Harmonium: ndichiyani, mbiri, mitundu, mfundo zosangalatsa

Chapakati pazaka za zana la XNUMX, m'nyumba zamizinda yaku Europe nthawi zambiri munthu amatha kuwona chida choimbira chodabwitsa, harmonium. Kunja, ikufanana ndi piyano, koma ili ndi chidzalo chamkati chosiyana kotheratu. Ndi m'gulu la ma aerophones kapena ma harmonics. Phokosoli limapangidwa ndi kayendedwe ka mpweya pa mabango. Chida ichi ndi chikhalidwe chofunikira cha mipingo ya Katolika.

Harmonium ndi chiyani

Mwa kapangidwe kake, choimbira cha kiyibodi chimafanana ndi piyano kapena chiwalo. Harmonium ilinso ndi makiyi, koma ndipamene kufanana kumathera. Poyimba piyano, nyundo zomwe zimagunda zingwe zimakhala ndi udindo wotulutsa phokoso. Phokoso la m'thupi limachitika chifukwa cha mafunde a mpweya kudzera m'mapaipi. Harmonium ili pafupi ndi chiwalo. Mafunde a mpweya amapopedwa ndi mvuto, amadutsa machubu a utali wosiyanasiyana, kutulutsa malilime achitsulo.

Chidacho chimayikidwa pansi kapena patebulo. Gawo lapakati limakhala ndi kiyibodi. Itha kukhala mzere umodzi kapena kukonzedwa m'mizere iwiri. Pansi pake pali zitseko ndi zitsulo. Kuchita pazitsulo, woimbayo amayendetsa mpweya ku furs, zophimba zimayendetsedwa ndi mawondo. Iwo ali ndi udindo pa mithunzi yamphamvu ya phokoso. Mtundu wa nyimbo zomwe zikusewera ndi ma octaves asanu. Maluso a chidacho ndi ochulukirapo, amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pochita ntchito zamapulogalamu, kukonza zosintha.

Thupi la harmonium limapangidwa ndi matabwa. Mkati mwake muli mipiringidzo ya mawu yokhala ndi malilime otsetsereka. Kiyibodi imagawidwa kumanja ndi kumanzere, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi ma levers omwe ali pamwamba pa kiyibodi. Chida chachikale chimakhala ndi miyeso yochititsa chidwi - mita imodzi ndi theka kutalika ndi 130 centimita mulifupi.

Mbiri ya chida

Njira yotulutsira mawu, yomwe harmonium idakhazikitsidwa, idawonekera kalekale asanatulukire "chiwalo" ichi. Pele ku Europe, bana China bakatalika kubelesya malimi aasimbi. Pa mfundo imeneyi, accordion ndi harmonica anayamba. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, mbuye waku Czech F. Kirschnik adapeza "espressivo" pamakina atsopano omwe adapangidwa. Zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukulitsa kapena kufooketsa mawuwo malinga ndi kuya kwa keystroke.

Chidacho chinawongoleredwa ndi wophunzira wa mbuye wachi Czech, pogwiritsa ntchito mabango oterera. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1818, G. Grenier, I. Bushman anapanga masinthidwe awo, dzina lakuti “harmonium” linanenedwa ndi katswiri wa ku Viennese A. Heckel mu 1840. Dzinali linachokera ku mawu Achigiriki, amene anawamasulira kuti “ ubweya” ndi “mgwirizano”. Patent ya chinthu chatsopano idangolandiridwa mu XNUMX ndi A. Deben. Panthawiyi, chidacho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kale ndi oimba mu salons kunyumba nyimbo.

Zosiyanasiyana

Harmonium idasintha mawonekedwe ake ndikuwongolera m'zaka zonse za XNUMX-XNUMX. Ambuye ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana adasintha potengera miyambo ya dziko yopangira nyimbo. Masiku ano, m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chida:

• accordionflute - ili linali dzina la harmonium yoyamba, yopangidwa molingana ndi mtundu wina wa A. Heckel, ndipo molingana ndi wina - ndi M. Busson. Analiika pachotengera, ndipo ubweya wake unali woyendetsedwa ndi ma pedals. Kumveka kwa mawu sikunali kwakukulu - ma octave 3-4 okha.
• Indian harmonium - Ahindu, Pakistanis, Nepalese kusewera pa izo, atakhala pansi. Mapazi sakhudzidwa ndi kutulutsa mawu. Wopanga dzanja limodzi amatsegula ubweya, ndipo wina amasindikiza makiyi.
• enharmonic harmonium - poyesa chida cha kiyibodi, pulofesa waku Oxford Robert Bosanquet adagawa ma octaves a kiyibodi yokhazikika mu masitepe 53 ofanana, kuti apeze mawu olondola. Zopanga zake zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito muzojambula zanyimbo za ku Germany.

Pambuyo pake, makope amagetsi adawonekera. Organola ndi multimonica adakhala makolo opanga ma synthesizer amakono.

Kugwiritsa ntchito harmonium

Chifukwa cha mawu ofewa, omveka bwino, chidacho chinatchuka. Mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, idaseweredwa mu zisa zabwino, m'nyumba za abambo obadwa bwino. Ntchito zambiri zalembedwa za harmonium. Zidutswazo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi melodiousness, melody, bata. Nthawi zambiri, ochita masewerawa ankaimba nyimbo za clavier.

Chidacho chinabwera ku Russia mwaunyinji pamodzi ndi anthu ochokera ku Germany kupita ku Western ndi Eastern Ukraine. Ndiye chikhoza kuwonedwa pafupifupi m'nyumba iliyonse. Nkhondo isanayambe, kutchuka kwa harmonium kunayamba kuchepa kwambiri. Masiku ano, mafani owona okha ndi omwe amasewera, ndipo amagwiritsidwanso ntchito pophunzira nyimbo zolembera chiwalocho.

Mfundo Zokondweretsa

1. Harmonium idadalitsidwa ndi Papa Pius wa 10 kuti achite mapemphero, malinga ndi lingaliro lake, chida ichi “chinali ndi mzimu.” Inayamba kukhazikitsidwa m’matchalitchi onse amene analibe mwayi wogula organ.
2. Mu Russia, mmodzi wa popularizers wa harmonium anali VF Odoevsky - wotchuka woganiza ndi woyambitsa Russian musicology.
3. Astrakhan Museum-Reserve ikupereka chiwonetsero choperekedwa ku chida komanso zopereka za Yu.G. Zimmerman pakukula kwa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo. Thupi la harmonium limakongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsera zamaluwa ndi mbale yodziwika yomwe ikuwonetsa mgwirizano wa wopanga.

Masiku ano, ma aerophones sapezeka paliponse. Odziwa zenizeni amayitanitsa kuti azipanga yekha m'mafakitale oimba.