Suite |

French suite, lit. - mndandanda, mndandanda

Chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zamitundu yambiri yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yanyimbo zoimbira. Amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo zodziyimira pawokha, nthawi zambiri zosiyana, zolumikizidwa ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino laukadaulo. Zigawo za syllable, monga lamulo, zimasiyana ndi khalidwe, rhythm, tempo, ndi zina zotero; panthawi imodzimodziyo, amatha kugwirizanitsidwa ndi mgwirizano wa tonal, chiyanjano cha zolinga, ndi njira zina. Ch. S.'s shape Mfundo ndi kupanga kwa nyimbo imodzi. lonse pamaziko a alternation wa zigawo zosiyana - amasiyanitsa S. kuchokera cyclical. mawonekedwe ngati sonata ndi symphony ndi lingaliro lawo lakukula ndikukhala. Poyerekeza ndi sonata ndi symphony, S. imadziwika ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwakukulu kwa magawowo, kuwongolera kocheperako kwa dongosolo la kuzungulira (chiwerengero cha magawo, chikhalidwe chawo, dongosolo, kulumikizana wina ndi mnzake kumatha kukhala kosiyana kwambiri. malire), chizolowezi chosunga zonse kapena zingapo. mbali za tonality imodzi, komanso molunjika. kugwirizana ndi mitundu ya kuvina, nyimbo, etc.

Kusiyanitsa pakati pa S. ndi sonata kunawululidwa momveka bwino ndi pakati. Zaka za zana la 18, pamene S. inafika pachimake, ndipo kuzungulira kwa sonata potsiriza kunayamba. Komabe, kutsutsa kumeneku si kotheratu. Sonata ndi S. ananyamuka pafupifupi nthawi imodzi, ndi njira zawo, makamaka pa siteji oyambirira, nthawi zina anawoloka. Kotero, S. anali ndi chikoka chodziwika pa sonata, makamaka m'dera la tematiama. Chotsatira cha chikoka ichi chinalinso kuphatikizidwa kwa minuet mu kayendedwe ka sonata ndi kulowa kwa zovina. mayendedwe ndi zithunzi mu rondo yomaliza.

Mizu ya S. imabwereranso ku mwambo wakale woyerekeza kuvina kwapang'onopang'ono (ngakhale kukula) ndi kuvina kosangalatsa, kudumpha (kawirikawiri kosamvetseka, 3-beat size), yomwe inkadziwika kum'mawa. maiko akale. Ma prototypes amtsogolo a S. ndi Middle Ages. Arabic nauba (nyimbo yayikulu yomwe ili ndi magawo angapo okhudzana ndi mitu yosiyanasiyana), komanso magawo ambiri omwe ali ponseponse pakati pa anthu aku Middle East ndi Middle East. Asia. ku France m'zaka za zana la 16. mwambo wolowa nawo kuvina unayambika. S. dec. kubereka branley - kuyeza, zikondwerero. mayendedwe ovina ndi othamanga. Komabe, kubadwa kwenikweni kwa S. ku Western Europe. nyimbo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi maonekedwe apakati. Magulu awiri a magule a zaka za zana la 16 - ma pavanes (kuvina kwakukulu, koyenda mu 2/4) ndi ma galliards (kuvina kwamafoni ndi kulumpha mu 3/4). Awiriwa amapanga, malinga ndi BV Asafiev, "pafupifupi ulalo woyamba wamphamvu m'mbiri ya suite." Zosindikizidwa za m'zaka za zana la 16, monga tabu ya Petrucci (1507-08), "Intobalatura de lento" yolembedwa ndi M. Castillones (1536), zolemba za P. Borrono ndi G. Gortzianis ku Italy, zosonkhanitsa za lute za P. Attenyan (1530-47) ku France, iwo ali osati pavanes ndi galliards, komanso ena ogwirizana mapangidwe awiriawiri (bass kuvina - tourdion, branle - saltarella, passamezzo - saltarella, etc.).

Kuvina kulikonse nthawi zina kunkaphatikizidwa ndi kuvina kwachitatu, komanso kumenyedwa katatu, koma kosangalatsa kwambiri - volta kapena piva.

Kale chitsanzo choyambirira chodziwika cha kufananitsa kosiyana kwa pavane ndi galliard, kuyambira 1530, kumapereka chitsanzo cha mapangidwe a mavinidwe awa pamtundu wofanana, koma wosinthika wa mita-rhythmically. zakuthupi. Posakhalitsa mfundoyi imakhala yodziwika pa zovina zonse. mndandanda. Nthawi zina, kuti muchepetse kujambula, kuvina komaliza, kochokera sikunalembedwe: woimbayo anapatsidwa mwayi, akusunga nyimbo. chitsanzo ndi mgwirizano wa kuvina koyamba, kutembenuza nthawi ya magawo awiri kukhala magawo atatu nokha.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 17 mu ntchito ya I. Gro (30 pavanes ndi galliards, yofalitsidwa mu 1604 ku Dresden), eng. Anamwali W. Bird, J. Bull, O. Gibbons (anakhala "Parthenia", 1611) amakonda kuchoka ku kutanthauzira kogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa kuvina. Njira yobadwanso mwatsopano kuvina kwa tsiku ndi tsiku kukhala "sewero la kumvetsera" pamapeto pake imatsirizidwa ndi ser. Zaka za zana la 17

Classic mtundu wa kuvina wakale S. anavomereza Austrian. comp. I. Ya. Froberger, yemwe adakhazikitsa mndandanda wokhazikika wa zovina mu zida zake za harpsichord. mbali: a alemande pang'onopang'ono (4/4) anatsatiridwa ndi kusala kudya kapena zolimbitsa liwiro chimes (3/4) ndi wapang'onopang'ono sarabande (3/4). Pambuyo pake, Froberger adayambitsa kuvina kwachinayi - jig yothamanga, yomwe posakhalitsa inakhazikika ngati chomaliza chovomerezeka. gawo.

Ambiri S. con. 17 - pemphani. Zaka za zana la 18 za harpsichord, orchestra kapena lute, zomangidwa pazigawo zinayi izi, zimaphatikizansopo minuet, gavotte, bourre, paspier, polonaise, yomwe, monga lamulo, idayikidwa pakati pa sarabande ndi gigue, komanso " kuwirikiza” (“kawiri” - kusiyanasiyana kokongola pagawo limodzi la S.). Allemande kaŵirikaŵiri anali kutsogozedwa ndi sonata, symphony, toccata, prelude, overture; aria, rondo, capriccio, ndi zina zotero zinapezedwanso kuchokera ku mbali zosavina. Zigawo zonse zinalembedwa, monga lamulo, mu kiyi yomweyo. Monga kuchotserapo, kumayambiriro kwa da kamera sonatas ndi A. Corelli, omwe kwenikweni ali S., pali zovina pang'onopang'ono zolembedwa mu kiyi yomwe imasiyana ndi yaikulu. Mu kiyi yayikulu kapena yaying'ono yaubale wapafupi kwambiri, otd. magawo mu ma suites a GF Handel, the 4nd minnuet from the 2th English S. ndi 4nd gavotte kuchokera S. pansi pa mutu. "French Overture" (BWV 2) JS Bach; m'magulu angapo a Bach (ma suites achingerezi No 831, 1, 2, etc.) pali magawo mukiyi yayikulu kapena yaying'ono.

Mawu akuti "S". koyamba ku France m'zaka za zana la 16. mogwirizana ndi kuyerekezera nthambi zosiyanasiyana, mu 17-18 zaka. idalowanso ku England ndi Germany, koma kwa nthawi yayitali idagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa. makhalidwe abwino. Kotero, nthawi zina S. amatcha magawo osiyana a suite cycle. Pamodzi ndi izi, ku England gulu lovina limatchedwa maphunziro (G. Purcell), ku Italy - balletto kapena (kenako) sonata da kamera (A. Corelli, A. Steffani), ku Germany - Partie (I. Kunau) kapena partita (D. Buxtehude, JS Bach), ku France - ordre (P. Couperin), etc. Nthawi zambiri S. analibe dzina lapadera nkomwe, koma amangotchulidwa kuti "Zidutswa za harpsichord", "Table nyimbo", ndi zina.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa mayina omwe amaimira mtundu womwewo kunadziwika ndi nat. mawonekedwe a S.'s development in con. 17 - gawo. Zaka za zana la 18 Inde, French. S. adasiyanitsidwa ndi ufulu wokulirapo wa zomangamanga (kuchokera ku 5 zovina ndi JB Lully mu orc. C. e-moll mpaka 23 mu imodzi mwa suites za harpsichord za F. Couperin), komanso kuphatikizidwa mu kuvina. mndandanda wazithunzi zamaganizidwe, zamitundu ndi mawonekedwe (ma suites 27 a harpsichord a F. Couperin amaphatikiza zidutswa 230 zosiyanasiyana). Franz. olemba J. Ch. Chambonnière, L. Couperin, NA Lebesgue, J. d'Anglebert, L. Marchand, F. Couperin, ndi J.-F. Rameau adayambitsa mitundu yovina yatsopano kwa S.: musette ndi rigaudon , chaconne, passacaglia, lur, ndi zina. Mbali zosavina zinayambitsidwanso mu S., makamaka decomp. Mtundu wa Aryan. Lully adawonetsa koyamba S. monga mawu oyambira. mbali za chiwonongeko. Izi zatsopano pambuyo pake zinatengedwa ndi iye. olemba JKF Fischer, IZ Kusser, GF Telemann ndi JS Bach. G. Purcell nthawi zambiri ankatsegula S. yake ndi chiyambi; mwambo uwu unatengedwa ndi Bach mu Chingerezi chake. S. (mu Chifalansa chake. S. mulibe zoyambira). Kuphatikiza pa zida zoimbira ndi azeze, zida zoimbira zida za lute zinali zofala ku France. Kuchokera ku Italy. D. Frescobaldi, yemwe adayambitsa nyimbo yosiyana, adathandizira kwambiri pa chitukuko cha oimba nyimbo.

Olemba achijeremani adaphatikiza Chifalansa mwaluso. ndi ital. mphamvu. “Nkhani za Baibulo” za Kunau za harpsichord ndi okhestra ya Handel yakuti “Music on the Water” n’zofanana m’maprogramu awo ndi a Chifalansa. C. Mosonkhezeredwa ndi Chitaliyana. mitundu. Njira, gulu la Buxtehude pamutu wa chorale "Auf meinen lieben Gott" adadziwika, pomwe ma allemande okhala ndi pawiri, sarabande, chimes ndi gigue ndizosiyana pamutu umodzi, nyimbo. chitsanzo ndi mgwirizano wa odulidwa zimasungidwa m'madera onse. GF Handel anayambitsa fugue mu S., zomwe zimasonyeza chizolowezi chomasula maziko a S. wakale ndikubweretsa pafupi ndi tchalitchi. sonata (mwa ma suites 8 a Handel a harpsichord, omwe adasindikizidwa ku London mu 1720, 5 ali ndi fugue).

Zomwe zili ku Italy, French. ndi German. S. adalumikizidwa ndi JS Bach, yemwe adakweza mtundu wa S. mpaka pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri wachitukuko. M'ma suites a Bach (6 English ndi 6 French, 6 partitas, "French Overture" for clavier, 4 orchestral S., yotchedwa overtures, partitas for solo violin, S. for solo cello), ndondomeko yomasula zovina zatha. sewera kuchokera ku kulumikizana kwake ndi gwero lake latsiku ndi tsiku. M'malo ovina a ma suites ake, Bach amangokhalira kusuntha monga momwe kuvina uku ndi zina mwamayendedwe ake. kujambula; pamaziko awa, amapanga masewero omwe ali ndi sewero lakuya la lyric. zomwe zili. Mu mtundu uliwonse wa S., Bach ali ndi dongosolo lake lopanga kuzungulira; inde, english S. and S. for cello nthawi zonse amayamba ndi mawu oyamba, pakati pa sarabande ndi gigue nthawi zonse amakhala ndi zovina ziwiri zofanana, ndi zina zambiri.

Mu 2nd floor. M'zaka za zana la 18, mu nthawi ya Viennese classicism, S. amataya tanthauzo lake lakale. Otsogolera nyimbo. sonata ndi symphony kukhala mitundu, pamene symphony ikupitiriza kukhalapo mu mawonekedwe a cassations, serenades, ndi divertissements. Prod. J. Haydn ndi WA ​​Mozart, omwe ali ndi mayinawa, ambiri ndi S., "Little Night Serenade" yodziwika ndi Mozart yokha yomwe inalembedwa m'njira ya symphony. Kuchokera ku Op. L. Beethoven ali pafupi ndi S. 2 "serenades", imodzi ya zingwe. atatu (op. 8, 1797), ina ya chitoliro, violin ndi viola (op. 25, 1802). Pazonse, nyimbo za Viennese classics zikuyandikira sonata ndi symphony, kuvina kwamtundu. chiyambi chikuwonekera mwa iwo mocheperako. Mwachitsanzo, "Haffner" orc. Serenade ya Mozart, yolembedwa mu 1782, ili ndi magawo 8, omwe amavina. mphindi 3 zokha zomwe zimasungidwa mu mawonekedwe.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya S. yomanga m'zaka za zana la 19. kugwirizana ndi chitukuko cha symphonism pulogalamu. Njira zofikira pamtundu wa pulogalamu ya S. zinali zozungulira za FP. Zithunzi zazing'ono za R. Schumann zikuphatikizapo Carnival (1835), Fantastic Pieces (1837), Children's Scenes (1838), ndi zina. Rimsky-Korsakov's Antar ndi Scheherazade ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za nyimbo za orchestra. Mawonekedwe amapulogalamu ndi mawonekedwe a FP. cycle "Zithunzi pa Exhibition" ndi Mussorgsky, "Little Suite" kwa piyano. Borodin, "Little Suite" ya piyano. ndi S. “Masewera a Ana” a orchestra yolembedwa ndi J. Bizet. 3 orchestral suites ndi PI Tchaikovsky makamaka amakhala ndi khalidwe. masewero osakhudzana ndi kuvina. mitundu; amaphatikizapo kuvina kwatsopano. Fomu - waltz (2nd ndi 3rd C.). Zina mwa izo ndi "Serenade" yake ya zingwe. ochestra, yomwe "imaima pakati pa gulu ndi symphony, koma pafupi ndi gulu" (BV Asafiev). Mbali za S. za nthawi ino zalembedwa mu decomp. makiyi, koma gawo lomaliza, monga lamulo, limabwezera fungulo loyamba.

Zonse za R. 19th century zikuwoneka S., zopangidwa ndi nyimbo zabwalo la zisudzo. zopangidwa, ma ballet, ma opera: E. Grieg kuchokera ku nyimbo za sewero la G. Ibsen "Peer Gynt", J. Bizet kuchokera ku nyimbo za sewero "The Arlesian" lolemba A. Daudet, PI Tchaikovsky kuchokera ku ballets "The Nutcracker "Ndi "Kukongola Kugona" "," NA Rimsky-Korsakov ku opera "Nthano ya Tsar Saltan".

M'zaka za zana la 19 mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya S., yokhudzana ndi magule amtundu, idakalipo. miyambo. Ikuyimiridwa ndi Saint-Saens 'Algiers Suite, Dvorak's Bohemian Suite. Mtundu wa kulenga. refraction wa magule akale. Mitundu imaperekedwa mu Debussy's Bergamas Suite (minuet ndi paspier), mu Ravel's Tomb of Couperin (forlana, rigaudon ndi minuet).

M'zaka za m'ma 20 ma ballet suites adapangidwa ndi IF Stravinsky (The Firebird, 1910; Petrushka, 1911), SS Prokofiev (The Jester, 1922; The Prodigal Son, 1929; On the Dnieper, 1933; "Romeo ndi Juliet", 1936 46; "Cinderella", 1946), AI Khachaturian (S. kuchokera ku ballet "Gayane"), "Provencal Suite" ya orchestra D. Milhaud, "Little Suite" ya piyano. J. Aurik, S. olemba a sukulu yatsopano ya Viennese - A. Schoenberg (S. kwa piyano, op. 25) ndi A. Berg (Lyric Suite for strings. quartet), - yodziwika ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya dodecaphonic. Kutengera magwero amtundu wa anthu, "Dance Suite" ndi 2 S. ya oimba a B. Bartok, "Little Suite" ya oimba a Lutoslawski. Zonse za R. 20th century mtundu watsopano wa S. ukuwonekera, wopangidwa ndi nyimbo za mafilimu ("Lieutenant Kizhe" ndi Prokofiev, "Hamlet" ndi Shostakovich). Ena wok. zozungulira nthawi zina amatchedwa vocal S. (vok. S. "Six Poems by M. Tsvetaeva" by Shostakovich), palinso kwaya S.

Mawu akuti "S". amatanthauzanso nyimbo-choreographic. kupangidwa kokhala ndi mavinidwe angapo. S. zoterezi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizidwa mumasewero a ballet; mwachitsanzo, chithunzi cha 3 cha Tchaikovsky cha "Swan Lake" chimapangidwa potsatira miyambo. nat. kuvina. Nthawi zina S. yoyikidwa yotereyi imatchedwa divertissement (chithunzi chomaliza cha Kukongola Kogona ndi zambiri za 2nd act of Tchaikovsky's The Nutcracker).

Zothandizira: Igor Glebov (Asafiev BV), Tchaikovsky's instrumental art, P., 1922; wake, Musical Form as a Process, Vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1930-47, L., 1971; Yavorsky B., Bach suites for clavier, M.-L., 1947; Druskin M., Clavier nyimbo, L., 1960; Efimenkova V., Mitundu yovina ..., M., 1962; Popova T., Suite, M., 1963.

Ine Manukyan