Zeze. Mitundu ya azeze. Kodi kusankha zeze?

Zeze ndi zingwe kuzula chida.

Ndi chimodzi mwa zida zakale kwambiri zoimbira. Zeze amapezekanso pofukula midzi ya anthu a ku Sumeri, ndi m’zojambula zakale za ku Igupto, ndipo amatchulidwa kangapo m’Baibulo. Ndi mawu ake amatsenga, zeze wagonjetsa mitima ya mamiliyoni a anthu kwa zaka zikwi zambiri. Anthu osiyanasiyana anali ndi azeze a machitidwe, mawonekedwe ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chidacho chasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa nthawi zambiri. Ku Ulaya, zeze wapeza kutchuka kwambiri kuyambira zaka za m'ma XVIII. Amadziwika kuti Mfumukazi Elizaveta Petrovna ankakonda kusewera pa izo.

Tsopano zeze amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati solo ndi pamodzi, chida cha orchestra mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo. Kuchokera m'nkhaniyi muphunzira momwe azeze amakono alili komanso chida chabwino chogula.

Zeze wamkulu wa pedal

Ndi chida chamaphunziro chokha komanso chophatikiza. Ndi zeze wonyamulira amene nthaŵi zambiri amaimbidwa ndi akatswiri oimba m’magulu oimba, amaphunzitsidwa kuimba m’masukulu oimba ndi m’malo osungiramo zinthu zakale.

Ngakhale kuti zeze adawonekera ku Ulaya kalekale (wolemba nyimbo wa ku Italy C. Monteverdi analemba mbali zake kumbuyoko m'zaka za m'ma 17), chidacho chinatchuka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa. lachiwiri theka la 18 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19. Izi ndichifukwa choti zeze wa pedal adapangidwa kwa nthawi yayitali, akuwongolera nthawi zonse mawonekedwe . Zeze woyamba wonyamulira adayambitsidwa ndi Jakob Hochbrücker wa ku Bavaria kalelo m'zaka za zana la 18, koma chidacho chidawoneka chamakono m'zaka za zana la 19.

Mbuye wa ku France Sebastian Erard, kudalira zomwe adakumana nazo akale, zidatheka, chifukwa cha pedal. mawonekedwe , kuimba ma semitones a chromatic ponse paŵiri mmwamba ndi pansi pa zeze (zeze wa Hochbrücker anali ndi kusuntha kumodzi kokha).

The makina ali motere: 7 pedals ali ndi udindo pa zingwe za noti iliyonse ("chita", "re", "mi", "fa", motero). Pedal iliyonse ili ndi zosankha zitatu: "becar", "flat" ndi "lakuthwa". Kuyika pedal pamalo ena ake, woimba amakweza kapena kutsitsa zingwe zonse za pedal iyi. Izi zimachitika powonjezera kapena kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa zingwe. Izi mawonekedwe adalola kuti chidacho chikhale chaukadaulo komanso changwiro, popeza chisanachitike wosewerayo adakakamizika, akusewera chidacho, kukoka ndowe ndi dzanja lake lamanzere kuti akweze kapena kutsitsa kamvekedwe, koma tsopano ntchitoyi yaperekedwa kwa miyendo.

(pedali mawonekedwe wa zeze)

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, zeze akukhala membala wathunthu wa symphony orchestra lalikulu. Amapezeka m'mabuku ambiri a Beethoven, Berlioz, Debussy, Wagner, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Shostakovich ndi olemba ena ambiri. Nthawi zambiri zeze amatsanzira kulira kwa lute kapena gitala. Mwachitsanzo, mu opera ya Rachmaninov Aleko, gypsy wamng'ono, poyimba zachikondi, akuti amadula zingwe za gitala pa siteji, koma zeze amatsagana ndi woimba kuchokera ku gulu la oimba. Chidacho nthawi zambiri chimapezeka m'magulu opangira zipinda zam'chipinda, ndipo pali nyimbo zapayekha zolembera zeze ndikuzikonzera.

Mtundu wa wa zeze wonyamulira amachokera ku "D-flat" counteroctave kupita ku "G-sharp" ya octave yachinayi. Zingwe za azeze ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri, choncho nthawi zambiri sizigulidwa ngati seti, koma zimasinthidwa ngati pakufunika.

Masiku ano pali makampani ambiri opanga azeze. Odziwika kwambiri mwa iwo ndi achi French " Camac" ndi American "Lyon & Healy".

Lyon & Healy inakhazikitsidwa ku Chicago mu 1864. Zida za kampaniyi nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "American" ndi oimba zeze. Zeze zimenezi nthawi zambiri zimayimba ndi akatswiri oimba m'mabwalo a zisudzo ndi philharmonic orchestra.

Zinali pamaziko a prototype wa zida American anapanga azeze Soviet "Leningradka", amene anaonekera mu 1947. Zeze izi ali ndi makina apamwamba kwambiri, koma amagwiritsidwabe ntchito ngati zida za ophunzira m'masukulu oimba ndi malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Masiku ano, fakitale ya ku St. Petersburg ndiyo yokha ku Russia imene imapanga azeze.

Kukula kwakukulu kumapangitsa chidacho nthawi zambiri kukhala choyima, kotero kunyumba ndi gulu la oimba, oimba amaimba azeze osiyanasiyana.

Levers zeze

Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa " Celt ” zeze, zomwe sizowona kwenikweni malinga ndi mbiri yakale. Chidacho chimatchedwa "levers" chifukwa chili ndi zina mawonekedwe kuti amangenso chida. Ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe za "Baroque" mbedza mochedwa zeze. Yemwe anali asanatulutsidwe zida zoyambira zoyambira. Makina awa adawonekera in zaka za zana la 17. Mothandizidwa ndi "mbeza", liwu la chingwe linalake linakwezedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa. Mpaka pano, azeze anali a diatonic okha, kapena anali ndi zingwe zowonjezera "chromatic". Pali mitundu ingapo ya khoma makina a zeze, koma amasiyana pang'ono. Njira zonyamulira zingwezo zimakhala ngati "levers", ndipo zimakhala ngati "masamba". Pa nthawi yomweyo, mfundo ntchitomakina sichisintha kwambiri.

Chida chamtunduwu sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri m'gulu la oimba a symphony. Zeze zonse ndi zazing'ono kwambiri (zingwe 22), zomwe zimakulolani kuti mugwire chidacho pa mawondo anu, ndi zazikulu (zingwe 38). Zeze za levers zokhala ndi zingwe 27 ndi 34 ndizofalanso. Zeze za Levers zimayimbidwa ndi akatswiri onse komanso oyimba zeze oyambilira komanso oyimba osaphunzira.

Zeze wakumanzere amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mwachangu mu nyimbo zamakono. Iwo anakhala otchuka makamaka mu lachiwiri theka la zaka za m'ma 20 chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, mafashoni amitundu, akummawa ndi Celt nyimbo. Izi zidathandizira kukonza dzina la chida mu chikumbumtima cha anthu ambiri ngati " Celt ” zeze. M'malo mwake, ngakhale "neo- Celt ” zeze angatchedwe chidaliro ndi kutambasula kwakukulu.

Momwe mungasankhire zeze

Ngakhale kuti zeze si chida chovuta kwambiri kuchidziwa, chimafunikabe khama komanso khama. Posankha zeze, monga chida china chilichonse choimbira, ndi bwino kukaonana ndi katswiri. Komabe, ngati mukukonzekera kuphunzira kuimba zeze nokha ndikugula chida choimbira nokha, muyenera kusankha zomwe mukufuna. Ngati mumakonda phokoso la chidacho ndi chithunzi chake chachikondi, koma simunasankhe mtundu wa chida chomwe mukufuna kuimba, ndiye kuti muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa azeze ang'onoang'ono a lever. Pakupanga nyimbo zapakhomo, kuchita ntchito zopepuka, chida ichi chikhala chokwanira.

Ngati musankha zeze kwa mwana, ndiye kuti kuvomerezedwa koyambirira ndi mphunzitsi ndikofunikira, popeza pali njira zingapo ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi chida chomwe muyenera kuyamba kuphunzitsa ana. Mwachitsanzo, ku Moscow, ana amaphunzitsidwa kuimba azeze akumanzere, ndipo ku St. Petersburg amaphunzitsidwa kuimba azeze akuluakulu opondaponda, ngakhale kuti paliponse pali zosiyana. Komabe, mwanayo ayenera kugula nthawi yomweyo chida chachikulu chokhala ndi zingwe zambiri.

Zeze ndi chimodzi mwa zida zodula kwambiri. Komanso, azeze opondaponda nthawi zambiri amakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri. Zida zamakono nthawi zambiri zimakhala zotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kampani yodalirika. Mtengo wa azeze opondaponda umayamba kuchokera ku ma ruble 200,000 ndipo umathera m'madola masauzande ambiri. Munjira zambiri, zimatengera kampani, mtundu wamawu, komanso zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Mtengo wa azeze a lever, mwa zina, umadalira kuchuluka kwa zingwe. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zina zimagulitsidwa popanda ma levers (kuyambira ma ruble 20,000). Wopangayo amapereka kugula iwo padera ndikuyika pazingwe "zofunika". (Mtengo wa seti ya levers ndi ≈ 20,000-30,000 rubles). Komabe, njira imeneyi si yabwino ngakhale kwa anthu amateurs. Zotheka za chida choterocho zidzakhala zochepa kwambiri. Choncho, ndi bwino kugula chida nthawi yomweyo ndi levers anaikapo (kuchokera 50,000 rubles ndi chiwerengero osachepera zingwe).