Francois Couperin |

Francois Couperin

Couperin. "Les Barricades mystirieuses" (John Williams)

M'zaka zonse za zana la XNUMX sukulu yodabwitsa ya nyimbo za harpsichord idapangidwa ku France (J. Chambonière, L. Couperin ndi abale ake, J. d'Anglebert, ndi ena). Kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwomibadwo, miyambo yochita chikhalidwe ndi kupanga njira inafika pachimake pa ntchito ya F. Couperin, yemwe anthu a m'nthawi yake anayamba kumutcha wamkulu.

Couperin anabadwira m'banja lomwe linali ndi miyambo yayitali yoimba. Utumiki wa woimba mu Cathedral of Saint-Gervais, wolandira kuchokera kwa abambo ake, Charles Couperin, wodziwika bwino wa kupeka ndi woimba ku France, Francois pamodzi ndi utumiki ku bwalo lachifumu. Kuimba kwa ntchito zambiri ndi zosiyanasiyana (kupanga nyimbo za mapemphero a tchalitchi ndi makonsati a khoti, kuyimba ngati woyimba payekha ndi woperekeza, ndi zina zotero) kunadzaza moyo wa wolembayo mpaka malire. Couperin anaperekanso maphunziro kwa anthu a m’banja lachifumu: “… Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1720. Couperin amalemba zidutswa zake zomaliza za harpsichord. Kudwala koopsa kunamukakamiza kusiya ntchito yake yolenga, kusiya kutumikira kukhoti ndi kutchalitchi. Udindo wa woimba m'chipinda chinaperekedwa kwa mwana wake wamkazi, Marguerite Antoinette.

Maziko a cholowa cha Couperin ndi ntchito za harpsichord - zidutswa zoposa 250 zofalitsidwa m'magulu anayi (1713, 1717, 1722, 1730). Kutengera zomwe adakumana nazo akale komanso azaka zakale, Couperin adapanga kalembedwe koyambirira ka harpsichord, komwe kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kupusa komanso kukongola kwa zolemba, kuwongolera mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono (rondo kapena kusiyanasiyana), komanso kuchuluka kwa zokongoletsera zokongola (melismas) zomwe zimagwirizana chikhalidwe cha harpsichord sonority. Mtundu wa filigree wokongolawu umagwirizana mwanjira zambiri ndi kalembedwe ka Rococo mu zaluso zaku France zazaka za zana la XNUMX. Kusawoneka bwino kwachifalansa kwa kukoma, kulingalira molingana, kusewera mofatsa kwamitundu ndi ma sonorities kumayang'anira nyimbo za Couperin, kuphatikiza mawu okweza, mawonetseredwe amphamvu komanso omasuka amalingaliro. "Ndimakonda zomwe zimandipangitsa kuchita zomwe zimandidabwitsa." Couperin amalumikiza masewero ake m'mizere (ordre) - zingwe zaulere zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana. Masewero ambiri ali ndi mitu yadongosolo yomwe imasonyeza kulemera kwa malingaliro a wolembayo, momwe amaganizira mophiphiritsira. Izi ndi zithunzi zachikazi ("Zosakhudza", "Wopusa", "Mlongo Monica"), ziwonetsero zaubusa, zowoneka bwino, malo ("Reeds", "Lilies in the Making"), masewero omwe ali ndi nyimbo ("Regrets", "Tender Anguish”) , masks a zisudzo (“Satires”, “Harlequin”, “Tricks of amatsenga”), etc. M’mawu oyamba a gulu loyamba la masewero, Couperin analemba kuti: “Polemba masewero, nthaŵi zonse ndinali ndi mutu wakutiwakuti. - zochitika zosiyanasiyana zidandiwuza ine. Chifukwa chake, mituyo imagwirizana ndi malingaliro omwe ndinali nawo polemba. Kupeza kwake, kukhudza kwapayekha kwa kakang'ono kalikonse, Couperin amapanga chiwerengero chosawerengeka cha zosankha za harpsichord - nsalu yatsatanetsatane, ya airy, yotseguka.

Chidacho, chochepa kwambiri m'mawonekedwe ake, chimakhala chosinthika, chokhudzidwa, chokongola mwa njira ya Couperin.

Chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha woimba ndi woimba, mbuye yemwe amadziwa bwino kuthekera kwa chida chake, chinali buku la Couperin Art of Playing the Harpsichord (1761), komanso mawu oyamba a wolemba kusonkhanitsa zidutswa za harpsichord.

Wolembayo amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zenizeni za chida; amamveketsa njira zogwirira ntchito (makamaka akamasewera pa kiyibodi iwiri), amatanthauzira zokongoletsa zambiri. "Harpsichord palokha ndi chida chanzeru, chabwino mumitundu yake, koma popeza harpsichord sichingachuluke kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mawu, nthawi zonse ndimakhala wothokoza kwa iwo omwe, chifukwa cha luso lawo labwino kwambiri komanso kukoma kwawo, adzatha fotokozani. Izi ndi zomwe am'mbuyo anga ankafuna, osatchulanso kalembedwe kabwino ka masewero awo. Ndinayesetsa kuonetsetsa kuti zimene anatulukirazi zikuyenda bwino.”

Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi ntchito ya chipinda cha Couperin. Mipikisano iwiri ya makonsati "Royal Concertos" (4) ndi "New Concertos" (10, 1714-15), yolembedwera kagulu kakang'ono (sextet), inkachitika m'makonsati a nyimbo m'chipinda cha khoti. Couperin's trio sonatas (1724-26) adauziridwa ndi A. Corelli a sonatas atatu. Couperin adapereka sonata ya trio "Parnassus, kapena Apotheosis ya Corelli" kwa woyimba yemwe amakonda. Mayina amakhalidwe komanso ziwembu zonse - zanzeru nthawi zonse, zoyambirira - zimapezekanso m'chipinda cha Couperin's ensembles. Chifukwa chake, pulogalamu ya sonata ya atatu "Apotheosis of Lully" idawonetsa mkangano wamakono wokhudza ubwino wa nyimbo za ku France ndi ku Italy.

Kuzama ndi kukwezeka kwa malingaliro kumasiyanitsa nyimbo zopatulika za Couperin - organ mass (1690), motets, misa 3 isanachitike Isitala (1715).

Kale pa moyo wa Couperin ntchito zake ankadziwika kunja kwa France. Olemba kwambiri adapeza mwa iwo zitsanzo za kalembedwe ka harpsichord momveka bwino, mwapamwamba kwambiri. Kotero, J. Brahms anatcha JS Bach, GF Handel ndi D. Scarlatti pakati pa ophunzira a Couperin. Kulumikizana ndi kalembedwe ka harpsichord wa mbuye wa ku France kumapezeka muzolemba za piyano za J. Haydn, WA ​​Mozart ndi wamng'ono L. Beethoven. Miyambo ya Couperin pamaziko ophiphiritsa komanso amitundu ina idatsitsimutsidwanso kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX-XNUMX. m'mabuku a oimba achi French C. Debussy ndi M. Ravel (mwachitsanzo, mu gulu la Ravel "Tomb of Couperin".)

I. Okhalova