Kuchita |

Kuwongolera (kuchokera ku German dirigieren, French diriger - kutsogolera, kuyang'anira, kuyang'anira; Kuwongolera kwa Chingerezi) ndi imodzi mwa mitundu yovuta kwambiri ya luso loimba nyimbo; kuyang'anira gulu la oimba (orchestra, kwaya, gulu, opera kapena ballet troupe, etc.) pophunzira ndi kuyimba nyimbo ndi iwo. ntchito. Kuchitidwa ndi kondakitala. Kondakitala amapereka mgwirizano pamodzi ndi luso. ungwiro wa machitidwe, komanso amayesetsa kupereka luso lake kwa oimba motsogoleredwa ndi iye. zolinga, kuwulula pochita kutanthauzira kwawo kwa kulenga. cholinga cha wolemba, kumvetsetsa kwake za zomwe zili mkati ndi kalembedwe. mawonekedwe a mankhwalawa. Dongosolo la kachitidwe ka wochititsa kachitidwe kachitidwe kamadalira pa kafukufuku wokwanira ndi kubwereza kolondola kwambiri, mosamalitsa zolemba za mphambu za wolemba.

Ngakhale luso la conductor masiku ano. kumvetsa kwake mmene iwo alili odziimira paokha. mtundu wa nyimbo, wopangidwa posachedwa (2 kotala la 19th century), zoyambira zake zitha kutsatiridwa kuyambira nthawi zakale. Ngakhale pamiyala ya Aigupto ndi Asuri pali zithunzi za nyimbo zoimbidwa pamodzi, makamaka. pa nyimbo yomweyo. zida, oimba angapo motsogozedwa ndi munthu ndi ndodo m'dzanja lake. Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe chakwaya, kuvina kunkachitika ndi mmodzi wa oimba - mtsogoleri. Anakhazikitsa dongosolo ndi mgwirizano wa cholinga ("kusunga kamvekedwe"), kusonyeza tempo ndi mphamvu. mithunzi. Nthawi zina ankawerengera kugunda kwake poomba m’manja kapena kugunda phazi. Njira zofananira zamabungwe a metric pamodzi. zisudzo (kupondaponda, kuwomba m'manja, kusewera zida zoimbira) zidapitilira mpaka zaka za zana la 20. m'magulu ena amitundu. Kalekale (ku Egypt, Greece), ndiyeno mu cf. zaka zana, kuyang'anira kwaya (mpingo) mothandizidwa ndi cheironomy (kuchokera ku Greek xeir - hand, nomos - law, rule) kunali kofala. Kuvina kotereku kudakhazikitsidwa pamayendedwe okhazikika (ophiphiritsa) a manja ndi zala za wokonda, zomwe zidathandizidwa ndi zofananira. mayendedwe amutu ndi thupi. Powagwiritsa ntchito, wochititsa adawonetsa tempo, mita, nyimbo kwa oimba, amawonetsanso mizere ya nyimboyo (kuyenda kwake mmwamba kapena pansi). Manja a kondakitala ankasonyezanso mithunzi ya mawu ndipo, ndi mapulasitiki ake, ankayenera kugwirizana ndi nyimbo imene ikuimbidwa. The Vuto la polyphony, maonekedwe a mensural dongosolo ndi chitukuko cha ork. masewera anapanga kwambiri ndi zofunika kwambiri mungoli bwino. bungwe la ensemble. Pamodzi ndi cheironomy, njira yatsopano ya D. ikukula mothandizidwa ndi "battuta" (ndodo; kuchokera ku batire ya ku Italy - kumenya, kugunda, onani Battuta 2), yomwe kwenikweni inali "kumenya kugunda", nthawi zambiri. mokweza (“kuchititsa phokoso”) . Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zodalirika zogwiritsira ntchito trampoline ndi, mwachiwonekere, luso. fano la mpingo. pamodzi, zokhudzana ndi 1432. "Kuchititsa phokoso" kunagwiritsidwa ntchito kale. Ku Dr. Ku Greece, mtsogoleri wa kwaya, pochita zoopsa, adalemba nyimbo ndi phokoso la phazi lake, pogwiritsa ntchito nsapato zokhala ndi zitsulo zachitsulo.

M'zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18, pofika dongosolo la bass, kuimba ng'oma kunkachitidwa ndi woimba yemwe ankaimba mbali ya bass pa harpsichord kapena organ. Kondakitala anatsimikiza tempo ndi nyimbo zingapo, kutsindika kamvekedwe ka mawu kapena mafanizo. Okonda ena amtunduwu (mwachitsanzo, JS Bach), kuwonjezera pa kuimba limba kapena harpsichord, adapanga malangizo ndi maso awo, mutu, chala, nthawi zina kuimba nyimbo kapena kugogoda ndi mapazi awo. Pamodzi ndi njira iyi ya D., njira ya D. mothandizidwa ndi battuta inapitiriza kukhalapo. Mpaka 1687, JB Lully adagwiritsa ntchito nzimbe yayikulu, yokulirapo, yomwe adamenya nayo pansi, ndipo WA Weber adayambanso kuchita "phokoso" koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 19th, akumenya chigolicho ndi chubu chachikopa chomizidwa. ndi ubweya. Popeza machitidwe a bass general adachepetsa kwambiri kuthekera kwachindunji. chikoka cha kondakitala pa timu, kuyambira zaka za zana la 18. woyimba violini woyamba (wothandizira) akukhala wofunikira kwambiri. Iye ankathandiza wotsogolera nyimboyo poyimba vayolini, ndipo nthawi zina ankasiya kuimba ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito uta ngati ndodo (battutu). Mchitidwe umenewu unayambitsa kutuluka kwa otchedwa. kuchititsa kawiri: mu opera, woyimba harpsichord ankatsogolera oimba, ndipo woyimbayo ankayang'anira gulu la oimba. Kwa atsogoleri awiriwa, wachitatu nthawi zina ankawonjezedwa - woimba nyimbo woyamba, yemwe anakhala pafupi ndi woimba nyimbo za harpsichord ndipo ankaimba nyimbo za bass m'mawu oimba malinga ndi zolemba zake, kapena woimba nyimbo yemwe ankayang'anira kwaya. Pamene mukuchita wok.-instr. nyimbo, chiwerengero cha okonda nthawi zina anafika asanu.

Kuchokera pa 2nd floor. M'zaka za m'ma 18, pamene bass ambiri anafota, wochititsa violinist-accompanist pang'onopang'ono anakhala mtsogoleri yekha wa gulu (mwachitsanzo, K. Dittersdorf, J. Haydn, F. Habenek anachita motere). Njira iyi ya D. idasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali komanso m'zaka za zana la 19. m'malo oimba a ballroom ndi garden orchestra, m'magule ang'onoang'ono. Folk orchestras khalidwe. Oimba anali otchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, motsogozedwa ndi wotsogolera-violinist, wolemba wotchuka waltzes ndi operettas I. Strauss (mwana). Njira yofananira ya D. nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito poyimba nyimbo zazaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18.

Kupititsa patsogolo kwa symphony. nyimbo, kukula kwa mphamvu zake. kusiyanasiyana, kukulitsa ndi kuphatikizika kwa gulu la oimba, kufuna kumveketsa bwino kwambiri komanso luso la orke. masewerawo anaumirira kuti kondakitala amasulidwe kutenga nawo mbali mu gulu lalikulu kuti aike maganizo ake onse pa kutsogolera oimba ena onse. Woyimba violinist amapita pang'onopang'ono poyimba chida chake. Choncho, maonekedwe a D. mu zake zamakono. kumvetsetsa kunakonzedwa - idangotsala kuti m'malo mwa uta wa concertmaster ndi ndodo ya kondakitala.

Ena mwa otsogolera oyambirira amene anayambitsa ndodo ya kondakitala anali I. Mosel (1812, Vienna), KM Weber (1817, Dresden), L. Spohr (1817, Frankfurt am Main, 1819, London), komanso G. Spontini (1820, Berlin), yemwe sanaigwire kumapeto, koma pakati, monga otsogolera ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito nyimbo za D.

Otsogolera akuluakulu oyambirira omwe ankaimba m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ndi oimba "achilendo" anali G. Berlioz ndi F. Mendelssohn. Mmodzi mwa omwe adayambitsa D. yamakono (pamodzi ndi L. Beethoven ndi G. Berlioz) ayenera kuonedwa kuti ndi R. Wagner. Potsatira chitsanzo cha Wagner, wochititsa, yemwe poyamba adayimilira kutsogolo kwake moyang'anizana ndi omvera, adatembenukira kwa iye, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana kokwanira pakati pa wotsogolera ndi oimba a orchestra. Malo otchuka pakati pa okonda kondakitala a nthawiyo ndi a F. Liszt. Pofika m'ma 40s m'zaka za zana la 19. njira yatsopano ya D. imavomerezedwa pomaliza. Patapita nthawi, mtundu wamakono wa kondakitala-wosewera amene sachita nawo ntchito zopanga. Wotsogolera-woimba woyamba, yemwe adapambana machitidwe apadziko lonse ndi machitidwe ake oyendayenda. kuzindikira, anali H. von Bülow. Malo otsogolera kumapeto kwa 19 - oyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 20 zidamugwira. kuchititsa sukulu, imene okondakita ena otchuka a ku Hungary analinso m’gulu lake. ndi dziko la Austrian. Awa ndi ma kondakitala omwe anali mbali ya otchedwa. the post-Wagner asanu - X. Richter, F. Motl, G. Mahler, A. Nikish, F. Weingartner, komanso K. Muck, R. Strauss. Ku France, zimatanthawuza kwambiri. E. Colne ndi C. Lamoureux anali oimira suti ya D. ya nthawi ino. Zina mwa okonda kwambiri a theka loyamba la zaka za zana la 20. ndi zaka makumi angapo zotsatira - B. Walter, W. Furtwangler, O. Klemperer, O. Fried, L. Blech (Germany), A. Toscanini, V. Ferrero (Italy), P. Monteux, S. Munsch, A. Kluytens ( France), A. Zemlinsky, F. Shtidri, E. Kleiber, G. Karajan (Austria), T. Beecham, A. Boult, G. Wood, A. Coates (England), V. Berdyaev, G. Fitelberg ( Poland ), V. Mengelberg (Netherlands), L. Bernstein, J. Sell, L. Stokowski, Y. Ormandy, L. Mazel (USA), E. Ansermet (Switzerland), D. Mitropoulos (Greece), V, Talich ( Czechoslovakia), J. Ferenchik (Hungary), J. Georgescu, J. Enescu (Romania), L. Matachich (Yugoslavia).

ku Russia mpaka zaka za m'ma XVIII. D. adalumikizana ndi preim. ndi kwaya. kuphedwa. Kulemberana kwa cholemba chonse kumayendedwe awiri a dzanja, theka lachidziwitso ku gulu limodzi, etc., mwachitsanzo, njira zina zoyendetsera, zanenedwa kale mu Grammar ya Oimba a NP Diletsky (theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 18). Woyamba Russian orc. kondakitala anali oyimba ochokera ku serfs. Ena mwa iwo ayenera kutchedwa SA Degtyarev, yemwe anatsogolera gulu la oimba la Sheremetev. Otsogolera odziwika kwambiri azaka za zana la 2. - Oyimba violin ndi olemba IE Khandoshkin ndi VA Pashkevich. Kumayambiriro kwa chitukuko, Russian Ntchito za KA Kavos, KF Albrecht (Petersburg), ndi II Iogannis (Moscow) zinagwira ntchito yofunikira mu sewero la opera. Anatsogolera gulu loimba ndipo mu 17-18 adatsogolera kwaya ya Khoti ya MI Glinka. Otsogolera akuluakulu a ku Russia mu kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa luso la D. (1837 theka la zaka za m'ma 39), munthu ayenera kuganizira MA Balakirev, AG Rubinshtein ndi NG Rubinshtein - Russian woyamba. kondakitala-woimba, amene sanali pa nthawi yomweyo wolemba. Oyimba NA Rimsky-Korsakov, PI Tchaikovsky, ndipo patapita nthawi AK Glazunov adachita ngati okonda. Njira. malo m'mbiri ya Russia. zonena za kondakitala ndi EF Napravnik. Otsogolera odziwika bwino a mibadwo yotsatira ya Russian. Ena mwa oimba anali VI Safonov, SV Rakhmaninov, ndi SA Koussevitzky (chiyambi cha zaka za m'ma 2). M'zaka zoyambirira pambuyo pa kusintha, maluwa a ntchito za NS Golovanov, AM Pazovsky, IV Pribik, SA Samosud, VI Suk. M'zaka zisanayambe kusintha ku Petersburg. Conservatory inali yotchuka chifukwa cha kalasi yochititsa (kwa ophunzira a nyimbo), yomwe inatsogoleredwa ndi NN Cherepnin. Atsogoleri oyamba odziyimira pawokha, osagwirizana ndi dipatimenti yolemba, yochititsa makalasi, yomwe idapangidwa pambuyo pa Okutobala Wamkulu. socialist. zosintha mu Moscow ndi Leningrad conservatories anali KS Saradzhev (Moscow), EA Cooper, NA Malko ndi AV Gauk (Leningrad). Mu 19, mpikisano woyamba wa All-Union Conducting unachitikira ku Moscow, womwe unawulula otsogolera aluso angapo - oimira achinyamata a kadzidzi. sukulu za D. Opambana pa mpikisanowo anali EA Mravinsky, NG Rakhlin, A. Sh. Melik-Pashaev, KK Ivanov, MI Paverman. Ndi kukwera kwina kwa nyimbo. chikhalidwe m'mayiko a dziko la Soviet Union pakati pa kutsogolera kadzidzi. kondakitala anaphatikiza oimira a dec. mafuko; conductors NP Anosov, M. Ashrafi, LE Wigner, LM Ginzburg, EM Grikurov, OA Dimitriadi, VA Dranishnikov, VB Dudarova, KP Kondrashin, RV Matsov, ES Mikeladze, IA Musin, VV Nebolsin, NZ Niyazi, AI Orlov, NS Rabinovich GN Rozhdestvensky, EP Svetlanov, KA Simeonov, MA Tavrizian, VS Tolba, EO Tons, Yu. F. Fayer, BE Khaykin, L P. Steinberg, AK Jansons.

Mpikisano Wachiwiri ndi Wachitatu wa All-Union Conducting Competition unasankha gulu la okonda aluso a achinyamata. Opambana kwambiri ndi: Yu. Kh. Temirkanov, D. Yu. Tyulin, F. Sh. Mansurov, AS Dmitriev, MD Shostakovich, Yu. I. Simonov (2), AN Lazarev, VG Nelson (3).

M'munda wa choral D., miyambo ya ambuye odziwika bwino omwe adatuluka mu nthawi ya chisinthiko chisanachitike. kwaya. sukulu, AD Kastalsky, PG Chesnokov, AV Nikolsky, MG Klimov, NM Danilin, AV Aleksandrov, AV Sveshnikov bwinobwino anapitiriza ophunzira a kadzidzi. Conservatory GA Dmitrievsky, KB Ptitsa, VG Sokolov, AA Yurlov ndi ena. Mu D., monga mumtundu wina uliwonse wa nyimbo. magwiridwe antchito, amawonetsa kukula kwa muses. art-va ndi zokongoletsa. mfundo za nthawi ino, magulu. malo, sukulu, ndi munthu payekha. makhalidwe a luso kondakitala, chikhalidwe chake, kukoma, chifuniro, luntha, khalidwe, etc. Modern. D. amafuna kuchokera kwa wotsogolera chidziwitso chozama pankhani ya nyimbo. mabuku, anakhazikitsidwa. nyimbo-zambiri. maphunziro, nyimbo zapamwamba. mphatso - khutu lobisika, lophunzitsidwa mwapadera, nyimbo zabwino. kukumbukira, malingaliro a mawonekedwe, rhythm, komanso chidwi chokhazikika. Chofunikira ndi chakuti woyendetsa ali ndi chifuniro chogwira ntchito. Kondakitala ayenera kukhala katswiri wa zamaganizo, kukhala ndi mphatso ya mphunzitsi-mphunzitsi ndi luso lina la bungwe; makhalidwe amenewa ndi ofunika makamaka kondakitala amene ali okhazikika (kwa nthawi yaitali) atsogoleri a Ph.D. gulu lanyimbo.

Popanga kondakitala nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mphambu. Komabe, okonda konsati ambiri amakono amayendetsa pamtima, popanda chigoli kapena kutonthoza. Ena, povomereza kuti kondakitala anene chigolicho pamtima, amakhulupirira kuti kukana kwa kondakitala monyansidwa ndi chigonjetsocho n’kungotengeka maganizo kosafunikira ndipo kumapatutsa chidwi cha omvera pa chidutswacho. Woyendetsa opera ayenera kukhala wodziwa bwino za wok. ukadaulo, komanso kukhala ndi sewero. luso, luso kutsogolera chitukuko cha muses onse mu ndondomeko ya D. scenic kanthu lonse, popanda amene wake weniweni kulenga ndi wotsogolera n'zosatheka. Mtundu wapadera wa D. ndi kutsagana ndi woyimba payekha (mwachitsanzo, woyimba piyano, woyimba zeze kapena woyimba nyimbo zoyimba nyimbo panthawi ya concerto ndi oimba). Pankhaniyi, wotsogolera amagwirizanitsa luso lake. zolinga ndi kuchita. cholinga cha wojambula uyu.

Luso la D. limachokera ku dongosolo lapadera, lopangidwa mwapadera la kayendetsedwe ka manja. Nkhope ya kondakitala, kuyang’ana kwake, ndi maonekedwe a nkhope amakhalanso ndi gawo lalikulu popanga. Mfundo yofunika kwambiri mu suti-ve D. ndiyo yoyamba. wave (German Auftakt) - mtundu wa "kupuma", makamaka ndi kuchititsa, monga kuyankha, phokoso la oimba, kwaya. Njira. malo mu njira ya D. imaperekedwa ku nthawi, mwachitsanzo, kutchulidwa mothandizidwa ndi manja ogwedezeka a metrorhythmic. nyimbo zomangamanga. Nthawi ndiye maziko (chinsalu) cha luso. D.

Njira zovuta kwambiri za nthawi zimachokera ku kusintha ndi kuphatikiza kwa kayendedwe kamene kamapanga njira zosavuta. Zithunzizi zikuwonetsa kusuntha kwa dzanja lamanja la kondakitala. Kutsika kwa muyeso muzolinga zonse kumasonyezedwa ndi kuyenda kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Magawo omaliza - mpaka pakati ndi mmwamba. Kumenyedwa kwachiwiri mu ndondomeko ya 3-beat kumasonyezedwa ndi kuyenda kumanja (kutali ndi woyendetsa), mu ndondomeko ya 4 - kumanzere. Kuyenda kwa dzanja lamanzere kumamangidwa ngati galasi chithunzi cha kayendedwe ka dzanja lamanja. Muzochita za D. ntchito symmetrical kayendedwe ka manja onse awiri ndi osafunika. M'malo mwake, kuthekera kogwiritsa ntchito manja onse awiri popanda wina ndi mnzake ndikofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa ndi chizolowezi mu njira ya D. kulekanitsa ntchito za manja. Dzanja lamanja limapangidwira preim. kwa nthawi, dzanja lamanzere limapereka malangizo pazambiri, kufotokozera, mawu. Mwakuchita, komabe, ntchito za manja sizimayikidwa mokhazikika. The apamwamba luso kondakitala, nthawi zambiri ndi zovuta ndi ufulu interpenetration ndi interweaving wa ntchito za manja onse mu kayendedwe ake. Mayendedwe a ma conductor akuluakulu sakhala owonekera molunjika: amawoneka ngati "akudzimasula okha ku chiwembu", koma nthawi yomweyo amanyamula zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti azindikire.

Wotsogolera ayenera kugwirizanitsa anthu payekhapayekha poyimba, kuwongolera zoyesayesa zawo zonse pakukwaniritsa dongosolo lawo. Malinga ndi momwe gulu la ochita masewerawa likukhudzira, oyendetsa amatha kugawidwa m'mitundu iwiri. Choyamba mwa izi ndi "conductor-dictator"; iye mopanda malire amagonjera oimba ku chifuniro chake, chake. munthu payekha, nthawi zina kupondereza zofuna zawo. Wotsogolera wamtundu wina safuna kuonetsetsa kuti oimba a orchestra amamumvera mwachimbulimbuli, koma amayesa kuonetsa woimbayo patsogolo. konzekerani ku chidziwitso cha woimba aliyense, kuti mumukope ndi kuwerenga kwa cholinga cha wolemba. Makondakitala ambiri mu Dec. digiri imaphatikiza mawonekedwe amitundu yonse iwiri.

Njira ya D. yopanda ndodo idafalikiranso (yoyamba idayambitsidwa ndi Safonov kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20). Amapereka ufulu wochuluka ndi kufotokozera za kayendedwe ka dzanja lamanja, koma, kumbali ina, amawalepheretsa kupepuka ndi rhythm. kumveka.

M’zaka za m’ma 1920 m’maiko ena, anayesayesa kupanga magulu oimba opanda otsogolera. Gulu lokhazikika lokhazikika popanda wotsogolera linali ku Moscow mu 1922-32 (onani Persimfans).

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950 m'mayiko angapo anayamba kuchitika padziko lonse. mpikisano wa conductor. Pakati pa opambana awo: K. Abbado, Z. Meta, S. Ozawa, S. Skrovachevsky. Kuyambira 1968 mu mpikisano mayiko nawo kadzidzi. makokondakita. Maina a opambana adapambana ndi: Yu.I. Simonov, AM, 1968).

Zothandizira: Glinsky M., Essays on the history of conducting art, "Musical Contemporary", 1916, buku. 3; Timofeev Yu., Kalozera kwa woyambitsa woyamba, M., 1933, 1935, Bagrinovsky M., Njira yoyendetsera manja, M., 1947, Mbalame K., Zolemba za njira yopangira kwaya, M.-L., 1948; Performing Arts of Foreign Countries, vol. 1 (Bruno Walter), M., 1962, no. 2 (W. Furtwangler), 1966, no. 3 (Otto Klemperer), 1967, no. 4 (Bruno Walter), 1969, no. 5 (I. Markevich), magazini ya 1970. 6 (A. Toscanini), 1971; Kanerstein M., Mafunso otsogolera, M., 1965; Pazovsky A., Zolemba za kondakitala, M., 1966; Mysin I., Njira yoyendetsera, L., 1967; Kondrashin K., Pa luso loyendetsa, L.-M., 1970; Ivanov-Radkevich A., Pa maphunziro a wochititsa, M., 1973; Berlioz H., Le chef d'orchestre, théorie de son art, R., 1856 (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Wotsogolera gulu la oimba, M., 1912); Wagner R., Lber das Dirigieren, Lpz., 1870 (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Pa Kuyendetsa, St. Petersburg, 1900); Weingartner F., Lber das Dirigieren, V., 1896 (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - About conducting, L., 1927); Schünemann G, Geschichte des Dirigierens, Lpz., 1913, Wiesbaden, 1965; Krebs C., Meister des Taktstocks, B., 1919; Scherchen H., Lehrbuch des Dirigierens, Mainz, 1929; Wood H., About conducting, L., 1945 (Russian translation - About conducting, M., 1958); Ma1ko N., The conductor and his baton, Kbh., 1950 (Russian translation - Fundamentals of conducting technique, M.-L., 1965); Herzfeld Fr., Magie des Taktstocks, B., 1953; Münch Ch., Je suis chef d'orchestre, R., 1954 (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Ndine kondakitala, M., 1960), Szendrei A., Dirigierkunde, Lpz., 1956; Bobchevsky V., Izkustvoto pa kondakitala, S., 1958; Jeremias O., Praktické pokyny k dingováni, Praha, 1959 (Kumasulira kwa Chirasha - Malangizo othandiza pa kuyendetsa, M., 1964); Вult A., Thoughts on conducting, L., 1963.

E. Ayi. Ratser