Elisabeth Schwarzkopf |

Elizabeth Schwarzkopf

Mwa oimba a theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la XNUMX, Elisabeth Schwarzkopf ali ndi malo apadera, ongoyerekeza ndi Maria Callas. Ndipo lero, zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, pamene woimbayo adawonekera komaliza pamaso pa anthu, chifukwa cha okonda zisudzo, dzina lake lidakali umunthu wa nyimbo za opera.

Ngakhale mbiri ya chikhalidwe choyimba imadziwa zitsanzo zambiri za momwe ojambula omwe ali ndi luso losamveka bwino amakwanitsa kupeza zotsatira zaluso, chitsanzo cha Schwarzkopf chikuwoneka ngati chapadera. M'manyuzipepala, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kuvomereza kotere: "Ngati m'zaka zimenezo Elisabeth Schwarzkopf atangoyamba kumene ntchito yake, wina anandiuza kuti adzakhala woimba wamkulu, ndikanakayikira moona mtima. Iye anakwaniritsa chozizwitsa chenicheni. Tsopano ndili ndi chikhulupiriro chonse kuti ngati oimba ena akanakhala ndi kaimbidwe kake kodabwitsa, kaluso kake, kutengeka mtima ndi zaluso, ndiye kuti mwachiwonekere tikanakhala ndi magulu onse a zisudzo opangidwa ndi nyenyezi zoyambirira zokha.

Elisabeth Schwarzkopf anabadwira m’tauni ya ku Poland ya Jarocin, pafupi ndi Poznan, pa December 9, 1915. Kuyambira ali wamng’ono ankakonda kwambiri nyimbo. Kusukulu yakumidzi komwe abambo ake adaphunzitsa, mtsikanayo adachita nawo zinthu zazing'ono zomwe zidachitika pafupi ndi mzinda wina waku Poland - Legnica. Mwana wamkazi wa mphunzitsi wachigiriki ndi Chilatini pasukulu ya amuna, nthaŵi ina anaimba ngakhale mbali zonse zachikazi m’nyimbo ya opera yopangidwa ndi ana asukulu enieniwo.

Chikhumbo chokhala wojambula ngakhale panthawiyo, mwachiwonekere, chinali cholinga cha moyo wake. Elisabeth amapita ku Berlin ndikulowa Sukulu Yapamwamba ya Nyimbo, yomwe panthawiyo inali malo olemekezeka kwambiri ophunzirira nyimbo ku Germany.

Analandiridwa m'kalasi yake ndi woimba wotchuka Lula Mys-Gmeiner. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti wophunzira wakeyo anali ndi mezzo-soprano. Kulakwitsa kumeneku kunatsala pang'ono kusanduka kutayika kwa mawu kwa iye. Maphunziro sanayende bwino. Woimbayo wachinyamatayo ankaona kuti mawu ake sakumvera bwino. Anatopa msanga m’kalasi. Zaka ziwiri zokha pambuyo pake, aphunzitsi ena amawu adakhazikitsa kuti Schwarzkopf sanali mezzo-soprano, koma coloratura soprano! Nthawi yomweyo mawuwo anamveka molimba mtima, momveka bwino, momasuka.

Pa Conservatory Elizabeti sanali yekha maphunziro, koma kuphunzira limba ndi viola, anatha kuimba mu kwaya, kuimba glockenspiel mu oimba wophunzira, nawo ensembles chipinda, ndipo anayesa luso lake zikuchokera.

Mu 1938, Schwarzkopf anamaliza maphunziro a Berlin Higher School of Music. Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi pambuyo pake, Berlin City Opera idafunikira mwachangu wosewera ngati msungwana wamaluwa ku Wagner's Parsifal. Udindo umayenera kuphunziridwa tsiku limodzi, koma izi sizinasokoneze Schwarzkopf. Anakwanitsa kupanga chidwi kwa omvera komanso oyang'anira zisudzo. Koma, mwachiwonekere, palibenso: iye analandiridwa mu gulu, koma kwa zaka zotsatira anapatsidwa pafupifupi maudindo episodic - mu chaka cha ntchito mu zisudzo, iye anaimba za maudindo ang'onoang'ono makumi awiri. Mwa apo ndi apo woimbayo adakhala ndi mwayi wopita pa siteji mu maudindo enieni.

Koma tsiku lina woimba wamng'onoyo anali ndi mwayi: mu Cavalier wa Roses, kumene iye anaimba Zerbinetta, iye anamva ndi kuyamikiridwa ndi woimba wotchuka Maria Ivogun, amene anawala mu gawo ili m'mbuyomo. Msonkhano uwu unachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya Schwarzkopf. Wojambula wozindikira, Ivogün adawona talente yeniyeni ku Schwarzkopf ndipo adayamba kugwira naye ntchito. Adamuyambitsa zinsinsi zaukadaulo wa siteji, adathandizira kukulitsa malingaliro ake, adamudziwitsa dziko la nyimbo zamawu a chipinda, ndipo koposa zonse, adadzutsa chikondi chake pakuyimba kwachipinda.

Pambuyo pa maphunziro ndi Ivogün Schwarzkopf, akuyamba kutchuka kwambiri. Zikuoneka kuti kutha kwa nkhondo kunayenera kuti kunachititsa zimenezi. Woyang'anira Vienna Opera adamupatsa mgwirizano, ndipo woimbayo adapanga mapulani abwino.

Koma mwadzidzidzi madokotala anapeza chifuwa chachikulu mu wojambula, amene pafupifupi kumupangitsa iye kuiwala za siteji mpaka kalekale. Komabe, matendawa anagonjetsedwa.

Mu 1946, woimbayo anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake pa Vienna Opera. Anthu anatha kuyamikiradi Schwarzkopf, amene mwamsanga anakhala mmodzi wa soloist kutsogolera Vienna Opera. M'kanthawi kochepa adachita mbali za Nedda ku Pagliacci ndi R. Leoncavallo, Gilda ku Verdi's Rigoletto, Marcellina mu Fidelio ya Beethoven.

Pa nthawi yomweyo Elizabeti anali ndi msonkhano wosangalala ndi mwamuna wake wam'tsogolo, wotchuka impresario Walter Legge. Mmodzi mwa odziwa kwambiri luso loimba la nthawi yathu, panthawiyo anali kutengeka ndi lingaliro la kufalitsa nyimbo mothandizidwa ndi galamafoni, yomwe kenako inayamba kusinthika kukhala nthawi yayitali. Kujambula kokha, Legge adatsutsa, kungathe kutembenuza olemekezeka kukhala ochuluka, kupanga zopindula za omasulira akuluakulu azitha kupezeka kwa aliyense; Apo ayi, sizingakhale zomveka kuvala zisudzo zodula. Ndi kwa iye kuti ife makamaka tili ndi ngongole yakuti luso la otsogolera ndi oimba ambiri a nthawi yathu amakhalabe ndi ife. “Ndikanakhala ndani popanda iye? Elisabeth Schwarzkopf adanena zambiri pambuyo pake. - Ambiri mwina, wabwino soloist wa Vienna Opera ... "

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 40, zolemba za Schwarzkopf zinayamba kuonekera. Mmodzi wa iwo mwanjira ina anapita kwa kondakitala Wilhelm Furtwängler. Katswiriyu anali wosangalala kwambiri moti nthawi yomweyo anamuitana kuti achite nawo sewero la Brahms' German Requiem pa Chikondwerero cha Lucerne.

Chaka cha 1947 chinakhala chosaiwalika kwa woimbayo. Schwarzkopf amapita paulendo wodalirika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Iye amachita pa Salzburg Chikondwerero, ndiyeno - pa siteji ya London zisudzo "Covent Garden", mu zisudzo Mozart "The Ukwati Figaro" ndi "Don Giovanni". Otsutsa a "foggy Albion" amatcha woimbayo "kutulukira" kwa Vienna Opera. Chifukwa chake Schwarzkopf amabwera kutchuka padziko lonse lapansi.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, moyo wake wonse ndi mndandanda wosasokonezeka wa kupambana. Zisudzo ndi makonsati m'mizinda yayikulu ku Europe ndi America zimatsatana.

M'zaka za m'ma 50, wojambulayo anakhazikika ku London kwa nthawi yaitali, komwe nthawi zambiri ankaimba pa siteji ya Covent Garden Theatre. Mu likulu la England Schwarzkopf anakumana kwambiri Russian wopeka ndi limba NK Medtner. Pamodzi ndi iye analemba angapo zachikondi pa chimbale, ndipo mobwerezabwereza nyimbo zake mu zoimbaimba.

Mu 1951, pamodzi ndi Furtwängler, adatenga nawo mbali pa Chikondwerero cha Bayreuth, pochita sewero la Beethoven's Ninth Symphony komanso mu "revolutionary" yopanga "Rheingold d'Or" yolembedwa ndi Wieland Wagner. Pa nthawi yomweyi, Schwarzkopf akugwira nawo ntchito ya opera ya Stravinsky "The Rake's Adventures" pamodzi ndi wolemba, yemwe anali kumbuyo kwa console. Teatro alla Scala adampatsa ulemu wochita gawo la Mélisande pazaka makumi asanu za Debussy's Pelléas et Mélisande. Wilhelm Furtwängler ngati woyimba piyano adajambula naye nyimbo za Hugo Wolf, Nikolai Medtner - nyimbo zake zachikondi, nyimbo za Edwin Fischer - Schubert, Walter Gieseking - timawu tating'ono ta Mozart, Glen Gould - nyimbo za Richard Strauss. Mu 1955, kuchokera m'manja mwa Toscanini, iye analandira mphoto Golden Orpheus.

Zaka izi ndi maluwa a luso la kulenga la woimbayo. Mu 1953, wojambula anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu lake mu United States - choyamba ndi pulogalamu konsati ku New York, kenako - pa siteji San Francisco. Schwarzkopf amachita ku Chicago ndi London, Vienna ndi Salzburg, Brussels ndi Milan. Pa siteji ya Milan "La Scala" kwa nthawi yoyamba akuwonetsa imodzi mwa ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri - Marshall mu "Der Rosenkavalier" ndi R. Strauss.

VV Timokhin analemba kuti: "Chinthu chodziwika bwino kwambiri cha zisudzo zamakono zamakono anali Marshall, dona wolemekezeka wa anthu a ku Viennese chapakati pa zaka za zana la XNUMX," alemba motero VV Timokhin. - Otsogolera ena a "The Knight of the Roses" nthawi yomweyo adawona kuti ndikofunikira kuwonjezera kuti: "Mkazi wayamba kuzimiririka, yemwe wadutsa osati woyamba, komanso wachinyamata wachiwiri." Ndipo mkazi uyu amakonda ndipo amakondedwa ndi Octavian achinyamata. Zingawonekere, kukula kwa sewero la mkazi wa Marshal wokalamba mogwira mtima komanso mofika pamtima momwe kungathekere! Koma Schwarzkopf sanatsatire njira iyi (zingakhale zolondola kunena, pokha panjira iyi), kupereka masomphenya ake a fanolo, momwe omvera adakopeka ndendende ndi kusamutsidwa kochenjera kwa malingaliro onse, malingaliro amalingaliro mu zovuta. zochitika zosiyanasiyana za heroine.

Ndi wokongola mokondweretsa, wodzaza ndi kukoma mtima konjenjemera ndi kukongola kwenikweni. Omvera nthawi yomweyo amakumbukira Countess Almaviva mu Ukwati wa Figaro. Ndipo ngakhale kamvekedwe kake ka chithunzi cha Marshall ndi chosiyana kale, nyimbo za Mozart, chisomo, chisomo chobisika zidakhalabe mbali yake yayikulu.

Kuwala, kukongola modabwitsa, timbre silvery, mawu a Schwarzkopf anali ndi luso lodabwitsa lobisa makulidwe aliwonse a oimba oimba. Kuyimba kwake nthawi zonse kumakhala kowoneka bwino komanso kwachilengedwe, ngakhale kuti mawuwo anali ovuta bwanji. Luso lake ndi kalembedwe kake zinali zabwino kwambiri. Ndicho chifukwa chake repertoire ya wojambulayo inali yodabwitsa mosiyanasiyana. Adachita bwinonso maudindo osiyanasiyana monga Gilda, Mélisande, Nedda, Mimi, Cio-Cio-San, Eleanor (Lohengrin), Marceline (Fidelio), koma zomwe adachita bwino kwambiri zimalumikizidwa ndi kutanthauzira kwa zisudzo za Mozart ndi Richard Strauss.

Pali maphwando omwe Schwarzkopf adapanga, monga akunena, "zake". Kuphatikiza pa Marshall, uyu ndi Countess Madeleine mu Capriccio ya Strauss, Fiordiligi mu Mozart's All They Are, Elvira ku Don Giovanni, Countess ku Le nozze di Figaro. "Koma, mwachiwonekere, oimba okha ndi omwe angayamikire ntchito yake pa mawu, zodzikongoletsera zamtundu uliwonse wamphamvu komanso womveka, zojambula zake zodabwitsa zomwe amapeza, zomwe amawononga mosavuta," akutero VV Timokhin.

Pachifukwa ichi, nkhaniyo, yomwe inanenedwa ndi mwamuna wa woimba Walter Legge, ndi chizindikiro. Schwarzkopf wakhala akusilira luso la Callas. Atamva Callas ku La Traviata mu 1953 ku Parma, Elisabeth adaganiza zosiya udindo wa Violetta kwamuyaya. Iye ankaona kuti sangathe kuimba ndi kuimba bwino mbali imeneyi. Naye Kallas adayamikira kwambiri luso la Schwarzkopf.

Pambuyo pa gawo limodzi lojambula ndi Callas, Legge adawona kuti woimbayo nthawi zambiri amabwereza mawu otchuka kuchokera ku opera ya Verdi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anaona kuti mkaziyo anali kufunafuna njira yoyenera ndipo sanaipeze.

Polephera kupirira, Kallas adatembenukira kwa Legge: "Kodi Schwarzkopf adzakhala liti lero?" Adayankha kuti adagwirizana kuti akumane kumalo odyera kuti akadye chakudya chamasana. Schwarzkopf asanatulukire m'holoyo, Kallas, ndi khalidwe lake lodzikuza, adathamangira kwa iye ndikuyamba kung'ung'udza nyimbo yoipayo: "Tamvera, Elisabeth, umachita bwanji pano, malo ano, mawu otsika chonchi?" Schwarzkopf poyamba adasokonezeka: "Inde, koma osati tsopano, pambuyo pake, tiyeni tidye chakudya chamasana kaye." Callas anaumirira yekha kuti: "Ayi, pakali pano mawuwa amandivutitsa!" Schwarzkopf adasiya - chakudya chamasana chinayikidwa pambali, ndipo apa, mu lesitilanti, phunziro lachilendo linayamba. Tsiku lotsatira, XNUMX koloko m'mawa, foni inalira m'chipinda cha Schwarzkopf: kumbali ina ya waya, Callas: "Zikomo, Elisabeth. Munandithandiza kwambiri dzulo. Pomalizira pake ndinapeza diminuendo yomwe ndinkafuna.”

Schwarzkopf nthawi zonse mofunitsitsa anavomera kuchita zoimbaimba, koma sanali nthawi zonse kutero. Ndipotu, kuwonjezera pa zisudzo, nawonso chuma cha operetta Johann Strauss ndi Franz Lehar, mu ntchito ya mawu ndi symphonic. Koma mu 1971, kusiya siteji, iye anadzipereka yekha nyimbo, chikondi. Apa ankakonda mawu a Richard Strauss, koma sanaiwale akale ena achijeremani - Mozart ndi Beethoven, Schumann ndi Schubert, Wagner, Brahms, Wolf ...

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70, mwamuna wake atamwalira, Schwarzkopf adasiya ntchito ya konsati, atapereka zikondwerero zotsazikana ku New York, Hamburg, Paris ndi Vienna. Gwero la kudzoza kwake linazimiririka, ndipo pokumbukira mwamuna amene anam’patsa mphatso ku dziko lonse lapansi, anasiya kuimba. Koma sanasiyane ndi luso. "Genius, mwinamwake, ndi luso lopanda malire logwira ntchito popanda kupuma," amakonda kubwereza mawu a mwamuna wake.

Wojambulayo amadzipereka yekha ku pedagogy ya mawu. M'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya ku Ulaya, amachititsa masemina ndi maphunziro, zomwe zimakopa oimba achichepere ochokera padziko lonse lapansi. “Kuphunzitsa ndi kuwonjezera pa kuyimba. Ndimachita zomwe ndachita moyo wanga wonse; inagwira ntchito pa kukongola, kunena zoona, kukhulupirika ku kalembedwe ndi kufotokoza.

PS Elisabeth Schwarzkopf anamwalira usiku wa August 2-3, 2006.