Zokonda Zachi Greek |

Mitundu yakale yachi Greek ndi machitidwe a nyimbo za ku Greece zakale, zomwe sizimadziwa polyphony m'lingaliro lamakono. Maziko a dongosolo la modal anali ma tetrachords (poyamba otsika okha). Kutengera mawonekedwe a nthawi ya ma tetrachords, Agiriki adasiyanitsa mitundu itatu, kapena genera (genn): diatonic, chromatic ndi enharmonic (kusiyana kumawonetsedwa ndi kuphweka kwina):

Komanso, diatonic. ma tetrachords anali ndi mitundu itatu, yosiyana ndi masekondi akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono:

Mapangidwe owopsa amtundu wapamwamba adawuka ngati kuphatikiza kwa ma tetrachords. Panali mfundo ziwiri zogwirizanitsa: "kuphatikizana" (synapn) ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa mawu oyandikana nawo mu tetrachords (mwachitsanzo, d1-c1 - h - a, a - g - f - e) ndi "kupatukana" (diasenxis), ndi zomwe mawu oyandikana adalekanitsidwa ndi liwu lonse (mwachitsanzo, e1 – d1 – c1 – h, a – g – f – e). Chofunika kwambiri mwa mayanjano a tetrachords ndi ma octave modes (omwe amatchedwa "mitundu ya octaves" kapena armoniai - "harmonies"). Zovuta zazikulu zidatengedwa ngati Dorian, Phrygian ndi Lydian, to-rye zidapangidwa pophatikiza makalata awiri. ma tetrachords ofanana mu kapangidwe; Mixolydian ("Mixed-Lydian") adatanthauziridwa ngati kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa ma tetrachords a Lydian.

Mbali - ma hypolades adapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zazikulu pokonzanso ma tetrachords ndikuwonjezera sikelo ku octave (mayina amitundu yachi Greek sagwirizana ndi amtsogolo aku Europe). Ndondomeko ya mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya octave:

Kuwona kwathunthu kwa Greek ena. kachitidwe ka modal nthawi zambiri kamayimira sustnma teleion - "dongosolo langwiro (ie lathunthu)". Pansipa pali otchedwa. "Fixed" (kapena "non-modulating") - ametabolon:

Masitepe a dzina amachokera kumalo ochotsera kamvekedwe ka mawu pa zingwezo. chida cha cithara. Mayina a masitepe omwe ali mkati mwa octave (mwachitsanzo, vntn imagwira ntchito pa onse a1 ndi e1) amawonetsa mfundo ya tetrachord (osati octave) ya ext. dongosolo la dongosolo. Dr. zosiyana za dongosolo langwiro - metabolon imadziwika ndi kuyika kwa "retractable" tetrachord synnmmenon (lit. - yolumikizidwa) dl - c1 - b - a, kukulitsa mphamvu ya dongosolo.

Pamene dongosolo langwiro linasamutsidwa ku magawo ena, otchedwa. mamba a transpositional, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe zinali zotheka kupeza mumtundu womwewo (lyre, cithara) dec. mamba a modal (tonoi - makiyi).

Frets ndi genera (komanso ma rhythms) adanenedwa ndi Agiriki kukhala munthu wina ("ethos"). Chifukwa chake, machitidwe a Dorian (opusa - amodzi mwa mafuko achi Greek) adawonedwa ngati okhwima, olimba mtima, mwamakhalidwe abwino kwambiri; Phrygian (Phrygia ndi Lydia - zigawo za Asia Minor) - okondwa, okonda, Bacchic:

Kugwiritsa ntchito chromatic ndi anharmonic. genera amasiyanitsa nyimbo zachi Greek kuchokera ku Ulaya pambuyo pake. Diatonism, yomwe imalamulira pomaliza, inali pakati pa Agiriki, ngakhale kuti inali yofunika kwambiri, koma imodzi yokha mwazinthu zitatu zodziwika bwino. mabwalo. Kuchulukitsitsa kwanyimbo. tonation adawonetsedwanso mosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, kukhazikitsidwa kwa "mitundu" yamitundu yonse (xpoai), yomwe sinakhazikitsidwe ngati mawonekedwe apadera.

Greek dongosolo la modes lasintha kale. Zolemba zakale kwambiri zamakedzana. Greece, mwachiwonekere, idalumikizidwa ndi sikelo ya pentatonic, yomwe idawonetsedwa pakukonza zakale. zingwe. zida. Dongosolo la ma modes ndi malingaliro opangidwa pamaziko a tetrachords omwe adapangidwa kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa ma modal.

Zothandizira: Plato, Ndale kapena Boma, Op., Gawo III, trans. kuchokera ku Greek, vol. 3, St. Petersburg, 1863, § 398, p. 164-67; Aristotle, Politics, trans. kuchokera ku Greek, M., 1911, bukhu. VIII, chi. 7, p. 372-77; Plutarch, Pa Music, trans. kuchokera ku Greek, P., 1922; Osadziwika, Mawu Oyamba ku harmonica, Mawu oyambirira, kumasulira ndi kufotokoza, zolemba za GA Ivanov, "Philological Review", 1894, vol. VII, buku. 1-2; Petr BI, Pa nyimbo, mapangidwe ndi mitundu mu nyimbo zakale zachi Greek, K., 1901; Oganiza zakale zamaluso, comp. Asmus BF, M., 1937; Gruber RI, Mbiri ya chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, vol. 1, gawo 1, M.-L., 1941; Nyimbo zamakedzana zamakedzana. Lowani. nkhani ndi kusonkhanitsa zolemba za AF Losev. Mawu Oyamba ndi General ed. VP Shestakova, M., 1960; Gertsman EB, Kuwona kwa madera osiyanasiyana omveka mu malingaliro akale a nyimbo, "Bulletin of Ancient History", 1971, No 4; Bellermann, F., Die Tonleitern und Musiknoten der Griechen, B., 1847; Westphal R., Harmonik und Melopüe der Griechen, Lpz., 1864; Gevaert fr. A., Histoire et théorie de la musique de l'antiquité, v. 1-2, Gand, 1875-81; Riemann H., Katechismus der Musikgeschichte, Bd 1, Lpz., 1888; pyc. trans., M., 1896; Monro DB, Mitundu ya nyimbo zakale zachi Greek, Oxf., 1894; Abert H., Die Lehre vom Ethos in der griechischen Musik, Lpz., 1899; Sachs C., Die Musik der Antike, Potsdam, 1928; pyc. pa. otd. mitu pansi pamutu. "Mawonedwe anyimbo ndi zida za Agiriki akale", mu Sat: Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za dziko lakale, L., 1937; Gombosi O., Tonarten und Stimmungen der antiken Musik, Kph., 1939; Ursprung O., Die antiken Transpositionsskalen und die Kirchentöne, “AfMf”, 1940, Jahrg. 5, H. 3, S. 129-52; Dzhudzhev S., Theory on Bulgarian Folk music, vol. 2, Sofia, 1955; Husmann, H., Grundlagen der antiken und orientalischen Musikkultur, B., 1961.

Yu. H. Kholopov