Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov |

Ivan Ershov

DN Lebedev analemba kuti: "Ngati Sobinov anali munthu wangwiro kwambiri wa nyimbo za ku Russia, ndiye kuti pakati pa ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, malo omwewo anali a Ershov. - Woimira wamkulu wa sukulu yodziwika bwino, Ershov motsimikiza komanso momveka bwino anatsimikizira mfundo zake.

Ntchito ya Ershov inali yotentha, yosangalatsa, yochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Monga iye anali mu moyo, kotero iye anali mu kachitidwe. Mphamvu yokopa, kuphweka inali mbali yofunika kwambiri ya luso lake.

Nzosadabwitsa kuti mmodzi wa a m'nthawi yake anamutcha Chaliapin pakati pa tenors.

Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov anabadwa pa November 20, 1867. Ershov anati: “Ubwana wanga unali wovuta. - Ndinali m'banja "owonjezera pakamwa". Mayi anga ankagwira ntchito m’banja la anthu osauka. Ndinkati ndidzakhale injiniya wa njanji. Iye wapambana kale mayeso a mutu wa wothandizira dalaivala ndipo wayenda mobwerezabwereza ku mzere, akuyendetsa galimoto ya nthunzi. Koma Anton Rubinstein wamkulu anakokera chisamaliro kwa ine, mnyamata wachichepere. Kuyambira pamenepo, moyo wanga waperekedwa ku zaluso, nyimbo. "

Inde, monga zimachitika, mlandu wina unamuthandiza. Ershov anaphunzira pa sukulu ya njanji ku Yelets, nthawi zambiri ankaimba nyimbo ankachita masewera. Maluso ake odabwitsa anali osatsutsika. Apa anamvedwa ndi pulofesa wa St. Petersburg Conservatory NB Pansh. Adauza AG Rubinstein za mnyamata waluso. Paupangiri wa woyimba piyano wamkulu, wojambula dzulo adakhala wophunzira wa kalasi ya mawu, motsogozedwa ndi Stanislav Ivanovich Gabel. Zaka zamaphunziro sizinali zophweka: ndalama zonse zinali ma ruble 15 pamwezi, maphunziro a maphunziro ndi chakudya chamasana chaulere.

Mu 1893 Ershov anamaliza maphunziro awo ku St. Petersburg Conservatory. M'chaka chomwecho iye anapanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu ake monga Faust.

"Woyimba wachinyamatayo sanapange chidwi," akulemba AA Gozenpud. Analangizidwa kuti apite ku Italy kuti akakonze. Pambuyo pa maphunziro a miyezi inayi ndi mphunzitsi Rossi, adachita bwino kwambiri ku Regio Opera House. Kupambana kwatsopano kunamubweretsera ntchito ya José ku Carmen. Mphekesera za zisudzo za Yershov zakunja zidafika ku Napravnik ndi Vsevolozhsky, ndipo wojambulayo adapatsidwa mwayi watsopano. Mwachidziwitso, izi zinachitika atapeza kutchuka kunja. Ndizokayikitsa kuti maphunziro a miyezi 4 ndi Rossi angalemeretse chikhalidwe chake cha mawu. Kubwerera ku Russia, Ershov anachita ku Kharkov mu nyengo ya 1894/95. The kuwonekera koyamba kugulu pa Mariinsky Theatre unachitika mu April 1895 monga Faust.

Kuchita izi kunali kochititsa chidwi chifukwa chakuti woimba wina, yemwe adayimba nyimbo ya Mephistopheles, ndi Fyodor Chaliapin. M'tsogolomu, monga mukudziwa, Chaliapin anaimba pafupifupi magawo onse akuluakulu a dziko lapansi, ndipo moyo wonse wa kulenga wa Ershov unali wochepa ku Mariinsky (kenako Kirov) Theatre.

Poyamba, Ershov adayimba mbali zosiyanasiyana za tenor, koma patapita nthawi zinadziwika kuti ntchito yake yeniyeni inali maudindo amphamvu. Zinali panjira imeneyi kuti luso lake lapadera linawululidwa osati ngati woimba, koma ngati woimba-wosewera. Pofotokoza luso lake lojambula, Ershov analemba kuti:

“Mawu a woimba ndi mawu a mumtima. Mawu, maonekedwe a nkhope, kusinthasintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu zovala za nthawiyo, mu zovala za mtundu ndi gulu lake; zaka zake, khalidwe lake, maganizo ake ku chilengedwe, etc. etc. - zonsezi zimafuna kuchokera kwa woimba-wosewera kumverera koyenera kwa mtundu wofanana wa phokoso la mawu ake, mwinamwake chirichonse chiri bel canto ndi bel canto, ndi zina zotero. etc. Zowona, zoona mu luso!..

Zosintha zingati mu timbres, mitundu, mitundu yonse ya mawu okhotakhota ndi kutembenuka kungakhale m'mawu, koma palibe chowonadi, kumverera kwa mtima ndi mzimu!

Faust ndi Romeo sanagwirizane mwanjira iliyonse ndi umunthu wa wojambula. Tannhäuser ndi Orestes anabweretsa chipambano chenicheni kwa Ershov. Chifukwa cha iwo, talente ya siteji ya woimbayo inawululidwa ndipo mphamvu ndi kufotokoza kwa mawu kunawonekera.

Wotsutsa Kondratiev akufotokoza mosangalala mmene Ershov anachita ku Oresteia kuti: “Ershov anakopa chidwi kwambiri . . . Pambuyo pa sewero lachiwiri: "Ershov adachita chidwi kwambiri ndi mkwiyo."

Kupambana kwina kulenga kwa Ershov kunali kuyimba kwake mu sewero la Samsoni ndi Delila. Ponena za iye, Kondratiev analemba kuti: "Ershov anachita bwino kwambiri Samsoni." Anapambananso bwino mu gawo la Sobinin, akuimba nyimbo zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaphonya ndi kwaya "Abale, mumvula yamkuntho". Lili ndi "C" ndi "D-flat" kangapo, zomwe zimafikirika ndi ma tenor ochepa. Pafupifupi onse oimira nyimbo za St.

Kondratiev analemba m’buku lake kuti: “Aria imalembedwa m’kaundula wapamwamba kwambiri moti imachititsa mantha ngakhale poiwerenga. Ndinkaopa Yershov, koma adatuluka pachiyeso ichi ndi ulemu. Makamaka mochenjera adachita gawo lapakati la cantabile, omvera adamuyitana mopanda makutu ndikumufunsa kuti abwereze, adakwaniritsa zofuna za anthu ndikuimba mofatsa komanso bwino kachiwiri.

Ershov komanso recreated chifaniziro cha Finn mu Ruslan ndi Lyudmila mu njira yatsopano. BV adalemba za izi. Asafiev: "Kuchita ndi kulenga kwamoyo, zowoneka zogwirika, chifukwa" mawu omveka ", mukutsutsa komwe Yershov amapeza, amakhala ngati cholumikizira mosalekeza (mu gawo lomvekali) la njira yopangira mphindi iliyonse, zauzimu zilizonse. kuyenda. Zonse zowopsa komanso zosangalatsa. Ndizowopsa chifukwa pakati pa anthu ambiri omwe akuchita nawo zisudzo ngati zaluso, ndi ochepa kwambiri omwe amayenera kumvetsetsa kuzama kwathunthu ndi mphamvu zofotokozera zomwe zili momwemo. Ndizosangalatsa chifukwa, kumvetsera ntchito ya Yershov, nthawi yomweyo mukhoza kumva chinachake chimene sichinawululidwe m'mabuku aliwonse ndipo sichikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi kufotokozera kulikonse: kukongola kwa kugunda kwa moyo mu chiwonetsero cha kupsinjika maganizo kupyolera mu nyimbo za nyimbo, tanthauzo ndi mawu.

Ngati muyang'ana mndandanda wa zigawo za opera zomwe Ershov anachita, ndiye kuti, monga wojambula aliyense wamkulu, amadziwika ndi kulemera ndi kusiyanasiyana. Panorama yayikulu kwambiri - kuchokera ku Mozart, Weber, Beethoven ndi Bellini kupita ku Rachmaninoff, Richard Strauss ndi Prokofiev. Anachita bwino kwambiri mu zisudzo za Glinka ndi Tchaikovsky, Dargomyzhsky ndi Rubinstein, Verdi ndi Bizet.

Komabe, chipilala m'mbiri ya opera luso anaimika ndi woimba Russian yekha ndi nsonga ziwiri. Chimodzi mwa izo ndikuchita bwino kwambiri kwa magawo a ntchito za Wagner. Ershov anali wokhutiritsa mofananamo mu Lohengrin ndi Tannhäuser, Valkyrie ndi Rhine Gold, Tristan ndi Isolde ndi The Death of the Gods. Apa woimbayo adapeza chinthu chovuta kwambiri komanso chopindulitsa chophatikiza mfundo zake zaluso. "Chofunika kwambiri cha ntchito za Wagner ndizodzaza ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe akuchita," adatsindika woimbayo. - Nyimbo za woimbayi ndizowoneka bwino kwambiri, koma zimafunikira kudziletsa kwapadera kwa minyewa yaluso pa tempo. Chilichonse chiyenera kukwezedwa - mawonekedwe, mawu, manja. Wosewera ayenera kusewera popanda mawu muzithunzi zomwe palibe kuyimba, koma phokoso lopitirira. Ndikofunikira kufananiza mayendedwe a siteji ndi nyimbo za oimba. Ndi Wagner, nyimbo, mophiphiritsa, zimakokedwa ndi woyimba. Kuphwanya mgwirizano umenewu kumatanthauza kuphwanya mgwirizano wa siteji ndi nyimbo. Koma kusagwirizana komweku sikumangirira wosewerayo ndipo kumamuuza kuti chofunika kwambiri, chikumbukiro, mawonekedwe oyenda pang'onopang'ono, omwe pa siteji amafanana ndi mzimu wa nyimbo za Wagner.

Cosima Wagner, mkazi wamasiye wa wolemba nyimboyo, analembera woimbayo pa September 15, 1901 kuti: “Anzathu ambiri a luso lathu ndi ojambula ambiri, kuphatikizapo Mayi Litvin, anandiuza za mmene mumachitira ntchito za luso lathu. Ndikufunsani ngati njira yanu idzakufikitsani ku Bayreuth tsiku lina ndipo ngati mungafune kuyima pamenepo kuti mundilankhule za momwe Germany imagwirira ntchito. Sindikhulupirira kuti ndidzakhala ndi mwayi wopita ku Russia, ndichifukwa chake ndikukupemphani izi. Ndikukhulupirira kuti maphunziro anu akupatsani tchuthi komanso kuti tchuthiyi siili kutali kwambiri. Chonde landirani ulemu wanga waukulu.”

Inde, kutchuka kwa woimba Wagnerian kumamatira kwa Yershov. Koma sizinali zophweka kuthyola nyimboyi pabwalo.

Mu 1933 Ershov anati: “Njira yonse ya bwalo lachiwonetsero lakale la Mariinsky linali lodana ndi Wagner. Lohengrin ndi Tannhäuser anali ataloledwa mwanjira ina pa siteji, kutembenuza zisudzo zachikondi izi kukhala zisudzo zachi Italiya. Mphekesera za Afilisti zinabwerezedwa kuti Wagner anawononga mawu a oimba, kugontha omvera ndi bingu la okhestra. Zinali ngati kuti adagwirizana ndi Yankee wopapatiza, msilikali wa nkhani ya Mark Twain, yemwe akudandaula kuti nyimbo za Lohengrin ndi zogontha. Ndi Lohengrin!

Panalinso malingaliro okhumudwitsa, ngakhale achipongwe kwa woimba waku Russia: "Kuti mupite ndi kusakonzekera kwanu komanso kusowa kwa chikhalidwe chanu kuti mutenge Wagner! Simupeza kalikonse.” M'tsogolomu, moyo unatsutsa maulosi okhumudwitsawa. Mariinsky Stage adapeza ochita masewera ambiri ochita bwino kwambiri pagawo la Wagner repertoire ... "

Chisomo china chodziwika bwino chomwe woimbayo adagonjetsa ndi gawo la Grishka Kuterma mu opera ya Rimsky-Korsakov The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh ndi Maiden Fevronia. Rimsky-Korsakov Theatre ndi Yershov Theatre. Sadko ndi imodzi mwazojambula za woimbayo, zomwe adazilemba yekha. Anachita bwino kwambiri Berendey mu The Snow Maiden, Mikhail Tucha mu The Maid of Pskov. Koma kupambana kwakukulu kwa woimbayo ndi kulengedwa kwa chifaniziro cha Grishka Kuterma, poyamba adasewera ntchitoyi mu 1907.

Woyang'anira sewero losaiwalika VP Shkaber adati: "Wojambulayo adamva mozama za kuzunzika kwakukulu ndi chisoni cha anthu, adamira mu chiledzeretsa, pomwe moyo wamunthu udatayika pachabe. Chiwonetsero cha misala yake, nthawi ya munthu ndi Tatars m'nkhalango, ndi Fevronia - zochitika zonsezi za wojambula-wojambula zinali zazikulu kwambiri kotero kuti chifaniziro cha Grishka chochitidwa ndi Yershov sichiyenera kuyamikiridwa kokha, komanso chakuya kwambiri. kusilira talente ya wojambula: wodzaza, wokongola, mwaluso kwambiri, adawulula malingaliro obisika a ngwazi yake ... kukwera kwakukulu.

Andrei Nikolaevich Rimsky-Korsakov, polankhula ndi wojambula m'malo mwa banja la wolemba nyimboyo, analemba kuti: "Ine ndekha, komanso anthu ena a m'banja la Nikolai Andreevich, omwe ndikulankhula nawo pano, ndikukumbukira momwe wolemba Kitezh adayamikirira kwambiri. luso lanu luso ndipo, makamaka, ndi zimene kukhutitsidwa iye anayang'ana pa brainchild wake Grishka Kuterma mu mawonekedwe a Ershov.

…Kutanthauzira kwanu kwa gawo la Kuterma ndikwambiri komanso kwamunthu payekhapayekha kotero kuti muyenera kuzindikira ufulu wodziyimira pawokha pazalusoli. Mwaika ku Grishka gawo lalikulu la moyo wanu, moyo waumunthu, choncho ndili ndi ufulu wonena kuti monga palibe ndipo sangakhale wachiwiri Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, kotero palibe ndipo sangakhale Grishka wachiwiri wotere.

Ndipo isanafike 1917, ndipo pambuyo pa kusintha, Tenor Russian anapatsidwa mapangano opindulitsa kunja. Komabe, moyo wake wonse anali wokhulupirika ku siteji kumene njira yake yolenga inayamba - Mariinsky Theatre.

Tikuthokoza woimbayo pazaka 25 za ntchito yake yolenga, mtolankhani komanso wolemba mabuku AV Amfiteatrov adalembera makamaka Ivan Vasilyevich kuti: "Ngati mukufuna kuyankhula paulendo, mukadakhala mabiliyoni kalekale. Ngati mutatsikira kuzinthu zotsatsa malonda, zomwe zimafala kwambiri m'zinthu zamakono zamakono, ma hemispheres onse akanakhala odzaza ndi kulira kwa inu kalekale. Koma inu, wansembe wokhwima ndi wanzeru zaluso, mumadutsa pazitsulo zonsezi ndi hype osayang'ana kumene iye. Kuyimirira moona mtima komanso modzichepetsa mu "udindo waulemerero" womwe mwasankha, ndinu chitsanzo chosayerekezeka, chosayerekezeka cha kudziyimira pawokha mwaluso, kukana mwachipongwe njira zonse zaluso zopambana komanso kutsogola pakati pa anzanu ... kuti "apambane" kuti abweretse mu kachisi wa luso lake ntchito yosayenerera, yotsika.

Wokonda dziko lathu, Ivan Vasilievich Ershov, akuchoka pa siteji, nthawi zonse ankaganizira za tsogolo la zisudzo zathu zoimba, mokondwera analera achinyamata luso pa Opera situdiyo wa Leningrad Conservatory, anachita ntchito ndi Mozart, Rossini, Gounod, Dargomyzhsky, Rimsky-Korsakov. , Tchaikovsky, Rubinstein kumeneko. Ndi kunyada ndi kudzichepetsa, iye anafotokoza mwachidule njira yake yolenga ndi mawu otsatirawa: “Pogwira ntchito monga wosewera kapena mphunzitsi wanyimbo, choyamba ndimamva kukhala nzika yaufulu imene, mwa mphamvu zake zonse, imagwira ntchito zabwino za sosholisti. .”

Ivan Vasilyevich Ershov anamwalira pa November 21, 1943.