Zolemba |

APPLICATION (kuchokera ku Latin applico – I apply, I press; English fingering; French doigte; Italian digitazione, diteggiature; German Fingersatz, Applikatur) – njira yolinganiza ndi kusinthana zala posewera nyimbo. chida, komanso kutchulidwa kwa njira iyi muzolemba. Kukhoza kupeza kayimbidwe kachilengedwe komanso koyenera ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pa luso la woimbayo. Mtengo wa A. ndi chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwake kwamkati ndi nthawi za l. njira za instr. masewera. Osankhidwa bwino A. amathandizira kufotokozera kwake, amathandizira kugonjetsa luso. zovuta, zimathandiza woimba kuti adziwe bwino nyimbo. prod., mwamsanga kuphimba izo zonse ndi mwatsatanetsatane, kumalimbitsa muses. kukumbukira, kumathandizira kuwerenga kuchokera papepala, kumakulitsa ufulu wokhazikika pakhosi, kiyibodi, mavavu, kwa ochita zingwe. zida zimathandizanso kuti mawu amveke bwino. Kusankha mwaluso kwa A., komwe kumapereka sonority kofunikira komanso kuyenda kosavuta, kumatsimikizira kwambiri momwe magwiridwe antchito amagwirira ntchito. M'buku la A. la wosewera aliyense, limodzi ndi mfundo zina zofala m'nthaŵi yake, mikhalidwe ya munthu payekha imawonekeranso. Kusankhidwa kwa A. kumlingo wina kumakhudzidwa ndi mapangidwe a manja a wojambula (kutalika kwa zala, kusinthasintha kwawo, mlingo wa kutambasula). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, A. amatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kumvetsetsa kwaumwini kwa ntchito, ndondomeko yochitira ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwake. M'lingaliro ili, tikhoza kulankhula za aesthetics A. Zotheka za A. zimadalira mtundu ndi mapangidwe a chida; ali otakata makamaka kwa kiyibodi ndi zingwe. zida zoweramira (violin, cello), ndizochepa kwambiri pazingwe. kuzulidwa makamaka kwa mzimu. zida.

A. mu manotsi amasonyezedwa ndi manambala omwe akuwonetsa chala ichi kapena phokoso lomwe latengedwa. Mu pepala la nyimbo za zingwe. zida za zingwe, zala za dzanja lamanzere zimawonetsedwa ndi manambala kuyambira 1 mpaka 4 (kuyambira chala cholozera mpaka chala chaching'ono), kuyika kwa chala chachikulu ndi cellists kumawonetsedwa ndi chizindikiro. M'zolemba za zida za kiyibodi, kutchulidwa kwa zala kumavomerezedwa ndi manambala 1-5 (kuyambira chala chachikulu mpaka chala chaching'ono cha dzanja lililonse). M'mbuyomu, zilembo zina zidagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Mfundo zazikuluzikulu za A. zinasintha pakapita nthawi, malingana ndi kusintha kwa muses. art-va, komanso kuchokera ku kusintha kwa muses. zida ndi chitukuko cha njira zochitira.

Zitsanzo zoyambirira za A. zoperekedwa: zida zoweramira - mu "Treatise on Music" ("Tractatus de musica", pakati pa 1272 ndi 1304) Czech. ice theorist Hieronymus Moravsky (ali ndi A. za 5-zingwe. fidel viola), pazida za kiyibodi - munkhani yakuti "The Art of Performing Fantasies" ("Arte de tacer Fantasia ...", 1565) ndi Spaniard Thomas waku Santa Maria komanso mu "Organ or Instrumental Tablature" ("Orgel-oder Instrumenttabulatur …”, 1571) Chijeremani. organ E. Ammerbach. Chikhalidwe cha izi A. - kugwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero chochepa cha zala: posewera zida zoweramira, zala ziwiri zoyambirira zokha ndi chingwe chotseguka chinali chophatikizidwa makamaka, kutsetsereka ndi chala chomwecho pa chromatic kunagwiritsidwanso ntchito. semitone; pa makibodi, masamu ankagwiritsidwa ntchito, pogwiritsa ntchito kusuntha kwa zala zapakati zokha, pamene zala zazikulu, kupatulapo kawirikawiri, zinali zosagwira ntchito. Dongosolo lofananalo ndipo m'tsogolomu limakhalabe lofanana ndi ziwombankhanga ndi harpsichord. M'zaka za m'ma 15, kuimba vio, makamaka kwa theka-malo ndi malo oyamba, kunali polyphonic, chordal; njira yogwiritsira ntchito viola da gamba inayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'zaka za zana la 16, ndipo kusintha kwa maudindo kunayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi 18. Zowonjezereka zinapangidwa ndi A. pa harpsichord, yomwe m'zaka za 16-17. chinakhala chida choimbira payekha. Anali wosiyana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. zenizeni a. zinatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi mitundu yambiri ya zithunzi zaluso za nyimbo za harpsichord. Mitundu yaying'ono, yolimidwa ndi oimba a harpsichord, inkafunika njira yabwino ya chala, makamaka pokhazikika (mkati mwa "malo" a dzanja). Chifukwa chake kupewa kuyika chala chachikulu, zomwe amakonda kulowetsa ndikusintha zala zina (4th pansi pa 3rd, 3rd mpaka 4th), kusintha kwa zala mwakachetechete pa kiyi imodzi (doigté substituer), kutsetsereka kwa chala kuchokera pa kiyi yakuda kupita ku choyera. chimodzi (doigté de glissé), etc. Njira izi A. yolembedwa ndi F. Couperin mu buku la "Luso la Kusewera Harpsichord" ("L'art de toucher le clavecin", 1716). Chisinthiko china a. Zinali zogwirizana: pakati pa oimba pa zida zoweramira, makamaka oimba violini, ndi chitukuko cha kusewera kwabwino, njira yosinthira kuchoka pa malo kupita kumalo, pakati pa oimba pa zida za kiyibodi, ndikuyambitsa njira yoyika chala chachikulu, chomwe chinafuna kuti adziwe bwino kiyibodi. decomp. "maudindo" a dzanja (kuyambitsa njira iyi nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi dzina la I. C. Bakha). Maziko a violin A. kunali kugawanika kwa khosi la chidacho m'malo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito decomp. mitundu ya kuika zala pa fretboard. Kugawika kwa fretboard kukhala malo asanu ndi awiri, kutengera makonzedwe achilengedwe a zala, ndi Krom pa chingwe chilichonse, zomveka zidaphimbidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa quart, yokhazikitsidwa ndi M. Corret mu "School of Orpheus" ("L'école d'Orphée", 1738); A., kutengera kukula ndi kufupikitsa kwa kukula kwa malowa, adayikidwa patsogolo ndi F. Geminiani ku Art of Playing pa Violin School, op. 9, 1751). Kukhudza skr. A. ndi rhythmic. Mapangidwe a ndime ndi zikwapu adawonetsedwa ndi L. Mozart mu "Experience of a fundamental violin school" ("Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule", 1756). Pambuyo III. Berio adapanga kusiyana pakati pa violin A. mwa A. cantilena ndi A. akatswiri malo pokhazikitsa diff. mfundo zomwe amasankha mu "sukulu yake ya violin yayikulu" ("Grande mеthode de violon", 1858). Makaniko ogometsa, makina obwerezabwereza komanso kachipangizo ka piyano ya hammer-action, yomwe imatengera mfundo zosiyana kwambiri ndi zeze, zidatsegula njira zatsopano za oimba piyano. ndi zaluso. zikhoza. Mu nthawi ya Y. Haydna, V. A. Mozart ndi L. Beethoven, kusintha kumapangidwira ku FP "zala zisanu". A. Mfundo za otchedwa. classical kapena chikhalidwe fp. A. mwachidule mu njira yoteroyo. amagwira ntchito monga "Complete Theoretical and Practical Piano School" ("Voll-ständige theoretisch-praktische Pianoforte-Schule", op. 500, cha m’ma 1830) K. Czerny ndi Piano School. Malangizo atsatanetsatane okhudza kuimba piyano” (“Klavierschule: ausführliche theoretisch-praktische Anweisung zum Pianofortespiel…”, 1828) lolemba I.

M'zaka za zana la 18 pansi pa chisonkhezero cha kuimba violin, A. wa cello amapangidwa. Kukula kwakukulu (poyerekeza ndi violin) kukula kwa chidacho komanso njira yoyimirira yochigwirizira (pamapazi) zimatsimikizira kutsimikizika kwa violin ya cello: makonzedwe apakati pa fretboard amafunikira kutsatana kosiyana kwa zala posewera ( kuchita m'malo oyamba a kamvekedwe konse osati 1st ndi 2nd, ndi 1st ndi 3rd zala), kugwiritsa ntchito chala chachikulu pamasewera (chomwe chimatchedwa kuvomereza kubetcha). Kwa nthawi yoyamba, mfundo za A. cello zakhazikitsidwa mu cello “School …” (“Mthode … pour apprendre … le violoncelle”, op. 24, 1741) lolemba M. Correta (ch. “On fingering in the malo oyamba ndi otsatila", "Pa kuyika chala chachikulu - mlingo"). Kukula kwa kulandila kubetcha kumalumikizidwa ndi dzina la L. Boccherini (kugwiritsa ntchito chala cha 4, kugwiritsa ntchito malo apamwamba). M'tsogolomu, J.-L. Duport adalongosola mfundo za cello acoustics mu ntchito yake Essai sur le doigté du violoncelle et sur la conduite de l'archet, 1770, pa cello fingering ndi kuyendetsa uta. Kufunika kwakukulu kwa ntchitoyi kumalumikizidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo za piyano ya cello yoyenera, kudzimasula ku gambo (ndipo, pamlingo wina, violin) kukopa ndi kupeza khalidwe la cello, pokonza masikelo a piyano.

Ochita masewera akuluakulu a zachikondi m'zaka za zana la 19 (N. Paganini, F. Liszt, F. Chopin) adatsimikizira mfundo zatsopano za A., osati "zosavuta" za machitidwe, koma pamakalata ake amkati ndi muse. zokhutira, pa kuthekera kokwaniritsa mothandizidwa ndi zofananira. A. phokoso lowala kwambiri kapena mtundu. zotsatira. Paganini adayambitsa njira za A., osn. pa zala zotambasula ndi kulumpha kwa mtunda wautali, kupangitsa kwambiri kusiyana kwa munthu aliyense. zingwe; pochita izi, adagonjetsa udindo pakuyimba violin. Liszt, yemwe adakhudzidwa ndi luso la Paganini, adakankhira malire a FP. A. Pamodzi ndi kuyika chala chachikulu, kusuntha ndi kuwoloka chala chachiwiri, chachitatu ndi cha 2, adagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri chala chachikulu ndi chala cha 3 pa makiyi akuda, akusewera nyimbo zotsatizana ndi chala chomwecho, ndi zina zotero.

M'nthawi ya pambuyo pa chikondi K. Yu. Davydov adayambitsa chizolowezi chosewera ma cellists A., osn. osati pa ntchito yotopetsa ya kayendedwe ka zala pa bolodi la chala ndi malo osasintha a dzanja mu malo amodzi (mfundo ya otchedwa positional parallelism, yolimidwa ndi sukulu ya ku Germany mwa munthu wa B. Romberg), koma pakuyenda kwa dzanja ndi kusintha pafupipafupi kwa malo.

A chitukuko. m'zaka za m'ma 20 zimasonyeza chikhalidwe chake organic kwambiri. kugwirizana ndi Express. mwa luso loimba (njira zopangira mawu, mawu, mphamvu, agogics, kufotokozera, kwa oimba piyano - pedalization), amavumbula tanthauzo la A. momwe katswiri wa zamaganizo. factor ndi kumabweretsa kulinganiza kwa njira zala, kuyambitsa njira, DOS. pa chuma cha mayendedwe, zochita zawo zokha. Kuthandizira kwakukulu kwa chitukuko chamakono. fp. A. yolembedwa ndi F. Busoni, yemwe adapanga mfundo ya gawo lodziwika bwino la zomwe zimatchedwa "mayunitsi aukadaulo" kapena "zovuta" zomwe zimakhala ndi magulu ofananira a zolemba zomwe zimaseweredwa ndi yemweyo A. Mfundo iyi, yomwe imatsegula mwayi waukulu wodzipangira zoyenda zala ndipo, mpaka kufika, ikugwirizana ndi mfundo ya zomwe zimatchedwa. "rhythmic" A., adalandira mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana mu A. zina zipangizo. AP Casals adayambitsa njira yatsopano ya A. pa cello, osn. pa kutambasula kwakukulu kwa zala, zomwe zimawonjezera kuchuluka kwa malo pa chingwe chimodzi mpaka kufupikitsa kwa quart, pamayendedwe omveka a dzanja lamanzere, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ndondomeko ya zala pa fretboard. Malingaliro a Casals adapangidwa ndi wophunzira wake D. Aleksanyan muzolemba zake "Teaching the Cello" ("L' enseignement de violoncelle", 1914), "Theoretical and Practical Guide to Playing the Cello" ("Traité théorétique et pratique du violoncelle", 1922) komanso mu kope lake la suites. ndi I. C. Bach kwa cello solo. Oyimba violin E. Izai, pogwiritsa ntchito kutambasula zala ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwa malo mpaka nthawi yachisanu ndi chimodzi komanso yachisanu ndi chiwiri, adayambitsa zomwe zimatchedwa. "interpositional" kusewera violin; adagwiritsanso ntchito njira yosinthira malo "chete" mothandizidwa ndi zingwe zotseguka ndi mawu omveka. Kukulitsa njira za Izaya zala zala, F. Kreisler anapanga njira zogwiritsira ntchito kwambiri zingwe zotseguka za violin, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti phokoso la chidacho chimveke bwino komanso mwamphamvu. Chofunika kwambiri ndi njira zomwe Kreisler anayambitsa. poyimba, potengera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kosiyanasiyana kwa mawu omveka bwino (portamento), kulowetsa zala pamawu omwewo, kuzimitsa chala chachinayi mu cantilena ndikuyika chachitatu. Mchitidwe wamakono wa oimba violini umakhazikitsidwa ndi kusinthasintha komanso kusuntha kwa malo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zochepetsetsa komanso zowonjezereka za zala pa fretboard, theka-malo, ngakhale malo. Mn. Njira zamakono za violin A. yolembedwa ndi K. Flash mu "Luso la Kusewera Violin" ("Kunst des Violinspiels", Teile 1-2, 1923-28). Pakukula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana kwa A. zopambana zazikulu za kadzidzi. sukulu yochita bwino: piyano - A. B. Goldenweiser, K. N. Igumnova, G. G. Neuhaus ndi L. AT. Nikolaev; woyimba violini - L. M. Tsetlina A. NDI. Yampolsky, D. F. Oistrakh (lingaliro lobala zipatso kwambiri pazigawo za udindo womwe waperekedwa ndi iye); cello - S. M. Kozolupova, A. Ya Shtrimer, pambuyo pake - M. L. Rostropovich ndi A. AP Stogorsky, yemwe adagwiritsa ntchito njira zala za Casals ndikupanga njira zingapo zatsopano.

Zothandizira: (fp.) Neuhaus G., On fingering, m'buku lake: Pa luso la kuimba piyano. Ndemanga za mphunzitsi, M., 1961, p. 167-183, Onjezani. ku mutu wa IV; Kogan GM, Pa kapangidwe ka piyano, M., 1961; Ponizovkin Yu. V., Pa mfundo zala za SV Rakhmaninov, mu: Proceedings of the State. nyimbo-pedagogical. mu-ine. Gnesins, no. 2, M., 1961; Messner W., Kuwombera mu Piano Sonatas ya Beethoven. Buku la aphunzitsi a piyano, M., 1962; Barenboim L., Fingering mfundo za Artur Schnabel, mu Sat: Mafunso a zoimbaimba ndi zojambula, (nkhani) 3, M., 1962; Vinogradova O., Kufunika kwa chala pakukula kwa luso loimba la ophunzira oimba piyano, mu: Essays pa njira yophunzitsira kuimba piyano, M., 1965; Adam L., Méthode ou principe géneral de doigté…, P., 1798; Neate Ch., Essay of fingering, L., 1855; Kchler L., Der Klavierfingersatz, Lpz., 1862; Clauwell OA, Der Fingersatz des Klavierspiels, Lpz., 1885; Michelsen GA, Der Fingersatz beim Klavierspiel, Lpz., 1896; Babitz S., Pogwiritsa ntchito zala za kiyibodi za JS Bach, "ML", v. XLIII, 1962, No2; (skr.) - Plansin M., Condensed fingering ngati njira yatsopano mu njira ya violin, "SM", 1933, No2; Yampolsky I., Zofunika za violin fingering, M., 1955 (mu Chingerezi - Mfundo za violin fingering, L., 1967); Jarosy A., Nouvelle théorie du doigté, Paganini et son secret, P., 1924; Thupi C., Violin fingering: chiphunzitso chake ndi machitidwe, L., 1966; (cello) - Ginzburg SL, K. Yu. Davydov. Mutu kuchokera ku mbiri ya Russian nyimbo chikhalidwe ndi methodological kuganiza, (L.), 1936, p. 111 – 135; Ginzburg L., Mbiri ya Cello Art. Buku. choyamba. Cello classics, M.-L., 1950, p. 402-404, 425-429, 442-444, 453-473; Gutor VP, K.Yu. Davydov monga woyambitsa sukulu. Mawu Oyamba, ed. ndi kuzindikira. LS Ginzburg, M.-L., 1950, p. 10-13; Duport JL, Essai sur Ie doigté du violoncelle et sur la conduite de l'archet, P., 1770 (ed. 1902); (mabasi awiri) - Khomenko V., Zala zatsopano za sikelo ndi arpeggios za ma bass awiri, M., 1953; Bezdeliev V., Pogwiritsa ntchito zala zatsopano (zala zisanu) posewera bass iwiri, mu: Zolemba za Sayansi ndi njira za Saratov State Conservatory, 1957, Saratov, (1957); (balalaika) - Ilyukhin AS, Pa zala za masikelo ndi arpeggios komanso paukadaulo wocheperako wosewera wa balalaika, M., 1960; (chitoliro) - Mahilon V., Ütude sur le doigté de la flyte, Boechm, Brux., 1882.

Ndi Yampolsky