Edwin Fischer |

Edwin Fischer

Theka lachiwiri la zaka zathu za m'ma XNUMX limaonedwa kuti ndi nthawi yaukadaulo waukadaulo pakuyimba piyano, zaluso zamasewera ambiri. Inde, tsopano pa siteji n'zosatheka kukumana ndi wojambula amene sangathe limba "acrobatics" apamwamba. Anthu ena, akuphatikiza izi mwachangu ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kwa anthu, anali atayamba kale kulengeza kusalala ndi kumasuka kwa masewerawa ngati mikhalidwe yofunikira komanso yokwanira kuti afikire ukadaulo wapamwamba. Koma nthawi imaganiziridwa mosiyana, kukumbukira kuti piyano si skating kapena masewera olimbitsa thupi. Zaka zinadutsa, ndipo zinaonekeratu kuti pamene njira yowonetsera ikuwongolera bwino, gawo lake pakuwunika kwathunthu kwa machitidwe a uyu kapena wojambulayo akucheperachepera. Kodi ichi ndi chifukwa chake chiŵerengero cha oimba piyano opambanadi sichinachuluke nkomwe chifukwa cha kukula kotereku?! Mu nthawi imene "aliyense anaphunzira kuimba limba," kwenikweni luso mfundo - okhutira, uzimu, kufotokoza - anakhalabe wosagwedezeka. Ndipo izi zidapangitsa mamiliyoni a omvera kutembenukiranso ku cholowa cha oimba odziwika bwino omwe nthawi zonse amaika zinthu zabwinozi patsogolo pa luso lawo.

Mmodzi wojambula woteroyo anali Edwin Fisher. Mbiri ya piyano yazaka za zana la XNUMX ndi yosatheka popanda thandizo lake, ngakhale ofufuza amakono ayesa kukayikira luso la wojambula waku Switzerland. Chinanso chiyani koma chilakolako chokha cha ku America cha "perfectionism" chingafotokoze kuti G. Schonberg m'buku lake, lofalitsidwa zaka zitatu zokha pambuyo pa imfa ya wojambulayo, sanaone kuti n'koyenera kupereka Fischer kuposa ... mzere umodzi. Komabe, ngakhale m’nthaŵi ya moyo wake, limodzi ndi zizindikiro za chikondi ndi ulemu, anafunikira kupirira chitonzo cha kupanda ungwiro kuchokera kwa osuliza oyenda pansi, amene nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi analembetsa zolakwa zake ndi kuoneka kuti amakondwera naye. Kodi zomwezo sizinachitikenso kwa wamkulu wanthawi yake A. Corto?!

Mbiri ya ojambula awiriwa nthawi zambiri imakhala yofanana kwambiri m'mawonekedwe awo akuluakulu, ngakhale kuti ponena za piyano mwangwiro, ponena za "sukulu", ndizosiyana kwambiri; ndipo kufanana kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti timvetsetse chiyambi cha luso la onse awiri, chiyambi cha aesthetics awo, zomwe zimachokera ku lingaliro la womasulira makamaka ngati wojambula.

Edwin Fischer anabadwira ku Basel, m'banja la akatswiri oimba nyimbo, ochokera ku Czech Republic. Kuyambira 1896, adaphunzira ku bwalo lochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, kenako ku Conservatory motsogozedwa ndi X. Huber, ndikuwongolera ku Berlin Stern Conservatory pansi pa M. Krause (1904-1905). Mu 1905, iye anayamba kutsogolera kalasi limba pa Conservatory yemweyo, pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba ntchito yake luso - choyamba monga woperekeza woimba L. Vulner, ndiyeno monga soloist. Anadziwika mwamsanga ndi kukondedwa ndi omvera m'mayiko ambiri a ku Ulaya. Kutchuka kwakukulu kunabweretsedwa kwa iye ndi zisudzo limodzi ndi A. Nikish, f. Wenngartner, W. Mengelberg, kenako W. Furtwängler ndi ma conductor ena akuluakulu. Polankhulana ndi oimba akuluakuluwa, mfundo zake za kulenga zinapangidwa.

Pofika m'ma 30s, kuchuluka kwa zochitika za konsati ya Fischer kunali kokulirapo kotero kuti adasiya kuphunzitsa ndikudzipereka kwathunthu pakuyimba piyano. Koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, woyimba yemwe ali ndi luso losiyanasiyana adakhala wocheperako mkati mwa chida chomwe amachikonda kwambiri. Anapanga okhestra yake ya chipinda, yomwe adayimba naye ngati wotsogolera komanso woyimba payekha. Zoonadi, izi sizinatengedwe ndi zokhumba za woimba ngati wotsogolera: zinali chabe kuti umunthu wake unali wamphamvu komanso wapachiyambi kotero kuti ankakonda, osati nthawi zonse kukhala ndi mabwenzi oterowo monga ambuye otchulidwa, kusewera popanda wotsogolera. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, sanamangokhalira kuvina m'zaka za m'ma 1933 mpaka 1942 (zomwe tsopano zakhala zofala kwambiri), koma adatsogolera gulu la oimba (ndipo adayendetsa bwino kwambiri!) Kuwonjezera apo, Fischer anali membala wa trio yodabwitsa ndi violinist G. Kulenkampf ndi cellist E. Mainardi. Pomaliza, m'kupita kwa nthawi, iye anabwerera ku pedagogy: mu 1948 anakhala pulofesa pa Higher School of Music ku Berlin, koma mu 1945 anatha kuchoka ku Germany Nazi kupita kudziko lakwawo, kukakhala ku Lucerne, kumene anakhala zaka zomaliza za moyo wake. moyo. Pang’ono ndi pang’ono, mphamvu ya masewero ake a konsati inachepa: matenda a m’manja nthawi zambiri ankamulepheretsa kuchita. Komabe, anapitirizabe kusewera, kuchita, kujambula, kutenga nawo mbali mu trio, kumene G. Kulenkampf adasinthidwa ndi V. Schneiderhan mu 1958. Mu 1945-1956, Fischer anaphunzitsa maphunziro a piyano ku Hertenstein (pafupi ndi Lucerne), kumene ambiri ojambula achichepere. ochokera padziko lonse lapansi ankakhamukira kwa iye chaka chilichonse. Ambiri a iwo anakhala oimba akuluakulu. Fischer analemba nyimbo, anapanga ma cadenza a ma concerto akale (wolemba Mozart ndi Beethoven), anakonza nyimbo zachikale, ndipo pomalizira pake anakhala mlembi wa maphunziro akuluakulu angapo - "J.-S. Bach" (1956), "L. ndi Beethoven. Piano Sonatas (1960), komanso zolemba ndi zolemba zambiri zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa m'mabuku a Musical Reflections (1956) ndi On the Tasks of Musicians (XNUMX). Mu XNUMX, yunivesite yaku kwawo kwa woyimba piyano, Basel, idamusankha udokotala wolemekezeka.

Izi ndizomwe zimafotokozera zakunja kwa biography. Zofanana nazo zinali mzere wa kusinthika kwamkati kwa mawonekedwe ake mwaluso. Poyamba, m'zaka makumi angapo zoyambirira, Fischer adakokera kumasewera omveka bwino, matanthauzidwe ake adadziwika ndi kunyanyira komanso ufulu wa subjectivism. Pa nthawi imeneyo, nyimbo za Romantics zinali pakati pa zokonda zake zopanga. Zoona, ngakhale zopatuka zonse ku miyambo, iye anakopa omvera ndi kusamutsa kulimba mtima mphamvu Schumann, ukulu wa Brahms, kuwuka ngwazi za Beethoven, sewero la Schubert. Kwa zaka zambiri, mawonekedwe a wojambulayo adakhala odziletsa, kumveka bwino, ndipo pakati pa mphamvu yokoka inasamukira ku classics - Bach ndi Mozart, ngakhale Fischer sanagwirizane ndi nyimbo zachikondi. M’nthaŵi imeneyi, iye akudziŵa bwino lomwe za ntchito ya woimbayo monga mkhalapakati, “wolankhula pakati pa luso lamuyaya, laumulungu ndi womvetsera.” Koma mkhalapakati sali wosayanjanitsika, kuyimirira pambali, koma wochitachita, kutsutsa "wamuyaya, waumulungu" uyu kupyolera mu prism ya "Ine" wake. Mawu a wojambulayo amakhalabe mawu amene iye ananena m’nkhani ina yakuti: “Moyo uyenera kuyenda bwino; ma crescendos ndi forte omwe sanakumanepo nawo amawoneka ngati ochita kupanga. ”

Mawonekedwe a chikondi cha wojambulayo ndi mfundo zake zaluso zinafika pomaliza mgwirizano mu nthawi yomaliza ya moyo wake. V. Furtwangler, atapita ku konsati yake mu 1947, ananena kuti “anafikadi pachimake.” Masewera ake adagunda ndi mphamvu yachidziwitso, kunjenjemera kwa mawu aliwonse; zinkawoneka kuti ntchitoyo anabadwa mwatsopano nthawi zonse pansi pa zala za wojambula, amene anali wachilendo kwathunthu kwa sitampu ndi chizolowezi. Panthawi imeneyi, adatembenukiranso kwa ngwazi yake yomwe amakonda, Beethoven, ndikupanga nyimbo za Beethoven m'ma 50s (nthawi zambiri iye adatsogolera London Philharmonic Orchestra), komanso ma sonatas angapo. Zolemba izi, pamodzi ndi zomwe zinapangidwa kale, kumbuyo kwa zaka za m'ma 30, zinakhala maziko a cholowa chomveka cha Fischer - cholowa chomwe, pambuyo pa imfa ya wojambulayo, chinayambitsa mikangano yambiri.

Zoonadi, zolembazo sizimatipatsa chithumwa cha kusewera kwa Fischer, zimangowonetsa pang'onopang'ono malingaliro okopa a luso lake, kukongola kwa malingaliro. Kwa iwo amene anamva wojambula muholoyo, iwo, ndithudi, iwo ali chabe chithunzithunzi cha zojambula zakale. Zifukwa za izi sizovuta kupeza: kuwonjezera pa mbali yeniyeni ya piyano yake, iwo amagona mu ndege prosaic: woyimba piyano ankangoopa maikolofoni, ankaona wovuta mu situdiyo, popanda omvera, ndi kugonjetsa. mantha amenewa sanali kupatsidwa kawirikawiri kwa iye popanda kutayika. M'zojambula, munthu amatha kumva mantha, komanso kulefuka, komanso "ukwati" waukadaulo. Zonsezi kangapo zinatumikira monga chandamale cha okonda "chiyero". Ndipo wosuliza K. Franke anali wolondola: “Wolengeza za Bach ndi Beethoven, Edwin Fischer sanangosiya zolemba zabodza zokha. Komanso, tinganene kuti ngakhale zolemba zabodza Fischer yodziwika ndi olemekezeka a chikhalidwe chapamwamba, kumverera kwambiri. Fischer anali weniweni wamalingaliro - ndipo uwu ndi ukulu wake ndi zolephera zake. Kungosewera kwake kumapitirirabe m'nkhani zake ... Anachita pa desiki mofanana ndi piyano - anakhalabe munthu wa chikhulupiriro chopanda nzeru, osati kulingalira ndi chidziwitso."

Kwa omvera opanda tsankho, nthawi yomweyo zimadziwikiratu kuti ngakhale m'mawu oyamba a sonatas a Beethoven, omwe adapangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30s, kukula kwa umunthu wa wojambula, kufunikira kwa nyimbo zake, kumamveka bwino. Ulamuliro waukulu, njira zachikondi, kuphatikizapo kudziletsa kosayembekezereka koma kokhutiritsa, kulingalira mozama ndi kulungamitsidwa kwa mizere yosunthika, mphamvu yomaliza - zonsezi zimapangitsa chidwi chosatsutsika. Mmodzi amakumbukira mosasamala mawu a Fischer, yemwe adatsutsa m'buku lake "Musical Reflections" kuti wojambula yemwe akusewera Beethoven ayenera kuphatikiza woyimba piyano, woyimba ndi woyimba zeze "mwa munthu m'modzi". Ndikumverera uku komwe kumamupangitsa kuti adzilowetse mu nyimbo ndi kutanthauzira kwake kwa Appassionata kotero kuti kuphweka kwapamwamba kumakupangitsani kuiwala za mthunzi wa mthunzi wa ntchitoyo.

Kugwirizana kwakukulu, kumveka bwino kwachikale ndi, mwinamwake, mphamvu yaikulu yokopa ya zojambula zake zamtsogolo. Pano kale kulowa kwake mu kuya kwa mzimu wa Beethoven kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zochitika, nzeru za moyo, kumvetsetsa kwa cholowa cha Bach ndi Mozart. Koma, mosasamala kanthu za zaka, kutsitsimuka kwa malingaliro ndi zochitika za nyimbo kumamveka bwino apa, zomwe sizingapatsidwe kwa omvera.

Kuti omvera zolemba za Fischer athe kulingalira bwino za maonekedwe ake, tiyeni pomaliza tipereke pansi kwa ophunzira ake otchuka. P. Badura-Skoda akukumbukira kuti: “Anali munthu wodabwitsa, wokoma mtima kwenikweni. Mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso chake inali yoti woyimba piyano asachoke pa chida chake. Fischer anali wotsimikiza kuti zopambana zonse za nyimbo ziyenera kugwirizana ndi makhalidwe aumunthu. “Woyimba wamkulu ndiye umunthu wake. Chowonadi chachikulu chamkati chiyenera kukhala mwa iye - pambuyo pake, zomwe palibe mwa woyimbayo sizingawonekere mu sewerolo, "sanatope kubwereza m'maphunziro."

Wophunzira womalizira wa Fischer, A. Brendle, akupereka chithunzi chotsatirachi cha mbuyeyo: “Fischer anapatsidwa luso lochita zinthu (ngati mawu achikale akali ovomerezeka), sanapatsidwe mphamvu ya wopeka, koma kwenikweni ndi luso lomasulira. Masewera ake onse ndi olondola mwamtheradi komanso nthawi yomweyo molimba mtima. Ali ndi kutsitsimuka kwapadera komanso kulimba, kuyanjana komwe kumamuthandiza kufikira omvera mwachindunji kuposa woimba wina aliyense yemwe ndikumudziwa. Pakati pa iye ndi inu palibe nsalu yotchinga, palibe chotchinga. Amapanga phokoso losangalatsa, amakwaniritsa kuyeretsa kwa pianissimo ndi fortissimo yoopsa, yomwe, komabe, siili yovuta komanso yakuthwa. Anali wovutitsidwa ndi mikhalidwe ndi malingaliro, ndipo zolemba zake sizipereka lingaliro pang'ono la zomwe adapeza m'makonsati ndi m'makalasi ake, kuphunzira ndi ophunzira. Masewera ake sanali pansi pa nthawi ndi mafashoni. Ndipo iye mwiniyo anali ophatikizana ndi mwana ndi wanzeru, osakaniza opanda nzeru ndi oyeretsedwa, koma pa zonsezi, zonsezi zinaphatikizidwa mu umodzi wathunthu. Anali ndi luso lotha kuona ntchito yonse yonse pamodzi, chidutswa chilichonse chinali chathunthu chimodzi ndipo ndi momwe chinawonekera mu ntchito yake. Ndipo izi ndi zomwe zimatchedwa zabwino ... "

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek