Viola: kufotokoza kwa chida, zikuchokera, mbiri, phokoso, mitundu, ntchito

Wotsogolera nyimbo za violin ndi cello, woimira wotchuka kwambiri wa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha Renaissance ndi Baroque, chida choimbira chokhala ndi zingwe, chomwe chimamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Italy kuti "violet flower" ndi viola. Kuwonekera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, akadali nawo gawo lalikulu pamakonsati achipinda cha baroque lero.

Mapangidwe a viola

Mofanana ndi oimira gulu la violin, chidacho chili ndi thupi lokhala ndi mawonekedwe otsetsereka, "chiuno" chotchedwa "chiuno", ndi ma angles obtuse. Bokosi la msomali lomwe lili pakhosi lalitali lili ndi mawonekedwe a nkhono. Zikhomo ndi zopingasa. Mabowo a resonator mu mawonekedwe a chilembo "C" ali mbali zonse za zingwe. Choyimiracho chikhoza kukhala chophwanyika kapena choyima. Viola ali ndi zingwe 5-7.

Amayimba chordophone atakhala, akupumira khoma limodzi pamyendo kapena kuyika chidacho molunjika ndikutsindika pansi. Miyeso ya thupi imatha kusiyanasiyana malinga ndi mitundu. Mkulu wa tenor viola. Pagululi, amasewera gawo la bass. Violetta - viola ali ndi kukula kochepa.

kumveka

Ngakhale kuti kunja kwake chidacho chikufanana ndi banja la violin, phokoso lake ndi losiyana kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi violin, ili ndi timbre yofewa, ya matte, yowoneka bwino, yosalala yosinthika, komanso mawu osadzaza. Ndicho chifukwa chake viola adakondana kwambiri ndi odziwa nyimbo za salon, anthu olemekezeka omwe anakondweretsa makutu awo ndi nyimbo zabwino.

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, violin inkatengedwa kuti ndi "mpikisano wa m'misewu", phokoso lake, losandulika kukhala phokoso lopanda phokoso, silingathe kupikisana ndi mamvekedwe a velvety a viola. Kusiyana kwina kofunikira ndikutha kusiyanasiyana, kuchita zomveka bwino kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana.

History

Banja la viol likuyamba kupanga m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Pofika nthawi imeneyo, zida zoweramira za zingwe, zobwerekedwa ku mayiko achiarabu, zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ku Ulaya, zitaloŵa ku Spain ndi ogonjetsa. + Choncho wolamulirayo anam’goneka paphewa, atatsamira pachibwano, ndipo zeze + anaziika m’maondo. Viola anaikidwa pansi pakati pa mawondo ake. Izi zinali chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa chordophone. Seweroli linkatchedwa da gamba.

Ku Ulaya kwa zaka za XV-XVII, nthawi ya viola mu chikhalidwe cha nyimbo ikuchitika. Zimamveka mu ensembles, m'magulu oimba. Amasankhidwa ndi oimira dziko lapamwamba. Nyimbo zimaphunzitsidwa kwa ana m'mabanja a anthu olemekezeka. Wodziwika bwino wakale William Shakespeare nthawi zambiri amamutchula muzolemba zake, wojambula wotchuka wachingerezi Thomas Gainsborough amapeza kudzoza mwa iye ndipo nthawi zambiri amapuma kuti asangalale ndi nyimbo zabwino.

Viola amatsogolera pazochita bwino. Bach, Puccini, Charpentier, Massenet amulembera iye. Koma violinyo amapikisana molimba mtima ndi mlongo wamkuluyo. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, idayichotsa pagulu la akatswiri, ndikusiya malo okhawo okonda nyimbo zoyambirira za nyimbo zapachipinda. Womaliza woimba woperekedwa ku chida ichi anali Carl Friedrich Abel.

Sukulu yochita bwino idzatsitsimutsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX. Woyambitsa adzakhala August Wenzinger. Viola adzabwerera ku siteji ya akatswiri ndi kutenga malo ake m'makalasi a conservatories ku Ulaya, America, Russia, chifukwa cha Christian Debereiner ndi Paul Grummer.

Mitundu ya viola

M'mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, woimira tenor wofala kwambiri wa banja. Nthawi zambiri ankakhala nawo m'magulu oimba komanso oimba, akuimba nyimbo za bass. Panalinso mitundu ina:

• mkulu;
• basi;
• treble.

Zida zoimbira zimasiyanasiyana kukula, kuchuluka kwa zingwe, ndi kusintha.

kugwiritsa

Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito panyumba. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazo, viola inalandira chitukuko chatsopano. Chida chakale chinamvekanso kuchokera pabwalo, kuphunzira kuyimba kunakhala kotchuka m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Phokoso pamakonsati achipinda m'maholo ang'onoang'ono, okonda ntchito za Renaissance ndi Baroque amabwera kudzamvera nyimbo. Mukhozanso kumva chordophone m'matchalitchi, kumene viola amatsagana ndi nyimbo pa nthawi ya utumiki.

Malo ambiri osungiramo zinthu zakale padziko lonse lapansi amasonkhanitsa ziwonetsero zonse zomwe zimawonetsedwa zakale. Pali holo yotereyi ku Sheremetiev Palace ku St. Petersburg, ku Glinka Museum ku Moscow. Chosonkhanitsa chofunikira kwambiri chili ku New York.

Mwa anthu a m'nthawi yake, wochita bwino kwambiri ndi Italy virtuoso Paolo Pandolfo. Mu 1980 adalemba ma sonatas a Philipp Emmanuel Bach, ndipo mu 2000 adayambitsa dziko lapansi ku cello sonatas ya Johann Sebastian Bach. Pandolfo amalemba nyimbo za viola, amapereka makonsati m'maholo otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, kusonkhanitsa maholo onse a odziwa nyimbo za baroque. Chodziwika kwambiri pakati pa omvera ndi nyimbo ya "Violatango", yomwe woimbayo nthawi zambiri amachita ngati encore.

Mu Soviet Union, Vadim Borisovsky anachita chidwi kwambiri ndi chitsitsimutso cha nyimbo zenizeni. Makamaka zikomo kwa iye, viola wakale anawomba m'maholo konsati ya Moscow conservatories.