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italo. tempo, lat. tempus - nthawi

Kuthamanga kwa kuwonekera kwa nsalu yoyimba ya ntchito panthawi ya machitidwe ake kapena kuwonetsera mwakumva mkati; zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magawo a metric omwe amadutsa pa nthawi ya unit. Poyamba lat. mawu tempus, monga Chigriki. xronos (chronos), kutanthauza nthawi yodziwika. kuchuluka. M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages. mu nyimbo zachimuna, tempus ndi nthawi ya brevis, yomwe ingakhale yofanana ndi 3 kapena 2 semibrevis. Mu gawo loyamba "T". ankatchedwa wangwiro (perfectum), mu 1nd - wopanda ungwiro (im-perfectum). Izi "T". zofanana ndi malingaliro amtsogolo achilendo komanso ngakhale siginecha ya nthawi; choncho English. mawu akuti nthawi, kusonyeza kukula, ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chizindikiro chaumuna C, chosonyeza “T” wopanda ungwiro, kusonyeza ukulu wofanana wofala kwambiri. M’dongosolo la wotchi imene inaloŵa m’malo mwa kamvekedwe ka umuna, T. ( tempo ya ku Italy, tempo ya Chifalansa) poyamba inali yaikulu. kugunda kwa wotchi, nthawi zambiri kotala (semiminima) kapena theka (minima); 2-beat muyeso mu French wotchedwa. mesure ndi 2 temps ndi "kuyesa pa 2 tempos". T. ankamveka, choncho, ngati nthawi yayitali, mtengo wake umatsimikizira kuthamanga kwa kuyenda (Italian movimento, French movement). Amasamutsidwa ku zinenero zina (makamaka German), Chitaliyana. mawu akuti tempo anayamba kutanthauza ndendende movimento, ndipo tanthauzo lofananalo linaperekedwa kwa Chirasha. mawu akuti "T". Tanthauzo latsopano (lomwe limagwirizana ndi lachikale, monga lingaliro la kubwerezabwereza mu ma acoustics ku lingaliro la kukula kwa nyengo) silisintha tanthauzo la mawu monga L'istesso tempo (“T yemweyo.”) , Tempo I ("kubwerera ku T koyamba."), Tempo precedente ("bwererani ku T yapitayi."), Tempo di Menuetto, etc. Pazochitika zonsezi, mmalo mwa tempo, mukhoza kuika movimento. Koma kuti tisonyeze kuwirikiza kawiri kwa T., kutchula kuti doppio movimento ndikofunikira, popeza kuti doppio tempo ingatanthauze kuwirikiza kwa nthawi ya kumenyedwa, motero, kuwirikiza kawiri kuchedwa kwa T.

Kusintha tanthauzo la mawu akuti "T". zimasonyeza maganizo atsopano kwa nthawi mu nyimbo, khalidwe la rhythm wotchi, amene m'malo kumayambiriro kwa zaka 16-17. mensural: malingaliro okhudzana ndi nthawi amatsogolera ku liwiro. Kutalika kwa nthawi ndi ma ratios awo amataya matanthauzidwe ake ndipo amasinthidwa chifukwa cha kufotokozera. Kale K. Monteverdi anasiyanitsidwa ndi makina ngakhale "T. manja” (“… tempo de la mano”) “T. kukhudza moyo” (“tempo del affetto del animo”); mbali yofunikira njira yotereyi inasindikizidwa mu mawonekedwe a mphambu, mosiyana ndi zigawo zina zosindikizidwa malinga ndi mwambo wa otd. mawu (bukhu lachisanu ndi chitatu la madrigals, 8), motero, kugwirizana kwa “momvekera bwino” T. ndi kulingalira kwatsopano koimilirako kumawonekera bwino lomwe. O Express. olemba ambiri a nthawi ino (J. Frescobaldi, M. Pretorius, ndi ena) amalemba za zopotoka kuchokera ngakhale T.; onani Tempo rubato. T. popanda zopotoka mu koloko mungoli si chizolowezi, koma wapadera mlandu, nthawi zambiri amafuna wapadera. zizindikiro ("ben misurato", "streng im ZeitmaYa", etc.; kale F. Couperin kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1638 amagwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro "mesurй"). Kulondola kwa masamu sikumaganiziridwa ngakhale pamene "tempo" ikuwonetsedwa (cf. "mu chikhalidwe cha recitative, koma tempo" mu symphony ya 18 ya Beethoven; "a tempo, ma libero" - "Nights in the gardens of Spain" ndi M. de Falla). "Zabwinobwino" ziyenera kuzindikirika ngati T., kulola zopatuka kuchokera kumalingaliro. kutalika kwa zolemba m'magawo ena (HA Garbuzov; onani Zone); komabe, nyimbo zikamakhudzidwa kwambiri, m'pamenenso malirewo amaphwanyidwa mosavuta. M'mayendedwe achikondi, monga momwe miyeso imasonyezera, kugunda kumatha kupitirira nthawi yotsatilayi (maubwenzi odabwitsa otere amazindikiridwa, makamaka, pakuchita ntchito ya AN Scriabin), ngakhale palibe zosonyeza kusintha kwa T. m’zolemba, ndipo omvera nthaŵi zambiri samazizindikira. Kupatuka kosadziwika kumeneku komwe kwasonyezedwa ndi wolemba kumasiyana osati ndi kukula kwake, koma ndi tanthauzo lamalingaliro. malingaliro: samatsatira nyimbo, koma amalamulidwa ndi izo.

Zonse ziwiri zophwanya kufanana zomwe zasonyezedwa m'zolembazo ndi zomwe sizinasonyezedwe mwa izo zimalepheretsa tempo unit ("kuwerengera nthawi", German Zdhlzeit, tempo mu tanthauzo lapachiyambi) yamtengo wapatali ndipo amatilola kuti tilankhule za mtengo wake wapakati. Mogwirizana ndi mawu a metronomic awa omwe poyang'ana koyamba amazindikira kutalika kwa zolemba, makamaka amawonetsa pafupipafupi: chiwerengero chachikulu (= 100 poyerekeza ndi = 80) chikuwonetsa nthawi yayitali. Mu metronomic kutchulidwa kwenikweni ndi kuchuluka kwa kumenyedwa pa nthawi ya unit, osati kufanana kwa magawo pakati pawo. Olemba omwe amatembenukira ku metronome nthawi zambiri amawona kuti safuna makina. kufanana kwa metronome. L. Beethoven ku metronomic yake yoyamba. chosonyeza (nyimbo yakuti “Kumpoto kapena Kumwera”) inalemba kuti: “Izi zimagwira ntchito pa miyeso yoyamba yokha, chifukwa chakuti kumverera kuli ndi muyeso wakewake, umene sungakhoze kufotokozedwa mokwanira ndi kutchula kumeneku.”

“T. zimakhudza ”(kapena “ T. feelings ”) anawononga tanthauzo la mchitidwe wa amuna. kutalika kwa zolemba (integer valor, yomwe ingasinthidwe ndi kuchuluka). Izi zinayambitsa kufunikira kwa mayina a mawu a T. Poyamba, iwo sankagwirizana kwambiri ndi liwiro la nyimbo, "zokhudza", ndipo zinali zosowa (popeza chikhalidwe cha nyimbo chikhoza kumveka popanda malangizo apadera). Zonse za R. 18th century kufotokozedwa. kugwirizana pakati pa kutchula mawu ndi liŵiro, kuyeza (monga m’nyimbo za m’mawu) ndi kugunda kwabwinobwino (pafupifupi kugunda 80 pa mphindi). Malangizo a I. Quantz ndi akatswiri ena amatha kumasuliridwa ku metronomic. chidziwitso chotsatira. njira:

Malo apakati amakhala ndi allegro ndi andante:

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19 izi ziŵerengero za mayina a T. ndi liwiro la kuyenda sizinasungidwenso. Panafunika mita yolondola kwambiri yothamanga, yomwe idayankhidwa ndi metronome yopangidwa ndi IN Meltsel (1816). Phindu lalikulu la metronomic L. Beethoven, KM Weber, G. Berlioz, ndi ena anapereka malangizo (monga chitsogozo chachikulu mu T.). Malangizo awa, monga matanthauzo a Quantz, samangotanthauza zazikulu. tempo unit: mu ambulansi T. akaunti bh imayenda ndi nthawi yayitali ( m'malo mwa C, m'malo в ), muzochepa - zazing'ono ( и m'malo mwa C, m'malo в ). Mu tingachipeze powerenga nyimbo pang'onopang'ono T. zikutanthauza kuti munthu ayenera kuwerengera ndi kuchita pa 4, osati pa 8 (mwachitsanzo, gawo 1 la sonata kwa limba, op. 27 No 2 ndi mawu oyamba Beethoven a 4 symphony). Mu nthawi ya pambuyo-Beethoven, kupatuka kotereku kwa akaunti kuchokera kukulu. magawo a metric akuwoneka ngati osafunikira, ndipo kutchulidwa muzochitika izi sikutha kugwiritsidwa ntchito (Berlioz poyambitsa "Fantastic Symphony" ndi Schumann mu "Symphonic Etudes" ya piano m'malo mwa choyambirira amazidziwa). Malangizo a Metronomic Beethoven okhudza (kuphatikiza kukula kwake monga 3/8), nthawi zonse dziwani kuti si chachikulu. gawo la metric (tempo unit), ndi magawo ake (gawo lowerengera). Pambuyo pake, kumvetsetsa kwa zizindikiro zoterezi kunatayika, ndipo T., yomwe inasonyezedwa ndi Beethoven, inayamba kuwoneka mofulumira kwambiri (mwachitsanzo, = 120 mu kayendetsedwe ka 2 ka symphony 1, kumene T. iyenera kuyimiridwa monga = 40). .

Kulumikizana kwa mayina a T. ndi liwiro m'zaka za zana la 19. zili kutali ndi kusatsimikizika komwe Quantz amaganizira. Ndi dzina lomwelo T. heavy metric. magawo (ex. poyerekeza ndi ) amafuna liwiro lochepa (koma osati kawiri; tikhoza kuganiza kuti = 80 pafupifupi ikufanana ndi = 120). Kutchulidwa kwa mawu T. kumasonyeza, kotero, osati kwambiri pa liwiro, koma pa "kuchuluka kwa kayendetsedwe kake" - zotsatira za liwiro ndi misa (mtengo wa chinthu cha 2 ukuwonjezeka mu nyimbo zachikondi, pamene osati kotala ndi theka zolemba zomwe zimagwira ntchito. monga ma tempo , komanso nyimbo zina). Chikhalidwe cha T. chimadalira osati pa zazikulu zokha. kugunda, komanso kuchokera ku intralobar pulsation (kupanga mtundu wa "tempo overtones"), kukula kwa kugunda, etc. Metronomic. Liwiro limakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zambiri zomwe zimapanga T., mtengo wake ndi wocheperako, nyimbo zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri. Olemba onse a R. 19th century amatembenukira ku metronome mocheperako poyerekeza ndi zaka zoyambirira atapanga Mälzel. Zizindikiro za metronomic za Chopin zimapezeka mpaka mtsogolo. 27 (komanso m'mabuku achichepere omwe adasindikizidwa pambuyo pake ndi op. 67 komanso popanda op.). Wagner anakana malangizo awa kuyambira Lohengrin. F. Liszt ndi ine. Brahms pafupifupi samazigwiritsa ntchito konse. Mu con. Zaka za zana la 19, mwachiwonekere monga momwe amachitira kuchita. mosaganizira, zizindikiro izi kachiwiri kukhala pafupipafupi. PI Tchaikovsky, yemwe sanagwiritse ntchito metronome m'zolemba zake zoyambirira, amalemba mosamala tempos ndi zomwe adalemba pambuyo pake. Olemba angapo azaka za zana la 20, makamaka. Mafotokozedwe a neoclassical, matanthauzo a metronomic T. nthawi zambiri amakhala apamwamba kuposa ongolankhula ndipo nthawi zina amawachotsa (onani, mwachitsanzo, Stravinsky's Agon).

Zothandizira: Skrebkov SS, Deta ina yokhudzana ndi zochitika za wolemba za Scriabin, m'buku: AN Skryabin. Pa chaka cha 25 cha imfa yake, M.-L., 1940; Garbuzov NA, Zone chikhalidwe cha tempo ndi rhythm, M., 1950; Nazaikinsky EV, Pa tempo ya nyimbo, M., 1965; yake, Pa psychology of musical perception, M., 1972; Harlap MG, Rhythm of Beethoven, m'buku: Beethoven, Sat. st., vuto. 1, M., 1971; wake, Clock system of musical rhythm, m'buku: Mavuto a nyimbo, Sat. Art., M., 1978; Kuchita bwino. Kuchita, mbiri, aesthetics. (Mkonzi-compiler L. Ginzburg), M., 1975; Quantz JJ, Versuch einer Anweisung die Flöte traversiere zu spielen, V., 1752, 1789, facsimile. kusindikizidwanso, Kassel-Basel, 1953; Berlioz H., Le chef d'orchestre, théorie de son art, P., 1856 .2-1972); Weingartner PF, Uber das Dirigieren, V., 510 (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Weingartner F., About conducting, L., 524); Badura-Skoda E. und P., Mozart-Kutanthauzira, Lpz., 1896).

MG Harlap