Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin (Fedor Chaliapin) |
Feodor Chaliapin
Fedor Ivanovich Chaliapin anabadwa pa February 13, 1873 ku Kazan, m'banja losauka la Ivan Yakovlevich Chaliapin, wamba wochokera kumudzi wa Syrtsovo, m'chigawo cha Vyatka. Amayi, Evdokia (Avdotya) Mikhailovna (nee Prozorova), wochokera kumudzi wa Dudinskaya m'chigawo chomwecho. Kale ali mwana, Fedor anali ndi mawu okongola (wothamanga) ndipo nthawi zambiri ankaimba pamodzi ndi amayi ake, "kusintha mawu ake." Kuyambira ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zinayi adayimba m'makwaya a tchalitchi, adayesa kuphunzira kuimba violin, kuwerenga kwambiri, koma adakakamizika kugwira ntchito monga wophunzira wopanga nsapato, wotembenuza, kalipentala, wolemba mabuku, wolemba mabuku. Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, adachita nawo zisudzo za gulu loyenda ku Kazan monga owonjezera. Chilakolako chosasunthika cha zisudzo chinamufikitsa ku magulu osiyanasiyana ochita zisudzo, omwe adayendayenda m'mizinda ya Volga, Caucasus, Central Asia, akugwira ntchito ngati chonyamula katundu kapena mbedza pamphepete mwa nyanja, nthawi zambiri akuvutika ndi njala ndi kugona usiku wonse. mabenchi.
Mu Ufa 18 December 1890, iye anaimba yekha gawo kwa nthawi yoyamba. Kuchokera ku zikumbutso za Chaliapin mwiniwake:
“… Mwachiwonekere, ngakhale m’ntchito yochepa ya woimba kwaya, ndinatha kusonyeza nyimbo zanga zachibadwa ndi njira za mawu abwino. Pamene tsiku lina mmodzi wa baritones wa gulu mwadzidzidzi, madzulo a sewerolo, pazifukwa zina anakana udindo wa Stolnik mu opera Moniuszko "Galka", ndipo panalibe wina m'gulu kuti m'malo mwake, wamalonda Semyonov- Samarsky anandifunsa ngati ndingavomere kuyimba gawoli. Ngakhale kuti ndinali wamanyazi kwambiri, ndinavomera. Zinali zokopa kwambiri: gawo loyamba lalikulu m'moyo wanga. Ndinaphunzira mwamsanga mbaliyo ndikuchita.
Ngakhale zinali zomvetsa chisoni mu seweroli (ndinakhala pansi pa siteji ndikudutsa mpando), Semyonov-Samarsky komabe adakhudzidwa ndi kuyimba kwanga komanso chikhumbo changa chofuna kufotokoza zofanana ndi mkulu wa ku Poland. Anandiwonjezera ma ruble asanu pamalipiro anga ndipo anayambanso kundiikira ntchito zina. Ndimaganizabe mokhulupirira zamatsenga: chizindikiro chabwino kwa woyambira pachiwonetsero choyamba pa siteji pamaso pa omvera ndikukhala pansi pampando. Pantchito yanga yonse, komabe, ndimayang'anitsitsa mpando ndipo sindimaopa kukhala, komanso kukhala pampando wa wina ...
Mu nyengo yanga yoyamba iyi, ndinaimbanso Fernando ku Il trovatore ndi Neizvestny ku Manda a Askold. Kupambana kunalimbitsa chosankha changa chodzipereka ku malo owonetserako masewero.
Kenaka woimbayo anasamukira ku Tiflis, komwe adatenga maphunziro aulere kwa woimba wotchuka D. Usatov, omwe adachita nawo masewera a masewera ndi ophunzira. Mu 1894 adayimba zisudzo zomwe zidachitika m'munda wapansi panthaka wa St. Petersburg "Arcadia", ndiye mu Panaevsky Theatre. Pa Epulo 1895, XNUMX, adayamba ngati Mephistopheles ku Gounod's Faust ku Mariinsky Theatre.
Mu 1896, Chaliapin anaitanidwa ndi S. Mamontov ku Moscow Private Opera, komwe adatenga udindo wotsogolera ndikuwulula talente yake, ndikupanga zaka zambiri za ntchito m'bwaloli malo owonetsera zithunzi zosaiŵalika mumasewero a ku Russia: Ivan the Terrible. mu N. Rimsky's The Maid of Pskov -Korsakov (1896); Dositheus mu "Khovanshchina" ya M. Mussorgsky (1897); Boris Godunov mu opera ya dzina lomwelo ndi M. Mussorgsky (1898) ndi ena.
Kulankhulana mu Mammoth Theatre ndi akatswiri ojambula bwino kwambiri ku Russia (V. Polenov, V. ndi A. Vasnetsov, I. Levitan, V. Serov, M. Vrubel, K. Korovin ndi ena) anapatsa woimbayo chilimbikitso champhamvu cha kulenga: awo mawonekedwe ndi zovala zinathandizira kupanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino. Woimbayo anakonza mbali zingapo za zisudzo mu zisudzo ndi kondakitala novice ndi kupeka SERGEY Rachmaninoff. Ubwenzi wolenga unagwirizanitsa ojambula awiri akuluakulu mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wawo. Rachmaninov adapereka zibwenzi zingapo kwa woimbayo, kuphatikizapo "Fate" (mavesi a A. Apukhtin), "Inu munamudziwa" (mavesi a F. Tyutchev).
Luso lakuya la dziko la woimbayo linakondweretsa anthu a m'nthawi yake. "Mu luso la ku Russia, Chaliapin ndi nthawi, monga Pushkin," analemba M. Gorky. Kuchokera pa miyambo yabwino ya sukulu ya mawu a dziko, Chaliapin anatsegula nyengo yatsopano mu National Music Theatre. Iye anatha modabwitsa organically kuphatikiza mfundo ziwiri zofunika kwambiri za luso opera - zochititsa chidwi ndi nyimbo - kugonjera mphatso yake yomvetsa chisoni, wapadera siteji plasticity ndi nyimbo zakuya ku lingaliro limodzi luso.
Kuyambira September 24, 1899, Chaliapin, soloist wamkulu wa Bolshoi ndi nthawi yomweyo Mariinsky Theatre, anapita kunja ndi kupambana kopambana. Mu 1901, mu La Scala la Milan, iye anaimba bwino kwambiri mbali ya Mephistopheles mu opera ya dzina lomwelo ndi A. Boito ndi E. Caruso, motsogoleredwa ndi A. Toscanini. Kutchuka kwa dziko la woimba wa ku Russia kunatsimikiziridwa ndi maulendo ku Rome (1904), Monte Carlo (1905), Orange (France, 1905), Berlin (1907), New York (1908), Paris (1908), London (1913/ 14). Kukongola kwaumulungu kwa mawu a Chaliapin kunakopa omvera a mayiko onse. Mabasi ake apamwamba, operekedwa mwachilengedwe, okhala ndi velvety, timbre yofewa, amamveka amagazi athunthu, amphamvu komanso anali ndi phale lolemera la mawu omveka. Zotsatira za kusinthika kwa zojambulajambula zinadabwitsa omvera - palibe mawonekedwe akunja okha, komanso zakuya zamkati, zomwe zinaperekedwa ndi mawu omveka a woimbayo. Popanga zithunzi zowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino, woimbayo amathandizidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwake kodabwitsa: onse ndi wosema komanso wojambula, amalemba ndakatulo ndi prose. Talente yosunthika yotereyi ya wojambula wamkulu imakumbukira ambuye a Renaissance - sizodabwitsa kuti anthu a m'nthawi yake adafanizira ngwazi zake za opera ndi titans a Michelangelo. Luso la Chaliapin adawoloka malire a dziko ndikupangitsa chitukuko cha nyumba ya opera padziko lonse lapansi. Makondakitala ambiri akumadzulo, ojambula ndi oimba amatha kubwereza mawu a wotsogolera komanso woimba wa ku Italy D. Gavazeni: "Kupanga zatsopano kwa Chaliapin mu gawo la chowonadi chodabwitsa cha luso la opera kunakhudza kwambiri bwalo lamasewera la ku Italy ... Wojambulayo adasiya chizindikiro chakuya komanso chokhalitsa osati pakuchita masewera a ku Russia oimba a ku Italy, koma kawirikawiri, pamatanthauzidwe awo a mawu ndi siteji, kuphatikizapo ntchito za Verdi ... "
"Chaliapin adakopeka ndi anthu amphamvu, okhudzidwa ndi lingaliro ndi chilakolako, akukumana ndi sewero lakuya lauzimu, komanso zithunzi zowoneka bwino," akutero DN Lebedev. - Ndi chowonadi chodabwitsa komanso mphamvu, Chaliapin amawulula za tsoka la bambo watsoka yemwe anali ndi chisoni mu "Mermaid" kapena kusagwirizana kowawa m'maganizo ndi chisoni chomwe Boris Godunov anakumana nacho.
Pomvera chisoni kuzunzika kwa anthu, umunthu wapamwamba umasonyezedwa - katundu wosasunthika wa luso lopita patsogolo la Russia, lochokera ku dziko, pachiyero ndi kuya kwa malingaliro. Mu mtundu uwu, umene unadzaza moyo wonse ndi ntchito zonse za Chaliapin, mphamvu ya talente yake yakhazikika, chinsinsi cha kukopa kwake, kumvetsetsa kwa aliyense, ngakhale kwa munthu wosadziwa zambiri.
Chaliapin amatsutsana kwambiri ndi malingaliro ongoyerekeza, ochita kupanga: "Nyimbo zonse nthawi zonse zimawonetsa zakukhosi mwanjira ina, ndipo pomwe pali malingaliro, kutulutsa kwamakina kumasiya kuwoneka ngati kunyansidwa koyipa. Aria yochititsa chidwi imamveka yozizira komanso yowoneka bwino ngati mawuwo sanakhazikitsidwe mmenemo, ngati phokosolo silinapangidwe ndi mithunzi yofunikira yamalingaliro. Nyimbo za ku Western zimafunikiranso katchulidwe kameneka ... komwe ndidazindikira kuti ndi kofunikira pakufalitsa nyimbo zaku Russia, ngakhale zilibe kugwedezeka kwamalingaliro kuposa nyimbo zaku Russia."
Chaliapin imadziwika ndi zochitika zowoneka bwino, zolemera zamakonsati. Omvera anali okondwa nthawi zonse ndi machitidwe ake achikondi a The Miller, The Old Corporal, Titular Counsellor wa Dargomyzhsky, The Seminarist, Trepak ya Mussorgsky, Glinka's Doubt, Mneneri wa Rimsky-Korsakov, Tchaikovsky's The Double Nightingale, The Nightingale, The Nightingale , “M’loto ndinalira moŵaŵa mtima” lolembedwa ndi Schumann.
Izi ndi zomwe katswiri wodziwika bwino wa nyimbo waku Russia B. Asafiev analemba za mbali iyi ya ntchito yolenga ya woimbayo:
"Chaliapin ankaimba nyimbo za m'chipinda chowonadi, nthawi zina zozama kwambiri, zozama kwambiri moti zinkawoneka kuti alibe zofanana ndi zisudzo ndipo sanayambe kutsindika za zipangizo ndi maonekedwe ofunikira pa siteji. Kudekha ndi kudziletsa kotheratu kunam'patsa mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, ndimakumbukira Schumann "M'maloto anga ndinalira mowawa" - phokoso limodzi, mawu chete, odzichepetsa, obisika, koma zikuwoneka kuti palibe woimba, ndipo izi zazikulu, mokondwera, wowolowa manja ndi nthabwala, chikondi, momveka bwino. munthu. Liwu losungulumwa limamveka - ndipo zonse zili m'mawu: kuya ndi kudzaza kwa mtima wa munthu ... Nkhope imakhala yosasunthika, maso amawonekera kwambiri, koma mwapadera, osati monga, kunena, Mephistopheles muzochitika zodziwika bwino. ophunzira kapena mu serenade sarcastic: kumeneko iwo anawotcha njiru, monyoza, ndiyeno maso a munthu amene anamva zinthu zachisoni, koma amene anamvetsa kuti mwa nkhanza chilango cha maganizo ndi mtima - mu kamvekedwe ka mawonetseredwe ake onse. - kodi munthu amapeza mphamvu pa zilakolako ndi zowawa.
Atolankhani ankakonda kuwerengera ndalama za wojambulayo, kuthandizira nthano ya chuma chambiri, umbombo wa Chaliapin. Bwanji ngati nthano iyi imatsutsidwa ndi zikwangwani ndi mapulogalamu a zoimbaimba zambiri zachifundo, zisudzo zodziwika bwino za woimba ku Kyiv, Kharkov ndi Petrograd pamaso pa anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito? Mphekesera zopanda pake, mphekesera za nyuzipepala ndi miseche kangapo zinakakamiza wojambulayo kuti atenge cholembera chake, kutsutsa zomwe akumva komanso zongopeka, ndikumveketsa zowona za mbiri yake. Zopanda ntchito!
Pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, maulendo a Chaliapin anasiya. Woimbayo adatsegula zipatala ziwiri za asitikali ovulala ndi ndalama zake, koma sanalengeze "ntchito zake zabwino". Loya MF Volkenstein, yemwe ankayang’anira chuma cha woimbayo kwa zaka zambiri, anakumbukira kuti: “Zikanakhala bwino akanadziwa kuchuluka kwa ndalama za Chaliapin zomwe zinadutsa m’manja mwanga kuti ndithandize amene ankazifuna!”
Pambuyo pa October Revolution mu 1917, Fedor Ivanovich chinkhoswe mu ntchito yomanganso zisudzo wakale wachifumu, anali membala osankhidwa a Bolshoi ndi Mariinsky zisudzo, ndipo mu 1918 anatsogolera luso mbali yakumapeto. M'chaka chomwecho, anali woyamba mwa ojambulawo kupatsidwa udindo wa People's Artist of the Republic. Woimbayo anafuna kuti achoke mu ndale, m’buku la zikumbutso zake analemba kuti: “Ngati m’moyo wanga ndinali chabe wosewera ndi woimba, ndinali wodzipereka kotheratu ku ntchito yanga. Koma koposa zonse ndinali wandale.”
Kunja, zingawoneke kuti moyo wa Chaliapin ndi wotukuka komanso wolemera mwaluso. Iye akuitanidwa kuchita pa zoimbaimba ovomerezeka, iyenso amachita zambiri kwa anthu wamba, iye kupereka maudindo aulemu, anafunsidwa kuti atsogolere ntchito zosiyanasiyana zaluso juries, makhonsolo zisudzo. Koma pali mafoni akuthwa kuti "Socialize Chaliapin", "kuyika luso lake pa ntchito ya anthu", kukayikira nthawi zambiri amafotokozedwa za "gulu kukhulupirika" woimba. Wina amafuna kuti banja lake lizitenga nawo gawo pantchito yogwira ntchito, wina amawopseza mwachindunji kwa wojambula wakale wa zisudzo zachifumu ... ntchito yanga” , - wojambulayo adavomereza.
Inde, Chaliapin adatha kudziteteza ku kusasamala kwa ogwira ntchito mwakhama popempha yekha Lunacharsky, Peters, Dzerzhinsky, Zinoviev. Koma kukhala wodalira mosalekeza ku malamulo a ngakhale akuluakulu a utsogoleri wa chipani chotere ndi kuchititsa manyazi wojambula. Kuonjezera apo, nthawi zambiri sankatsimikizira chitetezo chokwanira cha anthu ndipo ndithudi sanalimbikitse chidaliro m'tsogolomu.
M'chaka cha 1922, Chaliapin sanabwerere ku maulendo akunja, ngakhale kwa nthawi ndithu iye anapitiriza kuganiza kuti sanali kubwerera kwa kanthawi. Kunyumba kunathandizira kwambiri zomwe zinachitika. Kusamalira ana, kuopa kuwasiya opanda ndalama kunakakamiza Fedor Ivanovich kuvomereza maulendo osatha. Mwana wamkazi wamkulu Irina anakhalabe ku Moscow ndi mwamuna wake ndi amayi, Paula Ignatievna Tornagi-Chaliapina. Ana ena a ukwati woyamba - Lydia, Boris, Fedor, Tatyana - ndi ana a ukwati wachiwiri - Marina, Marita, Dassia ndi ana a Maria Valentinovna (mkazi wachiwiri), Edward ndi Stella, ankakhala nawo ku Paris. Chaliapin ankanyadira kwambiri mwana wake Boris, yemwe, malinga ndi N. Benois, adapeza "chipambano chachikulu monga wojambula malo ndi zithunzi." Fyodor Ivanovich mofunitsitsa anafunsa mwana wake; Zithunzi ndi zojambula za abambo ake zopangidwa ndi Boris "ndizipilala zamtengo wapatali kwa wojambula wamkulu ...".
M'dziko lachilendo, woimbayo ankasangalala nthawi zonse, akuyendera pafupifupi mayiko onse a dziko - ku England, America, Canada, China, Japan, ndi zilumba za Hawaii. Kuyambira 1930, Chaliapin anachita mu Russian Opera kampani, amene zisudzo anali wotchuka chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo mkulu masiteji. Zisudzo za Mermaid, Boris Godunov, ndi Prince Igor zinali zopambana makamaka ku Paris. Mu 1935, Chaliapin adasankhidwa kukhala membala wa Royal Academy of Music (pamodzi ndi A. Toscanini) ndipo adapatsidwa diploma ya maphunziro. Repertoire ya Chaliapin inali ndi magawo 70. Mu zisudzo ndi oimba Russian, iye analenga zithunzi za Melnik (Mermaid), Ivan Susanin (Ivan Susanin), Boris Godunov ndi Varlaam (Boris Godunov), Ivan The Terrible (Mtsikana wa Pskov) ndi ena ambiri, osapambana mu mphamvu ndi choonadi cha. moyo. . Ena mwa maudindo abwino mu Western European opera Mephistopheles (Faust ndi Mephistopheles), Don Basilio (Ometa wa Seville), Leporello (Don Giovanni), Don Quixote (Don Quixote). Momwemonso Chaliapin anali wamkulu pakuchita mawu kwachipinda. Apa iye anayambitsa mbali ya zisudzo ndipo anapanga mtundu wa "chikondi zisudzo". Nyimbo zake zimaphatikizanso nyimbo mazana anayi, zachikondi ndi mitundu ina yachipinda ndi nyimbo zamawu. Zina mwa zaluso zamasewera ndi "Bloch", "Waiwalika", "Trepak" lolemba Mussorgsky, "Night Review" lolemba Glinka, "Prophet" lolemba Rimsky-Korsakov, "Two Grenadiers" lolemba R. Schumann, "Double" lolemba F. Schubert, komanso nyimbo zachi Russia "Kutsanzikana, chimwemwe", "Samauza Masha kuti apite kutsidya la mtsinje", "Chifukwa cha chilumbachi mpaka pachimake".
M'zaka za m'ma 20 ndi 30 adajambula pafupifupi mazana atatu. "Ndimakonda zolemba zamagalamafoni ..." Fedor Ivanovich adavomereza. "Ndili wokondwa komanso wokondwa kwambiri ndi lingaliro loti maikolofoni samayimira omvera ena, koma mamiliyoni a omvera." Woimbayo anali wokonda kwambiri zojambulira, pakati pa zomwe amakonda ndi kujambula kwa "Elegy" ya Massenet, nyimbo za anthu aku Russia, zomwe adaziphatikiza m'mapulogalamu amasewera ake m'moyo wake wonse. Malinga ndi kukumbukira kwa Asafiev, "mpweya waukulu, wamphamvu, wosathawika wa woyimba wamkuluyo unadzaza nyimboyo, ndipo, zinamveka, palibe malire kuminda ndi mapiri a Motherland."
Pa Ogasiti 24, 1927, Bungwe la People's Commissars linapanga chigamulo chochotsera Chaliapin udindo wa People's Artist. Gorky sanakhulupirire kuti angathe kuchotsa mutu wa People's Artist ku Chaliapin, womwe unali mphekesera kale m'chaka cha 1927: udzachita. Komabe, zenizeni, zonse zidachitika mosiyana, osati momwe Gorky amaganizira ...
Pothirirapo ndemanga pa chigamulo cha Council of People's Commissars, AV Lunacharsky adatsutsa mwatsatanetsatane mbiri ya ndale, adanena kuti "chomwe chinapangitsa kuti Chaliapin asakhalenso mutuwo chinali kukana kwake kubwera kwa kanthawi kochepa kudziko lakwawo ndikugwira ntchito mwaluso. anthu omwe amamudziwa bwino kwambiri. ”…
Komabe, mu USSR sanasiye kuyesa kubwerera Chaliapin. M’dzinja la 1928, Gorky analembera Fyodor Ivanovich wa ku Sorrento kuti: “Amati udzaimba ku Rome? Ndibwera kudzamvetsera. Iwo akufunadi kukumvetserani ku Moscow. Stalin, Voroshilov ndi ena anandiuza izi. Ngakhale "thanthwe" ku Crimea ndi chuma china chidzabwezeredwa kwa inu.
Msonkhano ku Roma unachitika mu April 1929. Chaliapin anaimba "Boris Godunov" ndi kupambana kwakukulu. Pambuyo pa sewerolo, tinasonkhana ku Library. “Aliyense anali mumkhalidwe wabwino kwambiri. Alexei Maksimovich ndi Maxim adanena zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa za Soviet Union, adayankha mafunso ambiri, pomaliza, Alexei Maksimovich anauza Fedor Ivanovich kuti: "Pita kunyumba, uwone kumangidwa kwa moyo watsopano, kwa anthu atsopano, chidwi chawo. Ndiwe wamkulu, powona kuti udzafuna kukhala komweko, ndikutsimikiza." Mkamwini wa wolemba NA Peshkova akupitiriza kuti: "Maria Valentinovna, yemwe anali kumvetsera mwakachetechete, mwadzidzidzi adanena motsimikiza, akutembenukira kwa Fyodor Ivanovich:" Mudzapita ku Soviet Union kokha pa mtembo wanga. Anthu onse anasangalala kwambiri ndipo anakonzeka mwamsanga kupita kwawo. Chaliapin ndi Gorky sanakumanenso.
Kutali ndi kwawo, kwa Chaliapin, misonkhano ndi anthu a ku Russia inali yofunika kwambiri - Korovin, Rachmaninov, Anna Pavlova. Chaliapin ankadziwa Toti Dal Monte, Maurice Ravel, Charlie Chaplin, Herbert Wells. Mu 1932, Fedor Ivanovich nyenyezi mu filimu Don Quixote pa maganizo a wotsogolera German Georg Pabst. Filimuyi inali yotchuka ndi anthu. Kale m'zaka zake zocheperako, Chaliapin ankalakalaka Russia, pang'onopang'ono anataya chisangalalo ndi chiyembekezo, sanayimbe mbali zatsopano za opera, ndipo anayamba kudwala nthawi zambiri. Mu May 1937, madokotala anamupeza ndi khansa ya m’magazi. Pa April 12, 1938, woimba wamkulu anamwalira ku Paris.
Mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake, Chaliapin anakhalabe nzika ya Russia - sanavomereze kukhala nzika yachilendo, ankalota kuti adzaikidwa m'manda kudziko lakwawo. Cholinga chake chinakwaniritsidwa, phulusa la woimbayo linatengedwa kupita ku Moscow, ndipo pa October 29, 1984 anaikidwa m'manda ku Novodevichy.
