekedwe a chitukuko cha ladoharmonic. machitidwe, zofunika zomwe zilipo pa nyimbo. wa kumva Kwa mapangidwe a nyimbo. C. amatanthauza. mphamvu yamayimbidwe. nyimbo katundu. phokoso (mwachitsanzo, chodabwitsa cha chilengedwe); nyimbo C. imawonetsa kulumikizana kwamphamvu kwambiri pamakina akuluakulu, ngakhale kuti sikuphatikiza modal, harmonic. mgwirizano pakati pa mawu. Pa nthawi ina mu chitukuko cha nyimbo. chikhalidwe S. akhoza kukhala maziko a kutulukira kwa machitidwe atsopano a modal. Zodziwika ndi masitepe 5 ndi 7-masitepe (mkati mwa octave) wopsya mtima C. ku Indonesia, machitidwe 17 ndi 24 mu nyimbo za anthu a mayiko achiarabu, 22-step S. ku India, etc. Ku Ulaya, panthawi ya chitukuko cha monophony, dongosolo la Pythagorean la 7-step (kenako 12-step) linagwiritsidwa ntchito. M'kati motukula kwaya. polyphony, pankafunika S. yoyera, to-ry inaperekedwa ndi muses. akatswiri a theorists a m'zaka za zana la 16. (L. Folyany, J. Tsarlino - Italy). Kupititsa patsogolo kachitidwe ka tonal - kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha makiyi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, maonekedwe a zovuta zovuta, kusinthika - kunayambitsa kusagwirizana (zaka za zana la 16), ndiyeno ku 12-step yunifolomu temperament, yomwe inagwiritsa ntchito enharmonic. kufanana kwa mawu (cf. Enharmonism) ndipo idakhazikitsidwa konsekonse m'zaka za zana la 18. C. mu nyimbo akhoza kufotokozedwa ndi mndandanda wa manambala (mwachitsanzo, ndi ndondomeko ya tizigawo zosavuta); masamu oterowo mzere umasonyeza chiŵerengero cha mafupipafupi a phokoso - ndi kangati kangati kamene kamvekedwe ka phokoso lapamwamba pa nthawiyo kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kutsika kwapansi, kapena momwe magwero amawu amapangidwira, kupanga izi kapena izi panthawiyi. kugwedezeka: semitone, kamvekedwe chonse, kamvekedwe ka theka, etc. etc. Mwachitsanzo, mu pure S. awa adzakhala manambala otsatirawa, motero: 16/15, 9/8, 6/5, mu 12-masitepe ofanana khalidwe - 21/12, 22/12, 23/12 ). C. ikhoza kufotokozedwa ngati kutsatizana kwa ma frequency ogwirizana ndi digiri iliyonse ya sikelo mu C yoperekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, mu pure S. kuchokera ku a1 u440d 1 hertz, phokoso la b469,28 lidzakhala lofanana ndi 1 hertz, h495 - 2, c528 - 12, mu 440-step temperament mawu omwewa adzakhala ndi makhalidwe ena: 466; 16, 493; 88, 523; 25, XNUMX hertz. Katswiri wa masamu. C. mu nyimbo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nyimbo. zida (kuzindikira kutalika kwa chubu kapena korona wa zida mphepo, malo pobowola mabowo pa iwo, kuika frets pa fretboard wa zingwe anakudzula zida, etc.). etc.), powakonza, kuwongolera kulondola kwa magwiridwe antchito mu gulu (kwaya kapena zida), pophunzitsa kumva. T. bambo, katswiri wa masamu C. zimasonyeza chizolowezi chofunika pa kukhazikika, kukonza molondola kamvekedwe ka mawu, ndipo motero kusandulika chisonyezero cha chikhalidwe cha maubwenzi amenewa. Ndendende S. zitha kupangidwa pazida zokhala ndi phula lokhazikika (limba, piyano, electromusic. zida, etc. P.). Poyimba, poyimba zida zina (violin, chitoliro, lipenga, etc.) etc.), monga kafukufuku wa N. A. Garbuzov, akukula otchedwa. Bambo. zone C. (cm. Zone), zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika - chikhumbo cha ochita zaluso. kuti nthawi zonse zimasiyanasiyana masitepe onse a sikelo, mwachitsanzo e. mothandizidwa ndi mithunzi ya mawu omveka (molingana ndi chitukuko cha nyimbo. prod.) kulimbitsa kapena kufooketsa mphamvu yokoka ya modal, kupanga kununkhira kwapadera kwa mawu. Mu masamu owerengeka S. masitepe onse a sikelo sangasiyane, mwachitsanzo e. kuimiridwa ndi mtengo umodzi wokha (mafupipafupi). Mkhalidwe uwu nthawi zonse umapangitsa kuyesa kupanga zithunzi zatsopano, zabwino kwambiri. C. Ku 19in. adawonekera 40-step system P. Thompson, 32-liwiro G. Helmholtz, 36-liwiro G. Appuna ndi X. Engel, 53-liwiro R. AP Bosanqueta ndi S. Tanaki et al. Mu USSR, 17- ndi 29-step temperaments anapereka A. C. Ogolevets, 22-step system P. AP Baranovskogo ndi E. E. Yutsevich, 72-step system E. A. Murzina, 84-step system D. KWA. Guzenko et al.

2) Kukhazikika (kutalika) kwa kamvekedwe ka sikelo. Ku USSR, malinga ndi OST-7710, 1 hertz yakhazikitsidwa kuti a440.

3) Mawu akuti "S." mogwirizana ndi nyimbo. zida zimatanthawuza mawonekedwe a kukonzedwa kapena mapangidwe awo (chachisanu C. violin, chachinayi - domra, chromatic - batani accordion, chilengedwe - nyanga, ndi zina zotero) kapena mgwirizano pakati pa phokoso lenileni la chida ndi zolemba za nyimbo za izo (lipenga mu B, nyanga mu F, clarinet mu A, etc.).

4) Kwaya S., mwachitsanzo, kusasinthasintha pakati pa oimba a kwaya ponena za kulondola kwa kamvekedwe ka mawu; chikhalidwe chofunika kwambiri cha kwaya. phokoso. Siyanitsani melodic. ndi harmonic. kwaya S. Poyimba nyimbo, pamakhala chizolowezi chakuthwa kwa mawu a Pythagorean S.; pakupanga nyimbo - kutsitsa mawu a S.; zambiri, phokoso la kwaya yodziwika ndi zone C. Mu 19 - oyambirira. Zaka za zana la 20 lingaliro la "kwaya S." anatanthauza chizoloŵezi cha kukonza kwaya (m’zochita za kuimba cappella), kumene kunalipo chivomerezo cha muyezo umodzi wautali chisanavomerezedwe; poyamba choral S. poyerekeza ndi instr. nyimboyo inali yochepa chabe.

5) S., kapena kamvekedwe - mofanana ndi tonality, mode, ladotonality, kutengera (zosatha); mwachitsanzo, “mamvekedwe apafupi a harmonic C.” (II Dubovsky).

Zothandizira: Chesnokov PG, Kwaya ndi kasamalidwe, M.-L., 1940, M., 1961; Garbuzov HA, Zonal chikhalidwe cha kumva phula, M.-L., 1948; wake, Intrazonal intonation kumva ndi njira za chitukuko chake, M.-L., 1951; Nyimbo zoyimba, M., 1954; Baranovsky PP, Yutsevich EE, Pitch kusanthula kwa free melodic system, K., 1956; Pigrov KK, Utsogoleri wa kwaya, M., 1964; Sherman NS, Mapangidwe a yunifolomu temperament system, M., 1964; Pereverzev NK, Mavuto a kuyimba kwa nyimbo, M., 1966; Pars Yu. H., Pachizoloŵezi cha luso la mawu omveka bwino poimba nyimbo, M., 1971 (abstract of diss.); Helmholtz H., Die Lehre von den Tonempfindungen…, Braunschweig, 1863, Hildesheim, 1968 Riemann H., Katechismus der Akustik, Lpz., 1875, B., 1891 (Russian translation – Riemann G. sayansi yanyimbo, M., 1921.

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