Chamber music |

kuchokera ku kamera mochedwa - chipinda; italo. musica da camera, French music de chambre chamber music, germ. Kammermusik

mtundu wapadera wa nyimbo. luso, zosiyana ndi zisudzo, symphonic ndi nyimbo zoimbaimba. Nyimbo za K.m., monga lamulo, zidapangidwa kuti zizigwira ntchito m'zipinda zing'onozing'ono, pakuyimba nyimbo zapanyumba (kotero dzina). Izi zinatsimikiza ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu K.m. instr. nyimbo (kuchokera kwa woyimba payekha kupita kwa oimba angapo ophatikizidwa mugulu lachipinda), ndi njira zake zoimbira. ulaliki. Kwa K.m., chizoloŵezi chofanana ndi mawu, chuma ndi tsatanetsatane wa nyimbo, zadziko, ndi rhythmic ndizodziwika. ndi zamphamvu. adzafotokoza. ndalama, mwaluso ndi zosiyanasiyana chitukuko cha thematic. zakuthupi. K.m. ali ndi mwayi waukulu wotumizira mawu. kutengeka ndi kusinthika kobisika kwambiri kwa mikhalidwe yamalingaliro aumunthu. Ngakhale chiyambi cha K. m. kuyambira ku Middle Ages, mawu akuti “K. m." kuvomerezedwa m'zaka za 16-17. M’nthaŵi imeneyi, nyimbo zachikale, mosiyana ndi nyimbo za tchalitchi ndi zamasewero, zinkatanthauza nyimbo za dziko zoimbidwa panyumba kapena m’mabwalo a mafumu. Nyimbo zamakhoti zimatchedwa "chipinda", ndi oimba omwe amagwira ntchito m'khoti. ensembles, anali ndi udindo wa oimba a m'chipinda.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa nyimbo za tchalitchi ndi chipinda cha chipinda kunafotokozedwa mu wok. Mitundu ya m'zaka za m'ma 16 Chitsanzo choyambirira kwambiri cha nyimbo zachikale ndi L'antica musica ridotta alla moderna yolembedwa ndi Nicolo Vicentino (1555). Mu 1635 ku Venice, G. Arrigoni anafalitsa nyimbo ya Concerti da kamera. ngati chamber ikuwomba. Mitundu mu 17 - oyambirira. Zaka za zana la 18 zidapanga cantata (cantata da camera) ndi duet. M'zaka za zana la 17 "K. m." idawonjezeredwa ku instr. nyimbo. Mpingo poyambirira. ndi chamber instr. nyimbo sizinali zosiyana; kusiyana kwa stylistic pakati pawo kunawonekera kokha m'zaka za zana la 18. Mwachitsanzo, II Kvanz analemba mu 1752 kuti nyimbo zachikale zimafuna “zamoyo zambiri ndi ufulu wa kulingalira kuposa kachitidwe ka tchalitchi.” Mkulu instr. mawonekedwe anakhala cyclic. sonata (sonata da kamera), yopangidwa pamaziko a kuvina. suites. Zinafala kwambiri m'zaka za zana la 17. trio sonata ndi mitundu yake - tchalitchi. ndi chamber sonatas, solo sonata yaying'ono (yosatsatiridwa kapena yotsatiridwa ndi basso continuo). Zitsanzo zapamwamba za sonatas za trio ndi solo (zokhala ndi basso continuo) sonatas zidapangidwa ndi A. Corelli. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 17-18. mtundu wa concerto grosso unayamba, poyamba unagawanikanso mu mpingo. ndi mitundu ya zipinda. Ku Corelli, mwachitsanzo, magawanowa akuchitika momveka bwino - mwa 12 concerti grossi (op. 7) adalenga, 6 amalembedwa mu kalembedwe ka tchalitchi, ndi 6 mu kalembedwe ka chipinda. Ndizofanana ndi zomwe zili ndi sonatas da chiesa ndi da kamera. K ser. Chigawo cha tchalitchi cha 18th century. ndipo mitundu ya chipindacho ikutaya pang'onopang'ono kufunikira kwake, koma kusiyana pakati pa nyimbo zachikale ndi nyimbo za konsati (orchestral ndi choral) zimamveka bwino.

Zonse za R. 18th century mu ntchito ya J. Haydn, K. Dittersdorf, L. Boccherini, WA ​​Mozart adapanga zachikale. mitundu ya instr. ensemble - sonata, trio, quartet, ndi zina zotero, zakhala zofanana. instr. zolemba za ensembles izi, ubale wapamtima udakhazikitsidwa pakati pa mawonekedwe a gawo lililonse ndi kuthekera kwa chida chomwe chimapangidwira (kale, monga mukudziwa, olemba nyimbo nthawi zambiri amalola kuti ntchito yawo ichitike ndi zida zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, GF Handel mu "solo" zake zingapo ndi sonatas akuwonetsa nyimbo zingapo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito). Kukhala ndi chuma kudzafotokozera. mwayi, instr. gulu (makamaka quartet uta) anakopa chidwi pafupifupi onse oimba ndipo anakhala ngati "m'chipinda nthambi" ya symphony. mtundu. Chifukwa chake, gululo likuwonetsa zonse zazikulu. mayendedwe a nyimbo art-va 18-20 zaka. - kuchokera ku classicism (J. Haydn, L. Boccherini, WA ​​Mozart, L. Beethoven) ndi chikondi (F. Schubert, F. Mendelssohn, R. Schumann, etc.) mpaka ultramodernist abstractionist mafunde amakono. bourgeois "avant-garde". Mu 2nd floor. Zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za 19th century instr. K.m. adalenga I. Brahms, A. Dvorak, B. Smetana, E. Grieg, S. Frank, m'zaka za zana la 20. - C. Debussy, M. Ravel, M. Reger, P. Hindemith, L. Janacek, B. Bartok, B. Britten ndi ena.

Kuthandizira kwakukulu kwa K.m. anapangidwa ndi Russian. olemba. Ku Russia, kufalikira kwa nyimbo zachipinda kunayamba m'ma 70s. Zaka za zana la 18; woyamba instr. ma ensembles olembedwa ndi DS Bortnyansky. K.m. adalandira chitukuko china kuchokera ku AA Alyabyev, MI Glinka ndipo adafika pa luso lapamwamba kwambiri. mlingo mu ntchito ya PI Tchaikovsky ndi AP Borodin; zolembedwa zawo m'zipinda zimadziwika ndi kutchulidwa nat. content, psychology. AK Glazunov ndi SV Rakhmaninov anamvetsera kwambiri gulu la chipindacho, ndipo kwa SI Taneev anakhala wamkulu. mtundu wa kulenga. Zida zapachipinda zolemera kwambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana. kadzidzi cholowa. olemba; mizere yake yaikulu ndi m'nyimbo-zochititsa chidwi (N. Ya. Myaskovsky), zomvetsa chisoni (DD Shostakovich), m'nyimbo-epic (SS Prokofiev) ndi wowerengeka mtundu.

Mu ndondomeko ya mbiri chitukuko kalembedwe K. m. wadutsa njira. kusintha, kuyandikira tsopano ndi symphonic, ndiye ndi konsati ("symphonization" ya quartets uta ndi L. Beethoven, I. Brahms, PI Tchaikovsky, mbali za concerto mu L. Beethoven a "Kreutzer" sonata, mu S. Frank's violin sonata , m'magulu a E. Grieg). M'zaka za zana la 20 zotsutsana nazo zafotokozedwanso - kuyanjana ndi K. m. symf. ndi conc. mitundu, makamaka ponena za nyimbo-zamaganizo. ndi mitu ya filosofi yomwe imafuna kuzama mu ext. dziko la munthu (14 symphony ndi DD Shostakovich). Ma Symphonies ndi ma concerto a zida zazing'ono zomwe zidalandilidwa masiku ano. nyimbo zili ponseponse, kukhala mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana (onani Chamber Orchestra, Chamber Symphony).

Kuchokera ku con. Zaka za zana la 18 makamaka m'zaka za zana la 19. malo otchuka mu nyimbo amati-ve anatenga wok. K.m. (mumitundu yanyimbo ndi zachikondi). Kupatula. chidwi chinaperekedwa kwa iye ndi olemba nyimbo zachikondi, omwe anakopeka kwambiri ndi mawu a nyimboyo. dziko la malingaliro aumunthu. Anapanga mtundu wa wok wopukutidwa, wopangidwa mwatsatanetsatane. zazing'ono; Mu 2nd floor. M'zaka za m'ma 19 chidwi kwambiri wok. K.m. inaperekedwa ndi I. Brahms. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19-20. oimba anaonekera, mu ntchito imene chipinda woks. Mitundu inatenga malo otsogola (H. Wolf ku Austria, A. Duparc ku France). Mitundu yanyimbo ndi zachikondi zinakula kwambiri ku Russia (kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 18); kupatula. luso. kufika patali mu mawoki achipinda. ntchito za MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, PI Tchaikovsky, AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, SV Rachmaninov. Zambiri zachikondi komanso zapanyumba. kadzidzi analenga kadzidzi. olemba (AN Aleksandrov, Yu. V. Kochurov, Yu. A. Shaporin, VN Salmanov, GV Sviridov, etc.). M'zaka za zana la 20 chipinda chofanana ndi mtundu wamtunduwu chinapangidwa. kalembedwe kachitidwe kotengera kulengeza ndikuwulula bwino kwambiri nyimbo zamitundu yonse komanso zamaganizidwe. Odziwika bwino Russian. woimba m'chipinda cha 20th anali MA Olenina-D'Alheim. Zarub wamkulu wamakono. oimba chamber - D. Fischer-Dieskau, E. Schwarzkopf, L. Marshall, ku USSR - AL Dolivo-Sobotnitsky, NL Dorliak, ZA Dolukhanova ndi ena.

Zida zambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana zapachipinda. zazing'ono zazaka za 19th ndi 20th Pakati pawo pali fp. "Nyimbo zopanda mawu" ndi F. Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, amasewera ndi R. Schumann, waltzes, nocturnes, preludes ndi etudes ndi F. Chopin, piano ya chipinda. ntchito zazing'ono za AN Scriabin, SV Rachmaninov, "Fleeting" ndi "Sarcasm" ndi SS Prokofiev, zotsogozedwa ndi DD Shostakovich, zidutswa za violin monga "Legends" ndi G. Veniavsky, "Melodies" ndi " Scherzo ndi PI Tchaikovsky, cello zojambula ndi K. Yu. Davydov, D. Popper, etc.

M’zaka za zana la 18 K. m. cholinga chake chinali kupanga nyimbo zapakhomo pagulu la anthu odziwa bwino komanso osachita masewera. M’zaka za zana la 19 ma concert a Public chamber nawonso anayamba kuchitika (makonsati oyambirira anali a woyimba zeze P. Baio ku Paris mu 1814); ku ser. Zaka za m'ma 19 akhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya ku Ulaya. moyo wanyimbo (masiku a chipinda cha Paris Conservatory, zoimbaimba za RMS ku Russia, etc.); panali mabungwe osaphunzira a K. m. (Petersb. pafupi-mu K. m., yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mu 1872, etc.). Akadzidzi. ma philharmonics nthawi zonse amakonza zoimbaimba pazochitika zapadera. holo (Nyumba Yaing'ono ya Moscow Conservatory, Nyumba Yaing'ono yotchedwa MI Glinka ku Leningrad, etc.). Kuyambira m'ma 1960 K. m. ma concerts amaperekedwanso m'maholo akuluakulu. Prod. K.m. kulowerera kwambiri mu conc. repertoire ya osewera. Mwa mitundu yonse ya ensemble instr. Chingwe cha quartet chinakhala njira yotchuka kwambiri yochitira.

Zothandizira: Asafiev B., nyimbo za ku Russia kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, M. - L., 1930, adasindikizidwanso. - L., 1968; Mbiri ya Russian Soviet Music, vol. I-IV, M., 1956-1963; Vasina-Grossman VA, Russian classical romance, M., 1956; nyimbo yakeyake, Yachikondi ya m’zaka za zana la 1967, M., 1970; iye, Masters of the Soviet Romance, M., 1961; Raaben L., Instrumental Ensemble in Russian Music, M., 1963; wake, Soviet chamber and instrumental music, L., 1964; wake, Masters of the Soviet chamber-instrumental ensemble, L., XNUMX.

LH Raben