Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin |

Ivan Khandoshkin

Russia yazaka za zana la XNUMX inali dziko losiyana. Ulemerero wa ku Asia unakhala limodzi ndi umphawi, maphunziro - ndi umbuli wadzaoneni, umunthu woyengedwa wa owunikira oyambirira aku Russia - ndi nkhanza ndi serfdom. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chikhalidwe choyambirira cha ku Russia chinakula mofulumira. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana, Peter I anali adakali kudula ndevu za anyamata, kugonjetsa kutsutsa kwawo koopsa; m'zaka zapakati pazaka za m'ma XNUMX, akuluakulu a ku Russia ankalankhula Chifalansa chokongola, ma opera ndi ma ballets adachitidwa pabwalo; okhestra ya bwalo lamilandu, yopangidwa ndi oimba otchuka, inalingaliridwa kukhala imodzi mwa nyimbo zabwino koposa ku Ulaya. Oyimba ndi oimba otchuka anabwera ku Russia, atakopeka pano ndi mphatso zambiri. Ndipo pasanathe zaka zana limodzi, dziko la Russia lakale linatuluka mumdima wa ukatswiri n’kupita ku maphunziro apamwamba a ku Ulaya. Chosanjikiza cha chikhalidwe ichi chinali chochepa kwambiri, koma chinakhudza kale mbali zonse za chikhalidwe, ndale, zolemba ndi nyimbo.

Gawo lomaliza lazaka za zana la XNUMX limadziwika ndikuwoneka bwino kwa asayansi apakhomo, olemba, olemba nyimbo, komanso oimba. Ena mwa iwo ndi Lomonosov, Derzhavin, wotchuka wokhometsa wowerengeka nyimbo NA Lvov, oimba Fomin ndi Bortnyansky. Mu mlalang'amba uwu wanzeru malo otchuka ndi zeze Ivan Evstafievich Khandoshkin.

Ku Russia, makamaka, iwo ankanyoza luso lawo ndi kusakhulupirira. Ndipo ziribe kanthu momwe Khandoshkin anali wotchuka komanso wokondedwa pa moyo wake, palibe mmodzi wa anthu a m'nthawi yake amene anakhala wolemba mbiri yake. Chikumbukiro chake chinatsala pang’ono kuzimiririka atangomwalira. Woyamba amene anayamba kusonkhanitsa zambiri za woyimba violin zodabwitsa anali wotopa Russian wofufuza VF Odoevsky. Ndipo kuchokera pakufufuza kwake, masamba amwazikana okha adatsala, komabe adakhala zinthu zamtengo wapatali kwa olemba mbiri yakale. Odoevsky adakali amoyo m'nthawi ya woyimba zeze wamkulu, makamaka mkazi wake Elizaveta. Podziwa kukhulupirika kwake monga wasayansi, zida zomwe adasonkhanitsa zitha kudaliridwa mopanda malire.

Moleza mtima, pang'onopang'ono, ofufuza a Soviet G. Fesechko, I. Yampolsky, ndi B. Volman adabwezeretsanso mbiri ya Khandoshkin. Panali zambiri zosadziwika bwino komanso zosokoneza za woyimba zezeyo. Masiku enieni a moyo ndi imfa sankadziwika; ankakhulupirira kuti Khandoshkin anachokera serfs; malinga ndi magwero ena, adaphunzira ndi Tartini, malinga ndi ena, sanachoke ku Russia ndipo sanali wophunzira wa Tartini, ndi zina zotero. Ndipo ngakhale tsopano, kutali ndi zonse zafotokozedwa.

Ndizovuta kwambiri, G. Fesechko adatha kukhazikitsa masiku a moyo ndi imfa ya Khandoshkin kuchokera m'mabuku a tchalitchi a zolemba za maliro a manda a Volkov ku St. Ankakhulupirira kuti Khandoshkin anabadwa mu 1765. Fesechko anapeza cholembedwa chotsatirachi: “1804, pa March 19, khotilo linapuma pantchito Mumshenok (ie Mundshenk. – LR) Ivan Evstafiev Khandoshkin anamwalira ali ndi zaka 57 chifukwa cha ziwalo.” Mbiri ikuchitira umboni kuti Khandoshkin anabadwa osati 1765, koma mu 1747 ndipo anaikidwa m'manda ku Volkovo manda.

Kuchokera m'zolemba za Odoevsky timaphunzira kuti bambo a Khandoshkin anali telala, komanso, wosewera wa timpani wa gulu la oimba la Peter III. Ntchito zingapo zosindikizidwa zimati Evstafiy Khandoshkin anali serf wa Potemkin, koma palibe umboni wotsimikizira izi.

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti mphunzitsi wa violin wa Khandoshkin anali woimba wa khoti, woyimba zeze kwambiri Tito Porto. Mwinamwake Porto anali mphunzitsi wake woyamba ndi wotsiriza; mtundu waulendo wopita ku Italy kupita ku Tartini ndi wokayikitsa kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, Khandoshkin anapikisana ndi anthu otchuka a ku Ulaya omwe anabwera ku St. Petersburg - ndi Lolly, Schzipem, Sirman-Lombardini, F. Tietz, Viotti, ndi ena. Kodi zingakhale kuti pamene Sirman-Lombardini anakumana ndi Khandoshkin, sizinadziwike kulikonse kuti anali ophunzira anzake Tartini? Mosakayikira, wophunzira waluso wotero, yemwe, komanso, adachokera kudziko lachilendo pamaso pa anthu a ku Italy monga Russia, sakanatha kuzindikira Tartini. Zotsatira za zikoka za Tartini mu zolemba zake sizinena kanthu, popeza sonatas za woimba uyu zinali zodziwika kwambiri ku Russia.

Mu udindo wake pagulu, Khandoshkin wapindula zambiri pa nthawi yake. Mu 1762, ndiko kuti, ali ndi zaka 15, adaloledwa ku bwalo la oimba, komwe adagwira ntchito mpaka 1785, kufika pa udindo wa woimba nyimbo ndi gulu loyamba. Mu 1765, adalembedwa ngati mphunzitsi m'makalasi a maphunziro a Academy of Arts. M’makalasi amene anatsegulidwa mu 1764, pamodzi ndi kujambula zithunzi, ophunzira anaphunzitsidwa maphunziro ochokera m’mbali zonse za luso. Anaphunziranso kuimba zida zoimbira. Popeza makalasi anatsegulidwa mu 1764, Khandoshkin akhoza kuonedwa ngati mphunzitsi woyamba vayolin Academy. Mphunzitsi wachinyamata (anali ndi zaka 17 panthawiyo) anali ndi ophunzira 12, koma ndani kwenikweni sakudziwika.

Mu 1779, wochita bizinesi wanzeru komanso mlimi wakale Karl Knipper adalandira chilolezo chotsegula malo otchedwa "Free Theatre" ku St. Malinga ndi mgwirizanowu, amayenera kugwira ntchito kwa zaka 50 popanda malipiro, ndipo zaka zitatu zotsatira ankayenera kulandira ma ruble 3-300 pachaka, koma "pa ndalama zawo." Kafukufuku yemwe adachitika patatha zaka 400 adawulula chithunzi choyipa cha moyo wa osewera achichepere. Zotsatira zake, gulu la matrasti lidakhazikitsidwa pamalo owonetsera, omwe adathetsa mgwirizano ndi Knipper. Waluso Russian wosewera I. Dmitrevsky anakhala mkulu wa zisudzo. Anawongolera miyezi 3 - kuyambira Januware mpaka Julayi 7 - pambuyo pake bwalo lidakhala la boma. Posiya udindo wa utsogoleri, Dmitrevsky analembera bungwe la matrasti kuti: "... m'malingaliro a ophunzira omwe adapatsidwa kwa ine, ndiloleni ndinene popanda chiyamiko kuti ndinachita zotheka pa maphunziro awo ndi khalidwe lawo labwino, momwe ndimatchulira iwo eni. . Aphunzitsi awo anali Bambo Khandoshkin, Rosetti, Manstein, Serkov, Anjolinni, ndi inenso. Ndikusiyira Bungwe lolemekezeka kwambiri komanso anthu onse kuti aweruze omwe ana awo amawunikiridwa kwambiri: kaya ali ndi ine miyezi isanu ndi iwiri kapena ndi amene adanditsogolera m'zaka zitatu. Ndizofunikira kuti dzina la Khandoshkin liri patsogolo pa ena onse, ndipo izi sizingaganizidwe mwangozi.

Pali tsamba lina la mbiri ya Khandoshkin lomwe lafika kwa ife - kusankhidwa kwake ku Yekaterinoslav Academy, yomwe inakonzedwa mu 1785 ndi Prince Potemkin. M’kalata yopita kwa Catherine II, iye anafunsa kuti: “Monga ku Yunivesite ya Yekaterinoslav, kumene osati sayansi yokha, komanso luso lophunzitsidwa, payenera kukhala malo osungira nyimbo, ndiyeno ndikuvomereza kulimba mtima kupempha modzichepetsa kwambiri kuti khoti lichotsedwe. woimba Khandoshkin ali ndi mphoto chifukwa cha ntchito yake yapenshoni ya nthawi yayitali komanso kupereka udindo wa m'mawu a khoti. Pempho la Potemkin linaperekedwa ndipo Khandoshkin anatumizidwa ku Yekaterinoslav Academy of Music.

Paulendo wopita ku Yekaterinoslav, anakhala kwa nthawi ndithu ku Moscow, monga umboni wa chilengezo cha Moskovskie Vedomosti ponena za kufalitsidwa kwa mabuku awiri a Chipolishi a Khandoshkin, "akukhala mu gawo la 12 la gawo loyamba la No. Nekrasov.

Malinga ndi Fesechko, Khandoshkin adachoka ku Moscow kuzungulira Marichi 1787 ndipo adakonzekera ku Kremenchug ngati nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, pomwe panali kwaya yaamuna ya oimba 46 ndi gulu la oimba la anthu 27.

Ponena za Academy of Music, yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ku Yekaterinoslav University, Sarti adavomerezedwa m'malo mwa Khandoshkin monga mtsogoleri wake.

Ndalama za ogwira ntchito ku Academy of Music zinali zovuta kwambiri, kwa zaka zambiri sanalipidwe malipiro, ndipo pambuyo pa imfa ya Potemkin mu 1791, ndalamazo zinatha, sukuluyo inatsekedwa. Koma ngakhale m’mbuyomo, Khandoshkin ananyamuka n’kupita ku St.

Moyo wa woyimba woyimba woyimba kwambiri unadutsa m'mikhalidwe yovuta, ngakhale kuzindikira talente yake ndi maudindo apamwamba. M’zaka za m’ma 10, anthu ochokera m’mayiko ena ankakondedwa, ndipo oimba a m’nyumba ankanyozedwa. M'mabwalo achifumu, alendo adalandira penshoni pambuyo pa zaka 20 zautumiki, ochita masewera achi Russia ndi oimba - pambuyo pa 1803; anthu akunja analandira malipiro apamwamba (mwachitsanzo, Pierre Rode, amene anafika ku St. Petersburg mu 5000, anaitanidwa kukatumikira ku khoti lachifumu ndi malipiro a siliva 450 rubles pachaka). Mapindu a anthu aku Russia omwe anali ndi maudindo omwewo anali kuchokera ku 600 mpaka 4000 rubles pachaka m'mabanki. Mmodzi wamakono komanso mdani wa Khandoshkin, woyimba violini waku Italy Lolly, adalandira ma ruble 1100 pachaka, pomwe Khandoshkin adalandira XNUMX. Ndipo iyi inali malipiro apamwamba kwambiri omwe woimba waku Russia anali nawo. Oimba a ku Russia nthawi zambiri sankaloledwa kulowa m'gulu la oimba "loyamba", koma ankaloledwa kuimba yachiwiri - "ballroom", kutumikira zisangalalo zapanyumba yachifumu. Khandoshkin anagwira ntchito kwa zaka zambiri monga woperekeza ndi wochititsa wa oimba lachiwiri.

Zosowa, zovuta zakuthupi zinatsagana ndi woyimba zeze moyo wake wonse. M'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale a bungwe la zisudzo zachifumu, zopempha zake za kuperekedwa kwa ndalama za "nkhuni", ndiko kuti, ndalama zochepa zogulira mafuta, malipiro omwe anachedwa kwa zaka zambiri, asungidwa.

VF Odoevsky akufotokoza zochitika zomwe zimachitira umboni momveka bwino za moyo wa woyimba zeze: "Khandoshkin anabwera kumsika wodzaza anthu ... Wamalondayo anamuuza kuti sangamupatse ngongole chifukwa sankadziwa kuti iye ndi ndani. Khandoshkin anadzitcha yekha. Wamalondayo anamuuza kuti: “Imbani, ndikupatsani violin kwaulere.” Shuvalov anali pagulu la anthu; atamva Khandoshkin, iye anamuitanira ku malo ake, koma pamene Khandoshkin anaona kuti akupita kunyumba kwa Shuvalov, iye anati: "Ndikudziwa iwe, ndiwe Shuvalov, ine sindipita kwa iwe." Ndipo adavomera pambuyo ponyengerera kwambiri.

Mu 80s, Khandoshkin nthawi zambiri ankaimba zoimbaimba; iye anali woimba violini woyamba wa ku Russia kupereka ma concert poyera. Pa March 10, 1780, konsati yake inalengezedwa ku St. Petersburg Vedomosti kuti: “Lachinayi, pa 12 mwezi uno, padzaperekedwa konsati yanyimbo m’bwalo la zisudzo la ku Germany, pamene Bambo Khandoshkin adzaimba yekha pabwalo lotayirira. woyimba violin.”

Talente yochita ya Khandoshkin inali yaikulu komanso yosunthika; iye ankaimba superbly osati pa zeze, komanso pa gitala ndi balalaika, anachita kwa zaka zambiri ndipo ayenera kutchulidwa pakati pa okonda Russian akatswiri oyamba. Malinga ndi anthu a m'nthawi yake, iye anali ndi kamvekedwe kake, kamvekedwe kodabwitsa komanso kotentha, komanso njira yodabwitsa. Iye anali woimba wa dongosolo lalikulu konsati - iye anachita muholo zisudzo, mabungwe maphunziro, mabwalo.

Kutengeka kwake ndi kuwona mtima kwake kunadabwitsa ndipo kunakopa omvera, makamaka poimba nyimbo za Chirasha: "Kumvetsera kwa Adagio ya Khandoshkin, palibe amene akanatha kukana misozi, ndi kulumpha molimba mtima kosaneneka ndi ndime, zomwe adachita pa violin yake ndi luso lenileni la Chirasha, omvera ". Mapazi ndi omvera anayamba kudumphadumpha.

Khandoshkin anachita chidwi ndi luso la improvisation. Zolemba za Odoevsky zikuwonetsa kuti madzulo ena ku SS Yakovlev's, adakonza zosintha 16 ndi kuyimba kwa violin kovuta kwambiri: mchere, si, re, mchere.

Iye anali wopeka kwambiri - analemba sonatas, concertos, zosiyanasiyana nyimbo Russian. Nyimbo zopitilira 100 "zinayikidwa pa violin", koma zochepa zatsikira kwa ife. Makolo athu ankachitira cholowa chake mopanda chidwi chachikulu cha "mitundu", ndipo pamene adachiphonya, zinapezeka kuti zinyenyeswazi zomvetsa chisoni zokha zinasungidwa. Ma concerto atayika, mwa ma sonatas onse alipo 4, theka kapena awiri osiyana pa nyimbo za Chirasha, ndizo zonse. Koma ngakhale kuchokera kwa iwo akhoza kuweruza Khandoshkin wauzimu kuwolowa manja ndi luso nyimbo.

Pokonza nyimbo ya Chirasha, Khandoshkin adamaliza mwachikondi kusintha kulikonse, kukongoletsa nyimboyo ndi zokongoletsera zovuta, monga mbuye wa Palekh mu bokosi lake. Mawu a kusiyanasiyana, opepuka, otambalala, onga nyimbo, anali ndi magwero a miyambo yakumidzi. Ndipo m'njira yodziwika bwino, ntchito yake inali yotukuka.

Ponena za sonatas, mawonekedwe awo a stylistic ndi ovuta kwambiri. Khandoshkin anagwira ntchito pa nthawi ya mapangidwe mofulumira Russian akatswiri nyimbo, chitukuko cha mitundu yake ya dziko. Nthawiyi inalinso yotsutsana ndi zaluso zaku Russia pokhudzana ndi kulimbana kwa masitayelo ndi machitidwe. Zokonda zaluso zazaka zam'ma XNUMX zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha ndi mawonekedwe ake akale zikadalipobe. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zinthu za sentimentalism zomwe zikubwera ndi chikondi zinali zitayamba kuwunjikana. Zonsezi zimagwirizanitsidwa modabwitsa mu ntchito za Khandoshkin. M'mabuku ake otchuka kwambiri osagwirizana ndi Violin Sonata mu G wamng'ono, gulu I, lomwe limadziwika ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, likuwoneka kuti linalengedwa mu nthawi ya Corelli - Tartini, pamene mphamvu zowonongeka za allegro, zolembedwa mu mawonekedwe a sonata, ndi chitsanzo chachisoni. classicism. Mu zosiyana zina za mapeto, Khandoshkin akhoza kutchedwa wotsogolera Paganini. Mayanjano ambiri ndi iye ku Khandoshkin amadziwikanso ndi I. Yampolsky m'buku la "Russian Violin Art".

Mu 1950, Khandoshkin's Viola Concerto inasindikizidwa. Komabe, palibe autograph ya concerto, ndipo ponena za kalembedwe, zambiri zimachititsa kukayikira ngati Khandoshkin ndiye mlembi wake. Koma ngati, komabe, Concerto ndi yake, ndiye kuti munthu akhoza kudabwa ndi kuyandikira kwa gawo lapakati la ntchito iyi ndi kalembedwe kapamwamba ka Alyabyev-Glinka. Khandoshkin mmenemo zimawoneka ngati zadutsa zaka makumi awiri, ndikutsegula gawo la zithunzi zokongola, zomwe zinali zodziwika kwambiri mu nyimbo zaku Russia mzaka zoyambirira za zana la XNUMX.

Njira imodzi kapena ina, koma ntchito ya Khandoshkin ndi chidwi chapadera. Zikatero, zimaponya mlatho kuchokera m'zaka za zana la XNUMX mpaka la XNUMX, kuwonetsa ukadaulo wanthawi yake momveka bwino kwambiri.

L. Raaben