Domra: zida, mbiri, mitundu, kusewera njira, ntchito

Chifukwa cha phokoso lake, domra ili ndi malo apadera m'banja la zingwe zodulidwa. Mawu ake ndi ofatsa, omwe amakumbukira kung'ung'udza kwa mtsinje. M'zaka za m'ma XVI-XVII, domrachi anali oimba a khoti, ndipo anthu ambiri nthawi zonse ankasonkhana m'misewu ya mizinda kuti amvetsere nyimbo za oimba oyendayenda akuimba domra. Atadutsa nthawi yovuta, chidacho chinalowanso m'gulu la maphunziro, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito poimba nyimbo zachikale ndi zachikale, zomveka zokhazokha komanso ngati gawo la ensembles.

Domra chipangizo

Thupi lokhala ngati hemisphere lili ndi bolodi lathyathyathya lomwe khosi limamangiriridwa. Zingwe 3 kapena 4 zimakokedwa pa izo, kudutsa mu mtedza ndi mtedza. Mabowo asanu ndi awiri omveka amajambula pakatikati pa bolodi la mawu. Panthawi ya Sewero, bolodi la mawu limatetezedwa ndi "chipolopolo" chomwe chili pamphepete mwa khosi ndi bolodi. Zimateteza ku zokala. Mutu wowerengeka uli ndi zikhomo zokonzera molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zingwe.

Gulu lamaphunziro limatanthawuza domra kukhala ma chordophone. Ngati si thupi lozungulira, domra ikhoza kuwoneka ngati chida china cha anthu a ku Russia - balalaika. Thupi limapangidwanso kuchokera kumitengo yosiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa ndi gluing matabwa - ma rivets, opangidwa ndi chipolopolo. Chishalocho chili ndi mabatani angapo omwe amakonza zingwe.

Chochititsa chidwi. Zitsanzo zoyambirira zinapangidwa kuchokera ku maungu ouma ndi obowoledwa.

Njira yopangira domra ndizovuta. Pachida chimodzi, mitundu ingapo yamatabwa imagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• thupi limapangidwa ndi birch;
• spruce ndi fir zouma bwino kuti apange deco;
• matabwa a zala amachekedwa kuchokera ku ebony osowa;
• choyimiracho chimapangidwa kuchokera ku mapulo;
• matabwa olimba kwambiri okha ndi ntchito kupanga khosi ndi hinged chipolopolo.

Phokoso limapangidwa ndi mkhalapakati. Kukula kwake kumasiyana, ndi zida zazikulu zazikulu kuposa zazing'ono. Malekezero a mkhalapakati ndi pansi mbali zonse, kupanga chamfer. Utali - 2-2,5 cm, m'lifupi pafupifupi XNUMX ndi theka centimita.

Chowonjezera chamakono, popanda omwe oimba sakanatha kuimba domra, amapangidwa ndi nylon yofewa kapena caprolon. Palinso zisankho zachikhalidwe zopangidwa kuchokera ku chigoba cha kamba. Pa chida cha viola ndi domra bass, chipangizo chachikopa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito potulutsa mawu. Mkhalapakati wotereyu amachititsa kuti phokoso likhale losamveka.

Mbiri ya domra

Mabaibulo okhudza chiyambi cha chordophone ndi osiyana. Zimavomerezedwa kuti ichi ndi chida cha anthu aku Russia, Chibelarusi, Chiyukireniya. Ku Russia, adawonekera m'zaka za X, monga pali umboni wolembedwa. Zimatchulidwa m'mabuku a wasayansi wakum'maŵa komanso katswiri wa mabuku Ibn Rust. Domra inakhala yotchuka m'zaka za zana la 16.

Masiku ano, akatswiri a mbiri yakale amalankhula za chiyambi chakummawa cha chida choimbira. Mapangidwe ake amafanana ndi ma vestibules a Turkic. Imakhalanso ndi malo otsetsereka, ndipo panthawi ya Sewero, oimba ankagwiritsa ntchito chipboard chamatabwa, fupa la nsomba, ngati plectrum.

Anthu osiyanasiyana a Kum'mawa anali ndi oimira awo a zoimbira za zingwe, zomwe zinalandira dzina lawo: Kazakh dombra, Turkish baglama, Tajik rubaba. Baibulo lili ndi ufulu kukhalapo, domra akanatha kulowa mu Russia wakale pa nthawi ya Chitata-Mongol goli kapena anabweretsa amalonda.

Chidacho mwina chinachokera ku lute, chiwalo cha ku Ulaya cha m’banja la zingwe zodumbulidwa. Koma, ngati mutafufuza mbiri yakale, ndiye kuti idadza kumadzulo kuchokera kumadera akummawa.

Kwa zaka mazana awiri, domra inkasangalatsa anthu, inali chida cha anthu okonda nthabwala ndi osimba nthano. Tsars ndi anyamata anali ndi domrachi yawo kukhoti, koma nyimbo zopweteka zonyoza makhalidwe, moyo, ndi kupsa mtima kwa aliyense ndi chirichonse nthawi zambiri chimayambitsa kusakhutira pakati pa olemekezeka. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich adapereka lamulo lomwe adazunza anthu, ndipo domra adasowa nawo, Sewero lomwe adatcha "Masewera a ziwanda".

Chochititsa chidwi. Motsogozedwa ndi Patriarch of All Russia Nikon, zida za buffoon zidasonkhanitsidwa zochuluka kuchokera kumizinda ndi midzi, zomwe zidabweretsa ngolo m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Moscow ndikuwotchedwa. Lawilo linayaka kwa masiku angapo.

Chordophone inatsitsimutsidwa mu 1896 ndi mutu wa Great Russian Orchestra, woimba ndi wofufuza VV Andreev. Gulu lake la balalaika linalibe gulu lotsogolera nyimbo. Pamodzi ndi master SI Nalimov, adaphunzira zida zomwe zidasiya kutchuka ndikupanga chida chomwe chinali choyenera kuyimba nyimbo zanyimbo. Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, domra yakhala gawo la zingwe zophatikizira, pomwe zinali zamtengo wapatali.

Mitundu ya domra

Chida ichi choimbira chili cha mitundu iwiri:

• Zingwe zitatu kapena Zing'onozing'ono - zimakhala ndi quart system kuchokera ku "mi" ya octave yoyamba mpaka "re" yachinayi. Chiwerengero cha frets pa fretboard ndi 24. Gululi limaphatikizapo alto, bass ndi domra-piccolo.
• Zingwe zinayi kapena Zazikulu - njira yoyimbira imafanana ndi gitala ya bass, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ochita zamakono. Dongosololi lili mu magawo asanu, chiwerengero cha frets ndi 30. Mtunduwu ndi ma octaves atatu odzaza kuchokera ku "sol" yaing'ono mpaka "la" yachinayi, yowonjezeredwa ndi ma semitone khumi. Zingwe za 4 zimaphatikizapo bass domra, alto ndi piccolo. Contrabass ndi tenor omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'ono.

Phokoso lolemera la velvety, timbre yokhuthala, yolemera imakhala ndi bass. M'kaundula wapansi, chida chimadzaza mzere wa bass mu orchestra. Ma domra a zingwe 3 amasinthidwa kotala, kukonza kwa prima kumayamba ndi chingwe chachiwiri chotseguka.

Njira yamasewera

Woimbayo amakhala pampando wa theka, amapendekera pang'ono thupi kutsogolo, akugwira chipangizocho. Amayika phazi lake lamanja kumanzere kwake, chotchingacho chimagwiridwa ndi dzanja lake lamanzere, chopindika kumbali yoyenera. Oyamba kumene amaphunzitsidwa kusewera ndi chala, osati ndi chosankha. Njirayi imatchedwa pizzicato. Pambuyo pa masewera olimbitsa thupi 3-4, mutha kuyamba kusewera ngati mkhalapakati. Kukhudza chingwecho ndi kukanikiza zingwezo pa fret yomwe akufuna ndi zala za dzanja lamanzere, woimbayo amatulutsanso phokosolo. Kusuntha kumodzi kapena kosinthika, kunjenjemera kumagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Osewera Odziwika

Mofanana ndi violin m'gulu lanyimbo za symphony, domra mu nyimbo zamtundu ndi prima yeniyeni. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chokha. M’mbiri ya nyimbo, oimba olemekezeka amailambalala mosayenera. Koma oimba amakono amalemba bwino zojambulajambula za Tchaikovsky, Bach, Paganini, Rachmaninoff ndikuziwonjezera ku chordophone repertoire.

Pakati pa akatswiri otchuka a domrists, Pulofesa wa Russian Academy of Sciences. Gnesinykh AA Tsygankov. Iye ndiye mwini kulengedwa kwa zigoli zoyambirira. Chothandizira chachikulu pa chitukuko cha chida chinapangidwa ndi RF Belov ndi mlembi wa zosonkhanitsa za repertoire ndi owerenga a domra.

Sikuti nthawi zonse panali nthawi zabwino kwambiri m'mbiri ya chida chamtundu waku Russia. Koma masiku ano anthu ambiri akuphunzira kusewera, holo zamakonsati zimadzaza ndi mafani a mawu omveka a timbre.