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Mchitidwe wokhwima, kulemba mosamalitsa

Nem. klassische Vokalpophonie, lat. tchalitchi ndi kalembedwe ka cappella

1) Mbiri. ndi luso ndi stylistic. lingaliro logwirizana ndi chorus. nyimbo za polyphonic za Renaissance (zaka za 15-16). M'lingaliro limeneli, mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Ch. ayi. mu Russian classical ndi kadzidzi. musicology. Lingaliro la S. ndi. imakhudza zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndipo ilibe malire omveka bwino: imatanthawuza ntchito ya olemba nyimbo ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana a ku Ulaya. sukulu, choyamba - kwa Dutch, Roman, komanso Venetian, Spanish; ku S.'s area of ​​page. zikuphatikizapo nyimbo French, German, English, Czech, Polish, olemba. S. s. amatchedwa polyphonic style. prod. kwa kwaya cappella, yopangidwa mu prof. mitundu ya tchalitchi (ch. arr. Catholic) ndipo, mocheperapo, nyimbo zadziko. Chofunika kwambiri komanso chachikulu kwambiri pakati pa mitundu ya S. s. panali misa (yoyamba mu nyimbo za ku Ulaya imatanthauza mawonekedwe a cyclic) ndi motet (pazolemba zauzimu ndi zadziko); nyimbo zauzimu ndi zachipembedzo za polyphonic zidapangidwa mwambiri. nyimbo, madrigals (nthawi zambiri m'mawu anyimbo). Epoch S.s. perekani ambuye ambiri odziwika, omwe pakati pawo malo apadera amakhala ndi Josquin Despres, O. Lasso ndi Palestrina. Ntchito ya olemba awa ikufotokoza mwachidule kukongola. ndi mbiri ndi kalembedwe. mayendedwe a nyimbo. luso la nthawi yawo, ndipo cholowa chawo chimatengedwa mu mbiri ya nyimbo monga tingachipeze powerenga nthawi ya S. ndi. Chotsatira cha chitukuko cha nthawi yonse ya mbiri yakale - ntchito ya Josquin Despres, Lasso ndi Palestrina, ikuwonetsa maluwa oyambirira a luso la polyphony (ntchito ya JS Bach ndi mapeto ake achiwiri kale mkati mwa kalembedwe kaulere).

Kwa dongosolo lophiphiritsa la S. s. Kukhazikika ndi kulingalira ndizofanana, apa kutuluka kwapamwamba, ngakhale malingaliro osamveka akuwonetsedwa; kuchokera pakulumikizana koyenera, kolingalira bwino kwa mawu otsutsana, kumveka koyera ndi koyenera, kumene zophuka zowoneka bwino, masewero, mawonekedwe a luso lamtsogolo, sizipeza malo. kusiyana ndi pachimake. Mafotokozedwe amalingaliro amunthu sakhala odziwika kwambiri a S. m'mayendedwe ake owerengeka, chilengedwe chonse, chochotsedwa ku moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, chikuwululidwa, kugwirizanitsa onse opezeka pa liturgy, cholinga chachikulu, padziko lonse lapansi. Mkati mwa malire awa, wok masters. ma polyphonies adawonetsa kusiyanasiyana kodabwitsa - kuyambira pamtundu wolemera, wokhuthala wa J. Obrecht wotsanzira mpaka chisomo chozizira kwambiri cha Palestrina. Kuphiphiritsa kumeneku mosakayikira kumapambana, koma sikumapatula s ku gawo la S. zina, zadziko. Mithunzi yobisika ya lyric. zomverera anaziika mu madrigals ambiri; mitu yolumikizana ndi tsamba la S. ndi yosiyana. nyimbo zama polyphonic, zosewerera kapena zachisoni. S. s. - gawo lofunikira la chikhalidwe cha anthu. zikhalidwe za zaka 15-16; mu nyimbo za ambuye akale, pali mfundo zambiri zokhudzana ndi luso la Renaissance - ndi ntchito ya Petrarch, Ronsard ndi Raphael.

Makhalidwe abwino a nyimbo za S. njira zolankhulirana mmenemo ndi zokwanira. Olemba a nthawi imeneyo ankadziwa bwino mawu otsutsana. art-tion, zopangidwa zopangidwa, zodzaza ndi polyphonic yovuta kwambiri. njira, monga, mwachitsanzo, kanoni ya mbali zisanu ndi imodzi ya Josquin Despres, yotsutsana ndi komanso popanda kuyimitsa pagulu la P. Mulu (onani No. 42 mu ed. 1 mwa M. Ivanov-Boretsky Musical-Historical Reader), etc. Kudzipereka ku kulingalira kwa zomangamanga, kumbuyo kwa chidwi chowonjezereka ku teknoloji ya kapangidwe kake, chidwi cha ambuye mu chikhalidwe cha zinthu, kuyesedwa kwa luso lake. ndi kufotokoza. mwayi. Kupambana kwakukulu kwa ambuye a nthawi ya S. S., yomwe ili ndi mbiri yokhalitsa. kutanthauza, - mlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wa art-va kutsanzira. Luso la kutsanzira. njira, kukhazikitsidwa kwa mawu ofanana mu kwaya ndi mtundu watsopano wa nyimbo za S. s. poyerekeza ndi zomwe ananena mu Renaissance Early (ars nova), ngakhale kuti sadana ndi kutsanzira, komabe zoperekedwa ndi Ch. ayi. mitundu yosiyanasiyana (nthawi zambiri ostinato) pa cantus firmus, rhythmic. bungwe lomwe linali lotsimikiza kwa mawu ena. Kudziyimira pawokha kwa mawu a polyphonic, kusafanana kwa mawu oyamba m'mabuku osiyanasiyana a kwaya. osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwa mawu - zochitika izi zinali pamlingo wina wofanana ndi kutsegulidwa kwa mawonekedwe pojambula. Masters S. s. adapanga mitundu yonse yotsanzira komanso zolemba zamagulu 1 ndi 2 (zolemba zawo zimayendetsedwa ndi kuwonetsera kwa stretta, ndiko kuti, kutsanzira kovomerezeka). Mu prod nyimbo. pezani malo amitu iwiri. ndi polygon. canons okhala ndi mawu otsagana ndi mawu, zokopera ndi zovomerezeka zokhala ndi mawu awiri (kapena kupitilira apo), ma canon osatha, ovomerezeka. kutsatizana (mwachitsanzo, "Canonical Mass" ya Palestrina), mwachitsanzo, pafupifupi mitundu yonse yomwe inalowa pambuyo pake, panthawi ya kusintha kwa S. ndi. nthawi yolemba mwaulere, motsanzira kwambiri. mawonekedwe a fugue. Masters S. s. adagwiritsa ntchito njira zonse zoyambira kutembenuza ma polyphonic. Mitu: kuwonjezeka, kuchepa, kufalikira, kuyenda ndi kuwonongeka kwawo. kuphatikiza. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe adachita chinali kupanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mfundo zovuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ake kukhala ovomerezeka. mafomu (mwachitsanzo, mu ma polygonal canons okhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolowera mawu). Zina zomwe akatswiri akale a polyphony atulukira ziyenera kuphatikizapo mfundo yothandizana (melodic-rhythmic complementarity of contrapuntal voices), komanso njira za cadence, komanso kupewa (mochuluka, masking) cadences pakati pa muses. zomanga. Nyimbo za masters a S. s. ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a polyphony. machulukitsidwe, ndipo olemba anatha mwaluso kusiyanitsa phokoso mkati mwa mitundu ikuluikulu mothandizidwa ndi kusintha kosinthika kwa ovomerezeka ovomerezeka. zowonetsera ndi zigawo zochokera molakwika motsanzira, pa mawu momasuka contrapuntal, ndipo potsiriza ndi zigawo kumene mawu kupanga polyphonic. mawonekedwe, kusuntha ndi zolemba za nthawi yofanana.

Harmonic mtundu. kuphatikiza mu nyimbo za S. yodziwika ngati kumveka kwathunthu, konsonanti-trisound. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma dissonant intervals kokha malinga ndi makonsonanti ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za S. (ma dissonance otengedwa mwaufulu akadali achilendo ndi kuyenda kosalala kwa nthawi yayifupi, makamaka mu cadences). Chotero, m’nyimbo za S. s. dissonance nthawi zonse imazunguliridwa ndi ma consonant. Chords chopangidwa mkati mwa nsalu za polyphonic sizimalumikizidwa ndi magwiridwe antchito, mwachitsanzo, chord iliyonse imatha kutsatiridwa ndi ina iliyonse mu diatonic yomweyo. dongosolo. Kuwongolera, kutsimikizika kwa mphamvu yokoka pakutsatizana kwa ma consonance kumangoyambira (pamasitepe osiyanasiyana).

Nyimbo S.s. adadalira machitidwe achilengedwe (onani mawonekedwe). Muse. chiphunzitso cha nthawi imeneyo kusiyanitsa poyamba 8, kenako 12 frets; muzochita, olemba ntchito 5 modes: Dorian, Phrygian, Mixolydian, komanso Ionian ndi Aeolian. Awiri omalizira adakhazikitsidwa ndi chiphunzitso pambuyo pake kuposa enawo (m'mawu akuti "Dodecachordon" ndi Glarean, 1547), ngakhale kuti chikoka chawo pamitundu yonseyi chinali chosasinthika, chogwira ntchito ndipo kenako chinayambitsa kusinthika kwamalingaliro akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono. . Ma frets adagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo awiri: kukhumudwa pamalo oyamba (Dorian d, Phrygian e, Mixolydian G, Ionian C, Aeolian a) ndi fret transposed wachinayi kapena wachisanu pansi (Dorian g, Phrygian a, etc. ) mothandizidwa ndi lathyathyathya pa kiyi - chizindikiro chokhacho chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse. Komanso, pochita, oimba, malinga ndi luso la oimba, transposed nyimbo ndi wachiwiri kapena wachitatu mmwamba kapena pansi. Lingaliro lofalikira la diatonicity yosasinthika mu nyimbo za S. s. (mwina chifukwa chakuti mwangozi sanalembedwe) sizolondola: poyimba, zochitika zambiri za chromatic zinali zovomerezeka. kusintha masitepe. Chifukwa chake, mumayendedwe amalingaliro ang'onoang'ono, pakukhazikika kwa phokoso, chachitatu chimamaliza nthawi zonse. nyimbo; m'machitidwe a Dorian ndi Mixolydian, digiri ya XNUMX idakwera mu cadence, ndipo mu Aeolian nawonso digiri ya XNUMX (mawu otsegulira a Phrygian mode nthawi zambiri samachuluka, koma digiri ya XNUMX idakwera kuti ifike pachitatu pamlingo womaliza. pa nthawi yokwera). Phokoso h nthawi zambiri linkasinthidwa kukhala b mukuyenda pansi, kumene machitidwe a Dorian ndi Lydian, kumene kusintha kotereku kunali kofala, kunasinthidwa kukhala Aeolian ndi Ionian transposed; phokoso h (kapena f), ngati linkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chothandizira, linasinthidwa ndi phokoso la b (kapena fis) kuti tipewe kusafuna kwa tritone sonority mu melodic. kutsatizana kwa mtundu f – g – a – h(b) – a kapena h – a – g – f (fis) – g. Zotsatira zake zinali zachilendo kwa masiku ano. kumva chisakanizo cha zigawo zazikulu ndi zazing'ono pamiyeso ya Mixolydian, komanso mndandanda (makamaka ma cadence).

Zambiri mwazopanga S. s. cholinga cha kwaya ya cappella (kwaya ya anyamata ndi amuna; akazi sankaloledwa kutenga nawo mbali mu kwaya ya Katolika). Kwaya ya cappella ndi zida zoimbira zomwe zimafanana bwino ndi nyimbo za S. ndipo amasinthidwa bwino kuti azindikire chilichonse, ngakhale chojambula chovuta kwambiri. zolinga za wolemba. Masters a nthawi ya S. ndi. (kwambiri, oimba ndi oyimba okha) anali ndi mawu aluso mwaluso. njira za kwaya. Luso la kuyika mawu mu chord kuti apange kukhazikika kwapadera ndi "kuyera" kwa mawu, kugwiritsa ntchito mwaluso kusiyanitsa kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawu, njira zosiyanasiyana za "kuyatsa" ndi "kuzimitsa" mawu, njira yowoloka. ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa timbre nthawi zambiri kumaphatikizidwa ndi kutanthauzira kokongola kwakwaya (mwachitsanzo., mu madrigal odziwika bwino a mawu 8 "Echo" lolemba Lasso) komanso kuyimira mtundu (mwachitsanzo, munyimbo za polyphonic za Lasso). Olemba S. s. anali otchuka chifukwa cha luso lawo lolemba nyimbo zochititsa chidwi zamakwaya ambiri (kanoni ya mitu 36 yotchulidwa ndi J. Okegem idakali yapadera); mu kupanga kwawo nthawi zambiri mawu 5 ankagwiritsidwa ntchito (nthawi zambiri ndi kulekana kwa mawu apamwamba mu CL kuchokera kumagulu a kwaya - tenola mwa mwamuna, soprano, ndendende katatu, mu kwaya ya anyamata). Kwala 2- ndi 3-mawu nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsidwa ntchito mthunzi wovuta kwambiri (mawu anayi mpaka asanu ndi atatu) kulemba (onani, mwachitsanzo, Benedictus mu unyinji). Masters S.s. (makamaka, a Dutch, Venetian) adalola kutenga nawo gawo kwa ma muses. zida pochita ma polygonal awo. wok. ntchito. Ambiri aiwo (Izak, Josquin Despres, Lasso, etc.) adapanga nyimbo za instr. pamodzi. Komabe, kuyimba zida motere ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zidachitika mu nyimbo zanthawi ya kulemba kwaulere.

Polyphony S. ndi. zachokera ku ndale thematism, ndipo lingaliro lomwe la "polyphonic theme" monga lingaliro, monga nyimbo yotsitsimula kuti ipangidwe, silinadziwike: kukhazikitsidwa kwa mawu amtundu uliwonse kumapezeka munjira ya polyphonic. chitukuko cha nyimbo. Melodich. maziko S. ndi. - Nyimbo za Gregorian (cf. nyimbo ya Gregorian) - m'mbiri yonse ya mpingo. nyimbo zinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi Nar. nyimbo. Kugwiritsa ntchito Nar. nyimbo monga cantus firmus ndizochitika zodziwika bwino, ndipo olemba amitundu yosiyanasiyana - Italiya, Dutch, Czechs, Poles - nthawi zambiri ankasankhidwa kuti azitsatira polyphonic. kukonza nyimbo za anthu ake. Nyimbo zina zodziwika bwino zidagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza ndi olemba osiyanasiyana: mwachitsanzo, unyinji unalembedwera nyimbo ya L'homme armé yolembedwa ndi Obrecht, G. Dufay, Ockeghem, Josquin Despres, Palestrina ndi ena. Zodziwika bwino za melody ndi metrorhythm mu nyimbo za S. ndi. zambiri zimatsimikiziridwa ndi chikhalidwe chake cha mawu. Olemba-polyphonists amachotsa mosamala zonse zomwe zingasokoneze chilengedwe. kusuntha kwa mawu, kutumizidwa mosalekeza kwa mizere yoyimba, chilichonse chomwe chikuwoneka chakuthwa kwambiri, chotha kukopa chidwi chambiri, mwatsatanetsatane. Maupangiri anyimboyo ndi osalala, nthawi zina amakhala ndi mphindi zachidziwitso (mwachitsanzo, mawu obwerezedwa kangapo motsatana). Mu melodic palibe kulumpha mu mizere mu zovuta-to-tone dissonant ndi lonse intervals; kusuntha kwapang'onopang'ono kumatsogola (popanda kusunthira ku chromatic semitone; ma chromatisms opezeka, mwachitsanzo, mu madrigal Solo e pensoso yolembedwa ndi L. Marenzio pa ndakatulo za Petrarch, zoperekedwa mu anthology ndi A. Schering (Schering A., Geschichte der Musik ku Beispielen, 1931, 1954), tengerani ntchitoyi kupitilira S. c), ndipo kudumpha - nthawi yomweyo kapena patali - kumayendetsedwa ndikuyenda kwina. mtundu wa nyimbo. mayendedwe - kukwera, zowala zowala sizachilendo kwa iye. Kwa mabungwe amtundu wa rhythmic nthawi zambiri sakhala moyandikana ndi mawu omwe amasiyana kwambiri ndi nthawi, mwachitsanzo. zisanu ndi zitatu ndi brevis; kuti mukwaniritse kumveka bwino kwa zolemba ziwiri zolumikizana, yachiwiri nthawi zambiri imakhala yofanana ndi yoyamba kapena yayifupi kuposa theka (koma osati kanayi). Kudumpha mu melodic. mizere imakhala yofala kwambiri pakati pa zolemba za nthawi yayikulu (brevis, lonse, theka); zolemba zazifupi (zolemba za kotala, zolemba zachisanu ndi chitatu) zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda mosalala. Kusuntha kosalala kwa zolemba zazing'ono nthawi zambiri kumatha ndi cholemba "choyera" pa nthawi yamphamvu kapena "choyera", chomwe chimatengedwa mu syncopation (pa nthawi yofooka). Melodich. Zomangamanga zimapangidwa (kutengera zolemba) kuchokera pakutsatizana kwa ziganizo za decomp. kutalika, kotero nyimbo sizidziwika ndi squareness, koma metric yake. pulsation imawoneka yosalala komanso ngakhale amorphous (prod. C. ndi. adajambulidwa ndikusindikizidwa popanda mizere komanso ndi mawu okha, popanda chidziwitso muzolemba). Izi zimalipidwa ndi rhythmic. kudziyimira pawokha kwa mavoti, mu otd. milandu ya polymetry kufika pamlingo (makamaka, mu rhythmically bold Op. Josken Depre). Zambiri zolondola za tempo mu nyimbo za S. ndi. = 60 mpaka MM = 112).

Mu nyimbo za S. ndi. zolemba ndi kutsanzira zinagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga; Pamaziko awa, ma polyphonics omwe adatumizidwa adapangidwa. ntchito. Mu ntchito ya masters S. ndi. nyimbo zosiyanasiyana zapangidwa. mafomu omwe sadzikongoletsa okha ku typification, omwe ndi ofanana, mwachitsanzo, amitundu yanyimbo zasukulu yachikale ya Viennese. Mitundu ya mawu a polyphony m'mawu ambiri amagawidwa kukhala omwe cantus firmus amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi omwe sali. AT. AT. Protopopov amaona kuti chofunika kwambiri mu kachitidwe ka mafomu S. ndi. kusiyana mfundo ndipo amasiyanitsa polyphonic zotsatirazi. mitundu: 1) mtundu wa ostinato, 2) kukula molingana ndi mtundu wa kumera kwa motifs, 3) strophic. Pankhani ya 1, mawonekedwewa amachokera ku kubwereza kwa cantus firmus (yomwe inayambira ngati polyphonic. processing couplet nar. nyimbo); mawu ophatikizika amawonjezeredwa kunyimbo ya ostinato, yomwe imatha kubwerezedwa motsatana moyimirira, kudutsa, kutsika, ndi zina. n (mwachitsanzo Duo ya bass ndi tenor Lasso, Sobr. uwu., vol. 1). Ntchito zambiri, zolembedwa m'mitundu yamtundu wa 2nd, zimayimira kusinthika kwamutu womwewo pogwiritsa ntchito zambiri zotsanzira, mawu osagwirizana, zovuta zamapangidwe malinga ndi dongosolo: a - a1 - b - a2 - c .... Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa kusintha (kusagwirizana kwa ma cadence m'mawu osiyanasiyana, kusagwirizana kwapamwamba ndi kumunsi kwapamwamba), malire pakati pa zomangamanga nthawi zambiri amakhala osamveka (mwachitsanzo, Kyrie wochokera ku misa "Aeterna Christi munera" Palestrina, Sobr. uwu., vol. XIV; Kyrie wochokera kugulu la "Pange lingua" lolemba Josquin Despres, onani в кн.: Ambros A., «History of Music», Vol. 5, Lpz., 1882, 1911, p. 80). Mu mawonekedwe a 3rd mtundu melodic. zinthu zimasintha kutengera zomwe zalembedwa molingana ndi dongosolo: a – b – c – d … (prop. motet), zomwe zimapereka zifukwa zofotokozera mawonekedwewo ngati strophic. Nyimbo za zigawozo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosagwirizana, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zogwirizana, koma mapangidwe awo ndi zosiyana. Mawonekedwe amitu yambiri ya motet akuwonetsa nthawi yomweyo. ndi thematic. kukonzanso, ndi kugwirizana kwa mitu yofunikira kuti apange luso logwirizana. chithunzi (mwachitsanzo, madrigal wotchuka "Mori quasi il mio core" wa Palestrina, Sobr. uwu., vol. XXVIII). Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu nthawi zambiri imaphatikizidwa muntchito imodzi. Mfundo za bungwe lawo zinkakhala maziko a kutuluka ndi chitukuko cha polyphonics pambuyo pake. ndi mawonekedwe a homophonic; kotero, mawonekedwe a motet adadutsa mu instr. nyimbo ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito mu canzone ndipo kenako mu fugue; pl. mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe a ostinato amabwereka ndi ricercar (mawonekedwe opanda ma interludes, pogwiritsa ntchito kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa mutuwo); kubwereza-bwereza kwa magawo mu misa (Kyrie pambuyo pa Christe eleison, Osanna pambuyo pa Benedictus) akhoza kukhala chitsanzo cha mawonekedwe a magawo atatu; nyimbo za polyphonic zokhala ndi ma couplet-variation structure zimayandikira kamangidwe ka rondo. Mu kupanga C. ndi. njira yosiyanitsira magwiridwe antchito a magawo idayamba, yomwe idawonetsedwa kwathunthu muzakale.

Okhulupirira akuluakulu a nthawi ya kulemba mosamalitsa anali J. Tinctoris, G. Glarean, N. Vicentipo (1511-1572; onani bukhu lake: L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna prattica, 1555), J. Zarlino.

Zopambana zofunika kwambiri za ambuye a S. s. - polyphonic. kudziyimira pawokha mawu, mgwirizano wa kukonzanso ndi kubwerezabwereza pakukula kwa nyimbo, chitukuko chapamwamba cha kutsanzira ndi kuvomerezeka. mitundu, njira ya zovuta zotsutsana nazo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira mutuwo, crystallization of cadence techniques, etc., ndizofunikira pa nyimbo. art-va ndikusunga (panjira yosiyana) yofunika kwambiri pazaka zonse zotsatila.

Kufika maluwa apamwamba kwambiri mu theka lachiwiri. Zaka za m'ma 2, nyimbo zolembedwa mwamphamvu zidalowa m'malo mwaukadaulo waposachedwa kwambiri wazaka za zana la 16. Masters of free style (J. Frescobaldi, J. Legrenzi, I. Ya. Froberger ndi ena) adakhazikitsidwa pakupanga. zopambana zakale za polyphonists. Luso la High Renaissance likuwonetsedwa muzochita zokhazikika komanso zazikulu. JS Bach (monga, 17-ch. org. chorale “Aus tiefer Not”, BWV 6, 686-ch., ndi mawu 7 otsagana nawo, Credo No 8 ochokera ku Mass in h-moll, 12-ch. Motet ya kwaya a cappella, BWV 8). WA Mozart ankadziwa bwino miyambo ya anthu akale otsutsana ndi malamulo, ndipo popanda kuganizira za chikhalidwe chawo, n'zovuta kutsimikizira kuti S. s. zaluso zake, monga chomaliza cha symphony C-dur ("Jupiter"), chomaliza cha quartet G-dur, K.-V. 229, Recordare kuchokera ku Requiem. Zolengedwa. mbali za nyimbo za nthawi ya S. ndi. pa maziko atsopano amabadwanso mwa sublimely kuganizira Op. L. Beethoven wa nthawi yochedwa (makamaka, mu Misa Yaikulu). M’zaka za m’ma 387, olemba nyimbo ambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito mawu otsutsana kwambiri. njira yopangira mtundu wapadera wakale, ndipo nthawi zina - zachinsinsi. mthunzi; zikondwerero. njira zomveka komanso zodziwika bwino zolembera mosamalitsa zidapangidwanso ndi R. Wagner ku Parsifal, A. Bruckner mu nyimbo zoimbira ndi kwaya. zolemba, G. Fauré mu Requiem, ndi zina zotero. Zolemba zovomerezeka zimawonekera. ambuye akale (Palestrina, Lasso), kuphunzira kwawo kwakukulu kumayamba (A. Ambros). Kuchokera kwa oimba aku Russia ali ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi polyphony ya S. s. zowonetsedwa ndi MI Glinka, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, GA Larosh; nthawi yonse yophunzira za counterpoint idapangidwa ndi ntchito za SI Taneev. Masiku ano, chidwi cha nyimbo zoyambirira chawonjezeka kwambiri; mu USSR ndi kunja, chiwerengero chachikulu cha mabuku munali mankhwala. ambuye akale a polyphony; nyimbo S. imakhala chinthu chophunzirira mosamala, imaphatikizidwa muzolemba zamagulu ochita bwino kwambiri. Olemba a m'zaka za m'ma 19 Amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri njira zopezeka ndi olemba a S. s. (makamaka, pamaziko a dodecaphone); chikoka cha ntchito ya contrapuntalists akale amamveka, mwachitsanzo, mu angapo Op. IF Stravinsky wa neoclassical ndi mochedwa nthawi ("Symphony of Psalms", "Canticum sacrum"), mu kadzidzi. olemba.

2) Gawo loyamba la ntchito. polyphony course (German strenger Satz), yolunjika ku ntchito ya olemba a 15th-16th century, ch. ayi. pa ntchito ya Palestrina. Maphunzirowa amaphunzitsa zoyambira zosavuta komanso zovuta zotsutsana, kutsanzira, canon ndi fugue. Wabale stylistic. umodzi wa nyimbo za nthawi ya S. ndi. amakulolani kuti mupereke zoyambira za counterpoint mu mawonekedwe a ochepa malamulo enieni ndi mafomu, ndi kuphweka kwa melodic harmonic. ndi rhythmic. zikhalidwe zimapangitsa S. s. njira yabwino kwambiri yophunzirira mfundo za polyphony. kuganiza. Chofunikira kwambiri cha pedagogical. mchitidwe anali ndi ntchito ya G. Tsarlino "Istitutioni harmoniche", komanso angapo ntchito ndi muses ena. akatswiri a theorists a m'zaka za zana la 16. Methodical zoyambira maphunziro polyphony S. s. adafotokozedwa ndi I. Fuchs m'buku la "Gradus ad Parnassum" (1725). Dongosolo la kutulutsa kwa counterpoint lopangidwa ndi Fuchs limasungidwa muzochita zonse zotsatila. otsogolera, mwachitsanzo. m’mabuku a L. Cherubini, G. Bellerman, m’zaka za zana la 20. – K. Eppesen (Kph.-Lpz., 1930; ed. – Lpz., 1971). Chisamaliro chachikulu pakukula kwa chiphunzitso cha S.'s page. anapereka Russian. oimba; mwachitsanzo, Buku la Tchaikovsky to the Practical Study of Harmony (1872) lili ndi mutu wokhudzana ndi mutuwu. Buku loyamba lapadera la S. s. m'Chirasha. linali buku la L. Busler, lofalitsidwa mu kumasulira kwa SI Taneyev mu 1885. chiphunzitso cha S. chinali. oimba akuluakulu adagwira nawo ntchito - SI Taneev, AK Lyadov, RM Glier; mtengo wa pedagogical S. cholembedwa ndi P. Hindemith, IF Stravinsky ndi olemba ena. M'kupita kwa nthawi, dongosolo la Fuchs la kutulutsa linasiya kukwaniritsa malingaliro okhazikitsidwa pa chikhalidwe cha counterpoint (kutsutsa kwake kunaperekedwa ndi E. Kurt m'buku lakuti "Fundamentals of Linear Counterpoint"), ndipo pambuyo pa sayansi. Taneyev maphunziro, kufunika m'malo izo zinaonekeratu. A njira yatsopano yophunzitsira S. s., kumene waukulu. chidwi amaperekedwa pa kuphunzira mafomu otsanzira ndi zovuta counterpoint mu zinthu polyphonic. polyphony, akadzidzi opangidwa. ofufuza SS Bogatyrev, Kh. S. Kushnarev, GI Litinsky, VV Protopopov, ndi SS Skrebkov; analemba mabuku angapo, kusonyeza anatengera mu Soviet. uwu. mabungwe, mchitidwe wophunzitsa S. s., pomanga maphunziro ku-rogo, njira ziwiri zimawonekera: kukhazikitsidwa kwa zophunzitsa zomveka. dongosolo cholinga makamaka zothandiza. luso lolemba (loyimiridwa, makamaka, m'mabuku a GI Litinsky); maphunziro omwe amayang'ana kwambiri pazochitika komanso zongopeka. kukwanitsa kulemba mosamalitsa potengera kuphunzira zaluso. zitsanzo za nyimbo za m'ma 15-16. (Mwachitsanzo, m'mabuku a TF Muller ndi SS Grigoriev, SA Pavlyuchenko).

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