Domenico Scarlatti |

Domenico Scarlatti

... Akuchita nthabwala ndi kusewera, mumayendedwe ake amphamvu komanso kudumpha kodabwitsa, amakhazikitsa zojambulajambula zatsopano ... K. Kuznetsov

Pa mzera wonse wa Scarlatti - mmodzi mwa odziwika kwambiri m'mbiri ya nyimbo - Giuseppe Domenico, mwana wa Alessandro Scarlatti, wazaka zofanana ndi JS Bach ndi GF Handel, adapeza kutchuka kwakukulu. D. Scarlatti adalowa m'mabuku a chikhalidwe cha nyimbo makamaka ngati mmodzi mwa oyambitsa nyimbo za piyano, mlengi wa kalembedwe ka virtuoso harpsichord.

Scarlatti anabadwira ku Naples. Anali wophunzira wa abambo ake komanso woimba wotchuka G. Hertz, ndipo ali ndi zaka 16 anakhala woimba komanso woimba wa Neapolitan Royal Chapel. Koma posakhalitsa atatewo anatumiza Domenico ku Venice. A. Scarlatti akufotokoza zifukwa za chosankha chake m’kalata yopita kwa Duke Alessandro Medici: “Ndinam’kakamiza kuchoka ku Naples, kumene kunali malo okwanira talente yake, koma luso lake silinali la malo oterowo. Mwana wanga wamwamuna ndi mphungu yomwe mapiko ake adakula ... "Zaka 4 za maphunziro ndi wolemba nyimbo wotchuka kwambiri wa ku Italy F. Gasparini, kudziwana ndi ubwenzi ndi Handel, kulankhulana ndi wotchuka B. Marcello - zonsezi sizikanatha koma kuthandizira kwambiri pakupanga Talente yanyimbo ya Scarlatti.

Ngati Venice mu moyo wa wopeka anakhalabe nthawi zina kuphunzitsa ndi kusintha, ndiye ku Roma, kumene iye anasamuka chifukwa cha patronage wa Kadinala Ottoboni, nthawi ya kukhwima kulenga anali atayamba kale. Gulu la Scarlatti lolumikizana ndi nyimbo limaphatikizapo B. Pasquini ndi A. Corelli. Amalemba zisudzo za mfumukazi ya ku Poland yomwe inathamangitsidwa Maria Casimira; kuyambira 1714 adakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu ku Vatican, adapanga nyimbo zambiri zopatulika. Panthawiyi, ulemerero wa Scarlatti woimbayo ukuphatikizidwa. Malinga ndi zokumbukira za woimba nyimbo wa ku Ireland, Thomas Rosengrave, yemwe anathandiza kuti woimbayo atchuke kwambiri ku England, iye sanamvepo ndime zoterozo ndi zotulukapo zake zoposa ungwiro uliwonse, “monga ngati kuti kumbuyo kwa chidacho kunali ziwanda zikwizikwi.” Scarlatti, woimba nyimbo za virtuoso harpsichordist, ankadziwika ku Ulaya konse. Naples, Florence, Venice, Rome, London, Lisbon, Dublin, Madrid - izi ndizongodziwika bwino za mayendedwe othamanga a oimba kuzungulira mizinda ikuluikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi. Makhoti otchuka kwambiri a ku Ulaya ankasamalira woimba waluso kwambiri, anthu ovala korona anasonyeza maganizo awo. Malinga ndi zokumbukira za Farinelli, bwenzi la wolemba nyimbo, Scarlatti anali ndi azeze ambiri opangidwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Woipekayo anatcha chida chilichonse pambuyo pa wojambula wina wotchuka wa ku Italy, malinga ndi mtengo umene anali nawo kwa woimbayo. Harpsichord yomwe Scarlatti amakonda kwambiri idatchedwa "Raphael wa Urbino".

Mu 1720, Scarlatti adachoka ku Italy kwamuyaya ndikupita ku Lisbon ku khoti la Infanta Maria Barbara monga mphunzitsi wake komanso mtsogoleri wa gulu. Muutumiki uwu, adakhala theka lachiwiri la moyo wake: pambuyo pake, Maria Barbara anakhala mfumukazi ya ku Spain (1729) ndipo Scarlatti anamutsatira ku Spain. Apa analankhula ndi wopeka A. Soler, amene ntchito yake chikoka Scarlatti anakhudza Spanish clavier luso.

Mwa cholowa cha woimbayo (20 operas, pafupifupi 20 oratorios ndi cantatas, 12 zida zoimba nyimbo, misa, 2 "Miserere", "Stabat mater") zolemba za clavier zakhalabe ndi luso laluso. Munali mwa iwo momwe luso la Scarlatti linadziwonetsera ndi chidzalo chenicheni. Kutolere kokwanira kwambiri kwa ma sonatas ake oyenda kumodzi kuli ndi nyimbo 555. Woipeka mwiniwakeyo anawatcha masewero olimbitsa thupi ndipo analemba m'mawu oyamba a moyo wake wonse: "Musadikire - kaya ndinu katswiri kapena katswiri - mu ntchito izi za dongosolo lakuya; atengeni ngati masewera kuti muzolowere luso la harpsichord." Ntchito za bravura ndi zanzeru izi ndizodzaza ndi chidwi, zanzeru komanso zopanga. Amayambitsa mayanjano ndi zithunzi za opera-buffa. Zambiri apa zimachokera ku kalembedwe ka violin ya ku Italy yamakono, komanso kuchokera ku nyimbo zovina zachikhalidwe, osati Chitaliyana chokha, komanso Chisipanishi ndi Chipwitikizi. Mfundo yachikhalidwe imaphatikizidwa mwapadera mwa iwo ndi gloss of aristocracy; kusintha - ndi ma prototypes a mawonekedwe a sonata. Makamaka clavier virtuosity inali yatsopano kotheratu: kusewera kaundula, kuwoloka manja, kudumpha kwakukulu, nyimbo zosweka, ndime zokhala ndi zolemba ziwiri. Nyimbo za Domenico Scarlatti zidakumana ndi zovuta. Wopeka nyimboyo atangomwalira, iye anaiwalidwa; zolembedwa pamanja za nkhani zinathera m’malaibulale osiyanasiyana ndi m’nkhokwe zakale; ziwerengero opareshoni pafupifupi onse anataya irretrievably. M'zaka za zana la XNUMX chidwi pa umunthu ndi ntchito ya Scarlatti chidayamba kutsitsimuka. Zambiri za cholowa chake zidapezeka ndikusindikizidwa, zidadziwika kwa anthu onse ndikulowa mu thumba la golide la chikhalidwe cha nyimbo zapadziko lonse lapansi.

I. Vetlitsyna