Dombra: ndichiyani, kapangidwe ka chida, mbiri, nthano, mitundu, ntchito

Dombra kapena dombyra ndi chida chanyimbo cha Kazakh, chomwe ndi chamtundu wa zingwe, zodulira. Kuphatikiza pa Kazakhs, imatengedwa ngati chida cha anthu a Crimea Tatars (Nogais), Kalmyks.

Mapangidwe a dombra

Dombyra ili ndi zinthu zotsatirazi:

• Corps (shanak). Zopangidwa ndi matabwa, zooneka ngati peyala. Imagwira ntchito yokulitsa mawu. Pali njira ziwiri zopangira thupi: kugubuduza kuchokera kumtengo umodzi, kusonkhanitsa kuchokera kuzigawo (mbale zamatabwa). Mitundu yamitengo yomwe amakonda ndi mapulo, mtedza, paini.
• Deka (kapkak). Udindo wa timbre ya phokoso, mtundu wake wamtundu. Imawonjezera kugwedezeka kwa zingwe.
• Mvula. Ndi kamzere kakang'ono katali, kokulirapo kuposa thupi. Kumaliza ndi mutu wokhala ndi zikhomo.
• Zingwe. Kuchuluka - 2 zidutswa. Poyamba, zinthuzo zinali mitsempha ya ziweto. Mu zitsanzo zamakono, chingwe chausodzi wamba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
• Imani (tiek). Chinthu chofunika kwambiri chomwe chimayambitsa phokoso la chida. Amatumiza kugwedezeka kwa zingwe kupita kumtunda.
• Kasupe. Chida chakale sichinali ndi kasupe. Gawo ili linapangidwa kuti liwongolere phokoso, kasupe ali pafupi ndi choyimira.

Kukula konse kwa dombra kumasinthasintha, kufika 80-130 cm.

Mbiri yakale

Mbiri ya dombra imabwerera ku nthawi ya Neolithic. Asayansi atulukira zithunzi zakale za miyala za m’nthaŵi imeneyi zosonyeza chida choimbira chofanana kwambiri. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mfundo akhoza kuonedwa kutsimikiziridwa: dombyra ndi yakale kwambiri ya zingwe anakudzula nyumba. Zaka zake ndi zaka zikwi zingapo.

Zatsimikiziridwa kuti zida zoimbira za zingwe ziwiri zinali zofala pakati pa ma Saxon oyendayenda pafupifupi zaka 2 zapitazo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zitsanzo ngati dombra anali otchuka ndi mafuko osamukasamuka okhala m'dera la masiku ano Kazakhstan.

Pang'onopang'ono, chidacho chinafalikira kudera lonse la Eurasian. Anthu a Asilavo adachepetsa dzina loyambirira kukhala "domra". Kusiyana pakati pa domra ndi Kazakh "wachibale" ndi kakang'ono (mpaka 60 cm), apo ayi "alongo" amawoneka ofanana.

Woimba nyimbo wa zingwe ziwiri ankakonda kwambiri anthu oyendayenda a ku Turkey. A Tatar oyendayenda adasewera nkhondoyi isanachitike, kulimbitsa mtima wawo.

Masiku ano, dombyra ndi chida cholemekezeka cha dziko la Kazakhstan. Pano, kuyambira 2018, tchuthi chayambitsidwa - Tsiku la Dombra (tsiku - Lamlungu loyamba la Julayi).

Chochititsa chidwi: wachibale wapamtima wa Kazakh songstress ndi Russian balalaika.

nthano

Pali nthano zingapo zokhudza chiyambi cha dombra.

Mawonekedwe a chida

Nthawi yomweyo 2 nkhani zakale zimanena za kutuluka kwa dombyra:

1. Nthano ya dombra ndi zimphona. Abale awiri amphamvu ankakhala pamwamba pa mapiri. Ngakhale kuti anali paubwenzi, anali osiyana kwambiri: wina anali wolimbikira komanso wopanda pake, winayo anali wosasamala komanso wansangala. Pamene woyamba adaganiza zomanga mlatho waukulu kuwoloka mtsinjewo, wachiwiri sanachedwe kuthandiza: adapanga dombyra ndikuisewera usana. Patapita masiku angapo, chiphona chansangalacho sichinayambe kugwira ntchito. M’bale wolimbikira ntchitoyo anakwiya, n’kutenga chida choimbira n’kuchiphwanya pa thanthwe. Dombyra idasweka, koma zolemba zake zidakhalabe pamwala. Patapita zaka zambiri, chifukwa cha chizindikiro ichi, dombyra inabwezeretsedwa.
2. Dombira and Khan. Panthawi yosaka, mwana wa khan wamkulu adamwalira. Anthuwo ankaopa kuuza banjali nkhani yomvetsa chisoniyi poopa mkwiyo wake. Anthu anadza kudzafuna uphungu kwa mbuye wanzeru. Adaganiza zobwera yekha kwa Khan. Asanacheze, nkhalambayo adapanga chida chotchedwa dombra. Kuyimba chida choimbira kunauza khan zomwe lilime silinayerekeze kunena. Nyimbo zachisoni zidamveketsa bwino kuposa mawu: tsoka lidachitika. Mokwiya, khan adawombera kutsogolo kwa woimbayo - umu ndi momwe dzenje likuwonekera pa thupi la dombra.

Kapangidwe ka chidacho, mawonekedwe ake amakono

Palinso nthano yofotokoza chifukwa chake dombyra ali ndi zingwe 2 zokha. Zolemba zoyambirira, malinga ndi nthano, zimatengera kukhalapo kwa zingwe 5. Panalibe dzenje pakati.

Dzhigit wolimba mtima adakondana ndi mwana wamkazi wa Khan. Bambo wa mkwatibwiyo anapempha wopemphayo kuti asonyeze chikondi chake kwa mtsikanayo. Mnyamatayo anawonekera mu hema wa Khan ndi dombyra, anayamba kuimba nyimbo zochokera pansi pamtima. Chiyambi chinali chanyimbo, koma wokwera pahatchiyo adayimba nyimbo yokhudza umbombo ndi nkhanza za Khan. Wolamulira wokwiya, pobwezera, anatsanulira mtovu wotentha pa thupi la chidacho: mwa njira iyi, zingwe 3 mwa 5 zinawonongeka, ndipo pakati pawo panawonekera bowo la resonator.

Imodzi mwa nkhanizi ikufotokoza chiyambi cha pakhomo. Malinga ndi iye, ngwazi, pobwerera kunyumba, anatopa, anapanga dombyra. Ubweya wa akavalo unakhala zingwe. Koma chidacho chinali chete. Usiku, msilikaliyo adadzutsidwa ndi phokoso lamatsenga: dombra inali kusewera yokha. Zinapezeka kuti chifukwa chake chinali nati yomwe idawonekera pamgwirizano wamutu ndi khosi.

mitundu

The classic Kazakh dombra ndi chitsanzo cha zingwe ziwiri ndi kukula kwa thupi ndi khosi. Komabe, kuti muwonjezere mwayi wamawu, mitundu ina imapangidwa:

• zingwe zitatu;
• mayiko awiri;
• ndi thupi lalikulu;
• mbulu;
• ndi khosi lopanda kanthu.

Nkhani

Mtundu wa dombyra ndi 2 octaves wathunthu. Dongosolo litha kukhala quantum kapena lachisanu.

Kukhazikitsa kumadalira mtundu wa nyimboyo. Kuwongolera kotsika ndikosavuta kusewera ndikutalikitsa kugwedezeka kwa mawu. Kukwera kumafuna khama lalikulu, koma pamenepa nyimboyi imamveka momveka bwino, mokweza kwambiri. Dongosolo lapamwamba ndiloyenera ntchito zam'manja, magwiridwe antchito a melismas.

Makhalidwe a zingwe ndi ofunikira pa kamvekedwe ka mawu: pamene mzerewo umakhala wokhuthala, mawu ake amatsika.

Kugwiritsa ntchito Dombra

Magulu a zida za zingwe ndi omwe amalemekezedwa kwambiri ku Kazakhstan. Kale, palibe chochitika chimodzi chomwe chikanakhoza kuchita popanda akyns-oimba: maukwati, maliro, zikondwerero za anthu. Kutsagana ndi nyimbo kumatsagana ndi nthano za epic, epics, nthano.

Akatswiri amakono akulitsa kukula kwa dombra: mu 1934 adatha kuimanganso, kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya oimba. Tsopano chida chakale kwambiri padziko lapansi ndi membala wagulu la oimba.