Franz Liszt Franz Liszt |

franz liszt

Popanda Liszt padziko lapansi, tsogolo lonse la nyimbo zatsopano likanakhala losiyana. V. Stasov

Ntchito yopeka ya F. Liszt ndi yosasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ina yonse ya zochitika zosiyanasiyana komanso zamphamvu kwambiri za wokonda zenizeni waluso uyu. Woimba piyano ndi kondakitala, wosuliza nyimbo ndi munthu wosatopa pagulu, anali “wadyera ndi wosamala ku chilichonse chatsopano, chatsopano, chofunika; mdani wa chirichonse wamba, kuyenda, chizolowezi” (A. Borodin).

F. Liszt anabadwira m’banja la Adam Liszt, woweta m’busa pa malo a Prince Esterhazy, woimba wosaphunzira amene anatsogolera maphunziro a piyano oyambirira a mwana wake, amene anayamba kuimba poyera ali ndi zaka 9, ndipo mu 1821- 22. anaphunzira ku Vienna ndi K. Czerny (piyano) ndi A. Salieri (zolemba). Pambuyo zoimbaimba bwino mu Vienna ndi Pest (1823), A. Liszt anatenga mwana wake ku Paris, koma chiyambi chakunja chinakhala chopinga kulowa Conservatory, ndi maphunziro anyimbo Liszt kuwonjezeredwa ndi maphunziro payekha zikuchokera F. Paer ndi A. Reicha. Wachinyamata wa virtuoso akugonjetsa Paris ndi London ndi machitidwe ake, amalemba zambiri (oyimba imodzi ya Don Sancho, kapena Castle of Love, zidutswa za piyano).

Imfa ya abambo ake mu 1827, yomwe inakakamiza Liszt kuti asamalire moyo wake, inamubweretsa maso ndi maso ndi vuto la malo ochititsa manyazi a wojambula pagulu. Lingaliro la dziko la mnyamatayo linapangidwa pansi pa chisonkhezero cha malingaliro a utopian socialism ndi A. Saint-Simon, Christian Socialism yolembedwa ndi Abbé F. Lamennay, ndi anthanthi Achifrenchi a m’zaka za zana la 1830. etc. Kuukira kwa July 1834 ku Paris kunayambitsa lingaliro la "Revolutionary Symphony" (sikutha), kuwukira kwa owomba nsalu ku Lyon (1835) - chidutswa cha piyano "Lyon" (ndi epigraph - the mawu a zigawenga "Kukhala ndi moyo, kugwira ntchito, kapena kufa kumenyana" ). Zolinga zaluso za Liszt zimapangidwa mogwirizana ndi chikondi cha ku France, polankhulana ndi V. Hugo, O. Balzac, G. Heine, mothandizidwa ndi luso la N. Paganini, F. Chopin, G. Berlioz. Amapangidwa m'nkhani zotsatizana "Pa udindo wa anthu aluso komanso momwe amakhalira pakati pa anthu" (1837) ndi "Letters of the Bachelor of Music" (39-1835), zolembedwa mogwirizana ndi M. d'Agout (kenako analemba pansi pa dzina loti Daniel Stern ), limene Liszt anayenda ulendo wautali kupita ku Switzerland (37-1837), kumene ankaphunzitsa ku Geneva Conservatory, ndi ku Italy (39-XNUMX).

"Zaka zoyendayenda" zomwe zinayamba mu 1835 zinapitilizidwa paulendo wochuluka wa mitundu yambiri ya ku Ulaya (1839-47). Kufika kwa Liszt m’dziko lakwawo la Hungary, kumene analemekezedwa monga ngwazi yadziko, kunali chipambano chenicheni (ndalama zotuluka m’makonsati zinatumizidwa kukathandiza awo okhudzidwa ndi chigumula chimene chinagwera dzikolo). Katatu (1842, 1843, 1847) Liszt anapita ku Russia, kukhazikitsa maubwenzi a moyo wonse ndi oimba a ku Russia, akulemba Chernomor March kuchokera ku M. Glinka's Ruslan ndi Lyudmila, chikondi cha A. Alyabyev The Nightingale, ndi zina zotero. Liszt m'zaka izi, anasonyeza osati zokonda za anthu, komanso umboni wa ntchito zake nyimbo ndi maphunziro. Pa ma concerto a piyano a Liszt, ma symphonies a L. Beethoven ndi "Fantastic Symphony" yolembedwa ndi G. Berlioz, amapita ku "William Tell" ndi G. Rossini ndi "The Magic Shooter" yolembedwa ndi KM Weber, nyimbo za F. Schubert, organ preludes ndi fugues ndi JS Bach, komanso opera paraphrases ndi zongopeka (pamitu kuchokera Don Giovanni ndi WA Mozart, operas ndi V. Bellini, G. Donizetti, G. Meyerbeer, ndipo kenako G. Verdi), zolembedwa zidutswa zidutswa kuchokera ku Wagner operas ndi zina. Piyano m'manja mwa Liszt imakhala chida chapadziko lonse lapansi chomwe chimatha kubweretsanso kulemera konse kwa phokoso la opera ndi symphony scores, mphamvu ya chiwalo ndi kumveka kwa mawu aumunthu.

Panthawiyi, kupambana kwa woyimba piyano wamkulu, yemwe adagonjetsa Ulaya yense ndi mphamvu yoyambira ya chikhalidwe chake chamkuntho, adamubweretsera chisangalalo chochepa. Zinali zovuta kwambiri kwa Liszt kukhutiritsa zokonda za anthu, kwa amene ukoma wake wodabwitsa ndi kuwonekera kwa kachitidwe kake kaŵirikaŵiri zinabisa zolinga zazikulu za mphunzitsiyo, amene anafuna “kudula moto m’mitima ya anthu.” Atapereka konsati yotsanzikana ku Elizavetgrad ku Ukraine mu 1847, Liszt anasamukira ku Germany, kuti akakhale chete Weimar, wopatulidwa ndi miyambo ya Bach, Schiller ndi Goethe, kumene adakhala ndi udindo wa bandmaster pa bwalo lamilandu, adatsogolera oimba ndi zisudzo. nyumba.

Nyengo ya Weimar (1848-61) - nthawi ya "kukhazikika kwa malingaliro", monga momwe wolemba mwiniyo adayitcha - ndiyo, koposa zonse, nthawi ya kulenga kwakukulu. Liszt amamaliza ndi kukonzanso nyimbo zambiri zomwe zidapangidwa kale kapena zomwe zidayamba, ndikukhazikitsa malingaliro atsopano. Kotero kuchokera ku zolengedwa mu 30s. "Album of the traveler" imakula "Zaka zoyendayenda" - kuzungulira kwa zidutswa za piyano (chaka 1 - Switzerland, 1835-54; chaka 2 - Italy, 1838-49, ndi kuwonjezera "Venice ndi Naples", 1840-59) ; kulandira kumaliza komaliza Maphunziro a luso lapamwamba kwambiri ("Etudes of transcendent performance", 1851); "Maphunziro aakulu pa caprices wa Paganini" (1851); "Zogwirizana ndi Ndakatulo ndi Zipembedzo" (zidutswa 10 za pianoforte, 1852). Kupitiliza ntchito panyimbo za ku Hungary (Hungarian National Melodies for Piano, 1840-43; "Hungarian Rhapsodies", 1846), Liszt amapanga 15 "Hungarian Rhapsodies" (1847-53). Kukhazikitsidwa kwa malingaliro atsopano kumabweretsa kuwonekera kwa ntchito zapakati za Liszt, kuphatikiza malingaliro ake m'mitundu yatsopano - Sonatas mu B minor (1852-53), ndakatulo 12 za symphonic (1847-57), "Faust Symphonies" ndi Goethe (1854) -57) ndi Symphony to Dante's Divine Comedy (1856). Amaphatikizidwa ndi 2 concertos (1849-56 ndi 1839-61), "Dance of Death" ya piyano ndi orchestra (1838-49), "Mephisto-Waltz" (yochokera ku "Faust" ndi N. Lenau, 1860), ndi zina.

Ku Weimar, Liszt amayang'anira machitidwe abwino kwambiri a opera ndi symphony classics, nyimbo zaposachedwa kwambiri. Poyamba adapanga Lohengrin ndi R. Wagner, Manfred ndi J. Byron ndi nyimbo za R. Schumann, adachita ma symphonies ndi zisudzo za G. Berlioz, ndi zina zotero cholinga chotsimikizira mfundo zatsopano za luso lapamwamba lachikondi (buku F. Chopin, 1850; nkhani Berlioz ndi Harold Symphony wake, Robert Schumann, R. Wagner's Flying Dutchman, etc.). Malingaliro omwewo adayambitsa bungwe la "New Weimar Union" ndi "General German Musical Union", panthawi yomwe Liszt adadalira thandizo la oimba otchuka omwe adasonkhana naye ku Weimar (I. Raff, P. Cornelius, K. . Tausig, G. Bulow ndi ena).

Komabe, inertia ya philistine ndi ziwonetsero za khothi la Weimar, zomwe zimalepheretsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulani akulu a List, zidamukakamiza kusiya ntchito. Kuchokera mu 1861, Liszt anakhala ku Roma kwa nthaŵi yaitali, kumene anayesayesa kusintha nyimbo za tchalitchi, analemba oratorio “Khristu” (1866), ndipo mu 1865 analandira udindo wa abbot (mwinamo mosonkhezeredwa ndi Mfumukazi K. Wittgenstein). , amene adagwirizana naye kale mu 1847 G.). Kutayika kwakukulu kunathandiziranso kukhumudwa ndi kukayikira - imfa ya mwana wake Daniel (1860) ndi mwana wake wamkazi Blandina (1862), yomwe inapitirira kukula kwa zaka zambiri, kusungulumwa komanso kusamvetsetsa zolinga zake zaluso ndi chikhalidwe. Zinawonetsedwa m'mabuku angapo amtsogolo - "Chaka chachitatu cha Wanderings" (Rome; sewero la "Cypresses of Villa d'Este", 1 ndi 2, 1867-77), zidutswa za piano ("Grey Clouds", 1881; " Maliro Gondola "," Czadas Imfa ", 1882), wachiwiri (1881) ndi wachitatu (1883) "Mephisto Waltzes", mu ndakatulo otsiriza symphonic "Kuyambira ku manda kumanda" (1882).

Komabe, mu 60s ndi 80s Liszt amapereka makamaka kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi mphamvu pomanga chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Hungary. Nthawi zonse amakhala ku Pest, amachita ntchito zake kumeneko, kuphatikizapo zokhudzana ndi mitu yadziko (oratorio The Legend of Saint Elizabeth, 1862; The Hungarian Coronation Mass, 1867, etc.), imathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Academy of Music in Pest. (iye anali pulezidenti wake woyamba), analemba limba mkombero "Hungarian Historical Portraits", 1870-86), otsiriza "Hungarian Rhapsodies" (16-19), etc. Mu Weimar, kumene Liszt anabwerera mu 1869, iye chinkhoswe ndi ambiri. ophunzira ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana (A. Siloti, V. Timanova, E. d'Albert, E. Sauer ndi ena). Olemba nawonso amapitako, makamaka Borodin, yemwe adasiya kukumbukira zosangalatsa komanso zomveka za Liszt.

Liszt nthawi zonse ankagwira ndikuthandizira zaluso zatsopano komanso zoyambirira ndi chidwi chapadera, zomwe zimathandizira pakukula kwa nyimbo zamasukulu aku Europe (Czech, Norwegian, Spanish, etc.), makamaka kuwonetsa nyimbo zaku Russia - ntchito ya M. Glinka, A. Dargomyzhsky, olemba a The Mighty Handful, ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi A. ndi N. Rubinsteinov. Kwa zaka zambiri, Liszt adalimbikitsa ntchito ya Wagner.

The limba namatetule Liszt anatsimikiza ukulu wa nyimbo limba, kumene kwa nthawi yoyamba maganizo ake luso linayamba, motsogozedwa ndi lingaliro la kufunikira kwa chikoka chauzimu pa anthu. Chikhumbo chofuna kutsimikizira ntchito yophunzitsa zaluso, kuphatikiza mitundu yonse ya izi, kukweza nyimbo pamlingo wa filosofi ndi zolemba, kupanga mkati mwake kuzama kwa filosofi ndi ndakatulo ndi kukongola, zidali mu lingaliro la Liszt la . programmability mu nyimbo. Anafotokoza kuti "kukonzanso nyimbo kudzera mu mgwirizano wake wamkati ndi ndakatulo, monga kumasulidwa kwa zojambulajambula kuchokera ku schematism", zomwe zimatsogolera kupanga mitundu yatsopano ndi mawonekedwe. Sewero la Listov la Zaka za Wanderings, lomwe lili ndi zithunzi pafupi ndi zolemba, zojambula, zojambulajambula, nthano za anthu (onata-zongopeka "Pambuyo powerenga Dante", "Petrarch's Sonnets", "Betrothal" yochokera ku chithunzi cha Raphael, "The Thinker". ” kutengera chosema cha Michelangelo, “The Chapel of William Tell”, cholumikizidwa ndi chithunzi cha ngwazi yadziko la Switzerland), kapena zithunzi za chilengedwe (“Pa Nyanja ya Wallenstadt”, “Pa Spring”), ndi ndakatulo zanyimbo. za mamba osiyanasiyana. Liszt mwiniwake adayambitsa dzinali pokhudzana ndi ntchito zake zazikulu za symphonic one-movement. Mitu yawo imatsogolera omvera ku ndakatulo za A. Lamartine ("Zoyamba"), V. Hugo ("Zomwe zimamveka paphiri", "Mazeppa" - palinso phunziro la piyano ndi mutu womwewo), F. Schiller ("Zokonda"); ku masoka a W. Shakespeare (“Hamlet”), J. Herder (“Prometheus”), ku nthano yakale (“Orpheus”), chojambula cha W. Kaulbach (“Battle of the Huns”), sewero la JW Goethe (“Tasso” , ndakatuloyi ili pafupi ndi ndakatulo ya Byron “The Complaint of Tasso”).

Posankha magwero, Liszt amayang'ana pa ntchito zomwe zili ndi malingaliro ofanana a tanthauzo la moyo, zinsinsi za kukhala ("Preludes", "Faust Symphony"), tsoka lomvetsa chisoni la wojambula ndi ulemerero wake pambuyo pakufa ("Tasso", ndi subtitle "Madandaulo ndi Kupambana"). Amakopekanso ndi zithunzi za anthu owerengeka ("Tarantella" kuchokera ku "Venice ndi Naples", "Spanish Rhapsody" ya piyano), makamaka ponena za dziko la Hungary ("Hungary Rhapsodies", ndakatulo ya symphonic "Hungary" ). Mutu wa ngwazi ndi ngwazi-zomvetsa chisoni za nkhondo yomenyera ufulu wa anthu a ku Hungary, chisinthiko cha 1848-49, chidamveka mwamphamvu kwambiri pantchito ya Liszt. ndi kugonjetsedwa kwake ("Rakoczi March", "Maliro Procession" kwa piyano; ndakatulo ya symphonic "Kulira kwa Heroes", etc.).

Liszt adatsika m'mbiri ya nyimbo monga woyambitsa wolimba mtima pamasewera a nyimbo, mgwirizano, adalimbikitsa phokoso la piyano ndi symphony orchestra ndi mitundu yatsopano, anapereka zitsanzo zosangalatsa za kuthetsa mitundu ya oratorio, nyimbo yachikondi ("Lorelei" pa. Zojambula za H. Heine, "Monga Mzimu wa Laura" pa St. V. Hugo, "Three Gypsies" pa st. N. Lenau, etc.), ntchito za organ. Kutengera zambiri ku miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha France ndi Germany, pokhala mtundu wa nyimbo za ku Hungary, adakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha nyimbo ku Ulaya.

E. Tsareva

• Moyo wa Liszt ndi njira yopangira →

Liszt ndi mtundu wakale wanyimbo zaku Hungary. Mgwirizano wake ndi zikhalidwe zina zamitundu. Maonekedwe achilengedwe, mawonedwe achikhalidwe komanso okongola a Liszt. Kupanga mapulogalamu ndiye mfundo yotsogolera pakupanga kwake

Liszt - woyimba wamkulu kwambiri wazaka za m'ma 30, woyimba piyano wanzeru komanso wochititsa chidwi, wodziwika bwino wanyimbo komanso wodziwika bwino pagulu - ndiye kunyada kwa dziko la anthu aku Hungary. Koma tsoka la Liszt linakhala kuti anachoka kudziko lakwawo mofulumira, anakhala zaka zambiri ku France ndi Germany, nthawi zina ankapita ku Hungary, ndipo mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake anakhala kumeneko kwa nthawi yaitali. Izi zinatsimikizira zovuta za chithunzi cha Liszt, maubwenzi ake apamtima ndi chikhalidwe cha Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani, chomwe adatenga zambiri, koma kwa omwe adapereka zambiri ndi ntchito yake yolenga. Palibe mbiri ya moyo wanyimbo ku Paris m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, kapena mbiri ya nyimbo zaku Germany m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, sizingakhale zopanda dzina la Liszt. Komabe, iye ndi wa chikhalidwe cha ku Hungary, ndipo chothandizira chake pa mbiri ya chitukuko cha dziko lakwawo ndi chachikulu.

Liszt mwiniyo ananena kuti, atathera unyamata wake ku France, ankakonda kulilingalira kukhala dziko lakwawo: “Pano pali phulusa la atate wanga, pano, pamanda opatulika, chisoni changa choyamba chapeza pothaŵirapo. Kodi ndingatani kuti ndisadzimve ngati mwana wa m’dziko limene ndinavutika kwambiri ndi kukondedwa kwambiri? Kodi ndingayerekeze bwanji kuti ndinabadwira kudziko lina? Kuti magazi ena amayenda m'mitsempha yanga, kuti okondedwa anga amakhala kwinakwake? Ataphunzira mu 1838 za tsoka lowopsa—chigumula chimene chinagwera ku Hungary, iye anadzidzimuka kwambiri: “Zokumana nazo ndi malingaliro ameneŵa zinandivumbulira tanthauzo la liwu lakuti” motherland “.”

Liszt ankanyadira anthu ake, dziko lawo, ndipo nthawi zonse ankatsindika kuti iye ndi Mhungarian. Mu 1847, iye anati: “Pa amisiri onse amoyo, ine ndekha ndine ndekha amene monyadira ndikuloza dziko lonyada la kwawo. Pamene ena anabzala m’maiwe osaya, ine nthaŵi zonse ndinali kuyenda panyanja yodzaza ndi madzi ya mtundu waukulu. Ndimakhulupirira kwambiri nyenyezi yonditsogolera; Cholinga cha moyo wanga n’chakuti tsiku lina dziko la Hungary lidzandilozera monyadira.” Ndipo akubwereza zomwezo kotala la zaka zana pambuyo pake: "Ndiloleni ndiloledwe kuvomereza kuti, mosasamala kanthu za kusadziŵa kwanga komvetsa chisoni chinenero cha Chihungarian, ndimakhalabe wa Magyar kuyambira kubadwa mpaka kumanda mu thupi ndi moyo ndipo, molingana ndi izi zovuta kwambiri. njira, ndimayesetsa kuthandizira ndikukulitsa chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za ku Hungary ".

Pa ntchito yake yonse, Liszt anatembenukira ku mutu wa Chihangare. Mu 1840, analemba Heroic March mu Chihangare Style, ndiye cantata Hungary, wotchuka Maliro Procession (polemekeza ngwazi kugwa) ndipo, potsiriza, angapo notebooks Hungarian National Nyimbo ndi Rhapsodies (makumi awiri ndi chimodzi zidutswa zonse) . Pakatikati - zaka za m'ma 1850, ndakatulo zitatu za symphonic zinalengedwa zogwirizana ndi zithunzi za dziko lakwawo ("Maliro a Heroes", "Hungary", "Battle of the Huns") ndi ma rhapsodies khumi ndi asanu achi Hungarian, omwe ndi makonzedwe aulere a anthu. nyimbo. Mitu ya ku Hungary imatha kumvekanso m'ntchito zauzimu za Liszt, zolembedwa makamaka ku Hungary - "Grand Mass", "Legend of St. Elizabeth", "Hungarian Coronation Mass". Nthawi zambiri amatembenukira ku mutu wa Chihangare mu 70-80s mu nyimbo zake, zidutswa za piyano, makonzedwe ndi zongopeka pamitu ya ntchito za olemba ku Hungary.

Koma ntchito za Hungarian, ambiri mwa iwo okha (chiwerengero chawo chimafika zana limodzi ndi makumi atatu), sichinapatulidwe mu ntchito ya Liszt. Ntchito zina, makamaka zamphamvu, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana nawo, zimasiyanitsa matembenuzidwe apadera ndi mfundo zofananira zachitukuko. Palibe mzere wakuthwa pakati pa ntchito za Chihangare ndi "zachilendo" za Liszt - zimalembedwa mwanjira yomweyo ndikulemeretsedwa ndi zopambana zaukadaulo waku Europe wakale komanso wachikondi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Liszt anali woyimba woyamba kubweretsa nyimbo zaku Hungary kubwalo lonse lapansi.

Komabe, osati tsogolo la dziko la amayi okha lomwe linkamudetsa nkhawa.

Ngakhale ali wachinyamata, adalota kupereka maphunziro a nyimbo kumadera ambiri a anthu, kuti olembawo apange nyimbo pa chitsanzo cha Marseillaise ndi nyimbo zina zosinthira zomwe zinakweza anthu ambiri kuti amenyere ufulu wawo. Liszt anali ndi chithunzithunzi cha kuwukira kotchuka (anayimba mu nyimbo ya piano "Lyon") ndipo adalimbikitsa oimba kuti asamangokhalira kumaimba kuti apindule osauka. “Kwa nthawi yaitali m’nyumba zachifumu ankawayang’ana (oimba.— Oimba. MD) monga atumiki abwalo lamilandu ndi majeremusi, kwa nthawi yaitali iwo ankalemekeza nkhani za chikondi cha amphamvu ndi chisangalalo cha olemera: ora lafika potsiriza la iwo kudzutsa kulimba mtima mwa ofooka ndi kuchepetsa kuzunzika kwa oponderezedwa! Zojambulajambula ziyenera kulimbikitsa kukongola mwa anthu, kulimbikitsa zisankho zamphamvu, kudzutsa umunthu, kudziwonetsera! Kwa zaka zambiri, chikhulupiriro ichi cha udindo wapamwamba wa luso pa moyo wa anthu chinayambitsa ntchito yophunzitsa pamlingo waukulu: Liszt ankaimba piyano, kondakitala, wotsutsa - wofalitsa wabwino kwambiri wa ntchito zabwino zakale ndi zamakono. Zomwezo zinali pansi pa ntchito yake monga mphunzitsi. Ndipo, mwachilengedwe, ndi ntchito yake, adafuna kukhazikitsa malingaliro apamwamba aluso. Komabe, maganizo amenewa sanali omveka bwino nthawi zonse kwa iye.

Liszt ndi woimira kwambiri wachikondi mu nyimbo. Wamphamvu, wachangu, wosakhazikika m'maganizo, wofunafuna mwachidwi, iye, monga olemba ena achikondi, adadutsa mayesero ambiri: njira yake yolenga inali yovuta komanso yotsutsana. Liszt ankakhala m’nthaŵi zovuta ndipo, monga Berlioz ndi Wagner, sanazengereze kukayikira ndi kukaikira, maganizo ake a ndale anali osadziwika bwino ndi osokonezeka, ankakonda nzeru zongoganiza bwino, nthawi zina ankafuna kutonthozedwa m’chipembedzo. “Usinkhu wathu ndi wodwala, ndipo tikudwala nawo,” Liszt anayankha monyozedwa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malingaliro ake. Koma chikhalidwe chapang'onopang'ono cha ntchito yake ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, zodabwitsa makhalidwe olemekezeka a maonekedwe ake monga wojambula ndi munthu sanasinthe moyo wake wautali.

"Kukhala chithunzithunzi cha chiyero cha makhalidwe abwino ndi umunthu, mutapeza izi pamtengo wa zovuta, kudzipereka kowawa, kukhala ngati chandamale cha kunyozedwa ndi kaduka - izi ndizochitika mwachizolowezi cha akatswiri owona zaluso," analemba makumi awiri ndi anayi. - Liszt wazaka. Ndipo umo ndi momwe iye analiri nthawizonse. Kufufuza kwakukulu ndi kulimbana molimbika, ntchito ya titanic ndi kupirira pogonjetsa zopinga zinatsagana naye moyo wake wonse.

Malingaliro okhudza cholinga chapamwamba cha nyimbo adalimbikitsa ntchito ya Liszt. Anayesetsa kuti ntchito zake zikhale zomveka kwa omvera ambiri, ndipo izi zikufotokozera kukopa kwake kouma masewero. Kalelo mu 1837, Liszt akutsimikizira momveka bwino kufunika kopanga mapulogalamu mu nyimbo ndi mfundo zofunika kuzitsatira pa ntchito yake yonse: “Kwa ojambula ena, ntchito yawo ndi moyo wawo ... ilo, limafotokoza momveka bwino zinsinsi zamkati za tsogolo lake. Amaganiza mwa iwo, amaphatikiza malingaliro, amalankhula, koma chilankhulo chake nchosakhazikika komanso chopanda malire kuposa china chilichonse, ndipo, monga mitambo yokongola yagolide yomwe imayamba pakulowa kwadzuwa mawonekedwe aliwonse operekedwa kwa iwo ndi nthano za woyendayenda wosungulumwa, imabwereketsanso. mosavuta kumasulira kosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, sizopanda pake ndipo mwanjira iliyonse sizoseketsa - monga amakonda kunena - ngati wolemba akuwonetsa zojambula za ntchito yake m'mizere ingapo ndipo, popanda kugwera mwatsatanetsatane ndi mwatsatanetsatane, akuwonetsa lingaliro lomwe lidathandizira. iye monga maziko a nyimboyo. Ndiye kudzudzula kudzakhala kwaufulu kuyamika kapena kudzudzula kuwonetseredwa kopambana kwa lingaliroli.

Kutembenukira kwa Liszt ku mapulogalamu kunali chinthu chopita patsogolo, chifukwa cha mbali zonse za zolinga zake za kulenga. Liszt ankafuna kulankhula kudzera mu luso lake osati ndi gulu lopapatiza la odziwa, koma ndi unyinji wa omvera, kuti asangalatse mamiliyoni a anthu ndi nyimbo zake. Zowona, mapulogalamu a Liszt amatsutsana: poyesera kusonyeza malingaliro ndi malingaliro akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri adagwa m'maganizo, filosofi yosadziwika bwino, ndipo potero mosasamala anachepetsa kukula kwa ntchito zake. Koma opambana a iwo amagonjetsa kusatsimikizika kosatsimikizika komanso kusamveka bwino kwa pulogalamuyi: zithunzi zanyimbo zopangidwa ndi Liszt ndi konkriti, zomveka, mitu yake ndi yofotokozera komanso yojambulidwa, mawonekedwe ake ndi omveka.

Kutengera mfundo za mapulogalamu, kutsimikizira zomwe zili mu luso ndi ntchito yake yolenga, Liszt adalemeretsa modabwitsa zida zomveka za nyimbo, motsatana ndi nthawi kuposa Wagner pankhaniyi. Ndi zolemba zake zokongola, Liszt anakulitsa kuchuluka kwa nyimbo; nthawi yomweyo, atha kuonedwa kuti ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri olimba mtima kwambiri m'zaka za zana la XNUMX pankhani ya mgwirizano. Liszt ndiyenso mlengi wa mtundu watsopano wa "symphonic poem" ndi njira ya chitukuko cha nyimbo yotchedwa "monothematism". Pomaliza, zomwe wachita pa luso la piyano ndi kapangidwe kake ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa Liszt anali woyimba piyano waluntha, wofanana ndi yemwe mbiri sinamudziwe.

Cholowa chanyimbo chomwe adasiya ndi chachikulu, koma si ntchito zonse zomwe zimafanana. Madera otsogola pantchito ya Liszt ndi limba ndi symphony - apa zokhumba zake zaluso ndi luso zidayamba kugwira ntchito. Zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi nyimbo za Liszt, zomwe nyimbo zake zimadziwikiratu; sanachite chidwi kwenikweni ndi nyimbo za opera ndi chamber.

Mitu, zithunzi za luso la Liszt. Kufunika kwake m'mbiri ya luso la nyimbo za ku Hungary ndi dziko lonse lapansi

Nyimbo za Liszt ndizolemera komanso zosiyanasiyana. Anakhala ndi zokonda za nthawi yake ndipo adayesetsa kuyankha mwachidwi ku zofuna zenizeni zenizeni. Chifukwa chake nyumba yosungiramo nyimbo zankhondo, sewero lake, mphamvu zamoto, njira zopambana. Koma makhalidwe a Liszt omwe ali m'malingaliro a dziko, adakhudza ntchito zingapo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawu osatha, osamveka bwino kapena osamveka bwino. Koma m'ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri mphindi zoyipazi zimagonjetsedwa - mwa izo, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu a Cui, "moyo weniweni umakhala wowawa."

Maonekedwe a Liszt omwe amasungunula zinthu zambiri. The ngwazi ndi amphamvu sewero Beethoven, pamodzi ndi zachiwawa chikondi ndi zokongola Berlioz, ziwanda ndi ukoma wanzeru Paganini, anali ndi chikoka kwambiri pa mapangidwe zokonda luso ndi kukongola maganizo a Liszt wamng'ono. Chisinthiko chake chowonjezera chinapitilira pansi pa chizindikiro cha chikondi. Wopekayo adatenga chidwi kwambiri ndi moyo, zolemba, zaluso komanso nyimbo.

Mbiri yachilendo inachititsa kuti miyambo yosiyanasiyana ya dziko inaphatikizidwa mu nyimbo za Liszt. Kuchokera ku sukulu yachikondi ya ku France, adatenga kusiyana kowala muzithunzithunzi zazithunzi, kukongola kwawo; kuchokera ku nyimbo za ku Italy za opera za m'zaka za zana la XNUMX (Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Verdi) - chilakolako chamalingaliro komanso chisangalalo cha cantilena, kubwereza mawu kwambiri; kuchokera ku sukulu ya ku Germany - kuzama ndi kukulitsa njira zowonetsera mgwirizano, kuyesa m'munda wa mawonekedwe. Ziyenera kuonjezedwa ku zomwe zanenedwa kuti mu nthawi okhwima ntchito yake List anakumananso chikoka cha achinyamata masukulu dziko, makamaka Russian, amene anaphunzira mosamala kwambiri.

Zonsezi zinaphatikizidwa mwaluso mu luso la Liszt, lomwe liri ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za dziko-Hungary. Ili ndi magawo ena azithunzi; Pakati pawo, magulu asanu akuluakulu amatha kusiyanitsa:

1) Zithunzi za ngwazi za munthu wamkulu wowoneka bwino, wokopa zimazindikirika ndi chiyambi chachikulu. Iwo yodziwika ndi monyadira chivalrous nyumba yosungiramo katundu, nzeru ndi luntha la ulaliki, kuwala phokoso mkuwa. Nyimbo yotakasuka, kayimbidwe ka madontho "amakonzedwa" ndi kuguba koyenda. Umu ndi momwe ngwazi yolimba mtima imawonekera m'malingaliro a Liszt, kumenyera chimwemwe ndi ufulu. Magwero oimba a zithunzizi ali mumitu yamphamvu ya Beethoven, mbali ina ya Weber, koma chofunika kwambiri, ndi pano, m'dera lino, kuti chikoka cha nyimbo ya dziko la Hungary chikuwoneka bwino kwambiri.

Pakati pa zithunzi za ziwonetsero zaulemu, palinso mitu yowonjezereka, yaing'ono, yomwe imawonedwa ngati nkhani kapena nyimbo za mbiri yakale ya dzikolo. Kuphatikizika kwazing'ono - zazikulu zofanana ndi kufalikira kwa melismatics kumatsindika kuchuluka kwa mawu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

2) Zithunzi zomvetsa chisoni ndizofanana ndi zamatsenga. Zoterezi ndizo ziwonetsero zokonda maliro za Liszt kapena nyimbo zamaliro (zotchedwa “trenody”), zomwe nyimbo zake zimasonkhezeredwa ndi zochitika zomvetsa chisoni za kumenyera ufulu wa anthu ku Hungary kapena imfa ya nduna zake zazikulu zandale ndi za anthu. Kuyimba moguba pano kumakhala kokulirapo, kumakhala kwamanjenje, kunjenjemera, ndipo nthawi zambiri m'malo mwake

Apo

or

(Mwachitsanzo, mutu wachiwiri kuchokera kumayendedwe oyamba a Second Piano Concerto). Tikukumbukira maulendo amaliro a Beethoven ndi machitidwe awo mu nyimbo za French Revolution kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX (onani, mwachitsanzo, Maliro a Gossek otchuka). Koma Liszt amalamuliridwa ndi kulira kwa trombones, zozama, "zotsika", mabelu amaliro. Monga momwe katswiri wina wanyimbo wa ku Hungary Bence Szabolczy akunenera, “ntchito zimenezi zimanjenjemera ndi chilakolako chosautsa, chimene timachipeza m’ndakatulo zomalizira za Vörösmarty ndi m’zojambula zomalizira za wojambula Laszlo Paal.”

Magwero a dziko-Hungary a zithunzi zotere nzosatsutsika. Kuti muwone izi, ndikwanira kutchula ndakatulo ya oimba "Maliro a Heroes" ("Heroi'de funebre", 1854) kapena nyimbo yotchuka ya piano "The Funeral Procession" ("Funerailles", 1849). Kale mutu woyamba, womwe ukufutukuka pang'onopang'ono wa "Maliro a Maliro" uli ndi kutembenuka kwa sekondi yokulirapo, zomwe zimapereka chisangalalo chapadera ku ulendo wamaliro. Astringency ya phokoso (harmonic yaikulu) imasungidwa mu nyimbo zamaliro za cantilena. Ndipo, nthawi zambiri ndi Liszt, zithunzi zachisoni zimasinthidwa kukhala zamphamvu - ku gulu lamphamvu lodziwika bwino, kumenyana kwatsopano, imfa ya msilikali wadziko ikuyitanitsa.

3) Gawo lina lamalingaliro ndi semantic limalumikizidwa ndi zithunzi zomwe zimapereka malingaliro okayikitsa, nkhawa yamalingaliro. Malingaliro ndi malingaliro ovuta awa pakati pa okondana adalumikizidwa ndi lingaliro la Goethe's Faust (yerekezerani ndi Berlioz, Wagner) kapena Byron's Manfred (yerekezerani ndi Schumann, Tchaikovsky). Hamlet ya Shakespeare nthawi zambiri inkaphatikizidwa mu bwalo la zithunzi izi (yerekezerani ndi Tchaikovsky, ndi ndakatulo ya Liszt). Mawonekedwe a zithunzi zotere amafunikira njira zatsopano zofotokozera, makamaka pankhani ya mgwirizano: Liszt nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maulendo ochulukira komanso ocheperako, ma chromatism, ngakhale kutulutsa kwa tonal, kuphatikiza kolita, kusinthika kolimba mtima. "Mtundu wina wa kutentha thupi, kusaleza mtima kowawa kumayaka m'dziko lino lachigwirizano," akutero Sabolci. Awa ndi mawu otsegulira a piano sonatas kapena Faust Symphony.

4) Kaŵirikaŵiri njira zosonyezera tanthauzo loyandikira kwambiri zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’mbali yophiphiritsira imene kunyodola ndi kunyodola kuli ponseponse, mzimu wa kukana ndi kuwononga umaperekedwa. "Satanic" ameneyo yemwe Berlioz adafotokoza mu "Sabata la Mfiti" kuchokera ku "Fantastic Symphony" amakhala ndi khalidwe losatsutsika mu Liszt. Ichi ndi umunthu wa zithunzi zoipa. Maziko amtundu - kuvina - tsopano akuwoneka molakwika, ndi mawu akuthwa, mu ma consonance dissonance, akugogomezedwa ndi zolemba zachisomo. Chitsanzo chodziwika bwino cha izi ndi Mephisto Waltzes atatu, mapeto a Faust Symphony.

5) Tsambali lidawonetsanso momveka bwino malingaliro osiyanasiyana achikondi: kuledzera ndi kukhudzika, kutengeka kwachisangalalo kapena chisangalalo chakulota, kufooka. Tsopano ndikupuma movutikira kwa cantilena mumzimu wa zisudzo zaku Italy, zomwe tsopano ndi mawu osangalatsa, omwe tsopano ndi mawu omveka bwino a "Tristan", omwe amaperekedwa mochuluka ndi zosintha ndi chromaticism.

Inde, palibe malire omveka bwino pakati pa zigawo zophiphiritsa zodziwika bwino. Mitu ya ngwazi yatsala pang'ono kubweretsa zoopsa, "Faustian" motifs nthawi zambiri imasinthidwa kukhala "Mephistopheles", ndipo "zonyansa" zimaphatikizanso malingaliro abwino komanso apamwamba komanso ziyeso zachinyengo za "satana". Kuphatikiza apo, phale lofotokozera la Liszt silinatope ndi izi: mu "Hungarian Rhapsodies" zithunzi zovina zamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa anthu, mu "Zaka Zoyendayenda" pali zojambula zambiri zamitundu, mu etudes (kapena makonsati) pali masomphenya osangalatsa a scherzo. Komabe, zomwe List achita m'maderawa ndizoyambirira kwambiri. Ndi iwo omwe anali ndi chikoka champhamvu pa ntchito ya mibadwo yotsatira ya olemba.

******

Pa nthawi yachitukuko cha zochitika za List - mu 50-60s - chikoka chake chinali chochepa pa gulu laling'ono la ophunzira ndi abwenzi. Komabe, m’kupita kwa zaka zipambano zaupainiya za Liszt zinazindikirika mowonjezereka.

Mwachilengedwe, choyambirira, chikoka chawo chinakhudza momwe piyano imagwirira ntchito komanso luso lawo. Mofunitsitsa kapena mosasamala, aliyense amene adatembenukira ku piyano sakanatha kudutsa zigonjetso zazikulu za Liszt m'derali, zomwe zidawonetsedwa pakutanthauzira kwa chida komanso kapangidwe ka nyimbozo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mfundo za Liszt zamaganizo ndi zaluso zinazindikirika m'zochita za wolemba, ndipo zinasinthidwa ndi oimira masukulu osiyanasiyana a dziko.

Mfundo yodziwika bwino ya mapulogalamu, yoperekedwa ndi Liszt ngati yotsutsana ndi Berlioz, yemwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi kutanthauzira kwa "zisudzo" zachiwembu chosankhidwa, yafalikira. Makamaka, mfundo za Liszt zinagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi olemba a ku Russia, makamaka Tchaikovsky, kuposa a Berlioz (ngakhale kuti omaliza sanaphonye, ​​mwachitsanzo, ndi Mussorgsky mu Night pa Bald Mountain kapena Rimsky-Korsakov ku Scheherazade).

Mtundu wa ndakatulo ya pulogalamu ya symphonic wafalikira mofanana, luso lazojambula zomwe olemba nyimbo akhala akupanga mpaka lero. Liszt atangotha ​​kumene, ndakatulo za symphonic zinalembedwa ku France ndi Saint-Saens ndi Franck; ku Czech Republic - kirimu wowawasa; ku Germany, R. Strauss anapindula kwambiri mu mtundu umenewu. Zowona, ntchito zotere sizinali zozikidwa pa monothematism. Mfundo za chitukuko cha ndakatulo ya symphonic pamodzi ndi sonata allegro nthawi zambiri ankatanthauzira mosiyana, momasuka. Komabe, mfundo ya monothematic - mu kutanthauzira kwake momasuka - idagwiritsidwanso ntchito, komanso, muzolemba zomwe sizinapangidwe ("Cicic principle" mu symphony ndi chamber-instrumental work of Frank, Taneyev's c-moll symphony ndi ena). Pomaliza, olemba otsatiridwa nthawi zambiri amatembenukira ku mtundu wandakatulo wa konsati ya piyano ya Liszt (onani Rimsky-Korsakov's Piano Concerto, Concerto Yoyamba ya Piano ya Prokofiev, Concerto Yachiwiri ya Piano ya Glazunov, ndi ena).

Osati kokha mfundo zolembedwa za Liszt zidapangidwa, komanso magawo ophiphiritsa a nyimbo zake, makamaka olimba mtima, "Faustian", "Mephistopheles". Mwachitsanzo, tiyeni tikumbukire “nkhani zodzitama” zonyada za m’nyimbo zanyimbo za Scriabin. Ponena za kutsutsidwa kwa zoipa mu zithunzi za "Mephistophelian", ngati kupotozedwa ndi kunyozedwa, kukhazikika mu mzimu wa "mavinidwe a imfa" owopsya, chitukuko chawo chowonjezereka chimapezeka ngakhale mu nyimbo za nthawi yathu (onani ntchito za Shostakovich). Mutu wa kukayikira kwa "Faustian", zokopa za "mdierekezi" ulinso ponseponse. Magawo osiyanasiyanawa akuwonekera mokwanira m'ntchito ya R. Strauss.

Chilankhulo chosangalatsa cha nyimbo cha Liszt, chomwe chili ndi matanthauzidwe ambiri osawoneka bwino, chinakulanso kwambiri. Makamaka, kukongola kwa kugwirizana kwake kunakhala maziko a kufunafuna kwa French Impressionists: popanda luso la Liszt, ngakhale Debussy kapena Ravel ndi wosatheka (wotsirizirawo, kuwonjezera apo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi kupambana kwa piyano ya Liszt mu ntchito zake. ).

"Zidziwitso" za Liszt za nthawi yotsiriza ya kulenga m'munda wa mgwirizano zinathandizidwa ndi kusonkhezeredwa ndi chidwi chake chomakula m'masukulu achichepere a dziko. Zinali pakati pawo - ndipo koposa zonse pakati pa a Kuchkists - kuti Liszt adapeza mwayi wolemeretsa chilankhulo chanyimbo ndi matembenuzidwe atsopano a modal, melodic ndi rhythmic.

M. Druskin

• Piyano ya Liszt imagwira ntchito →
• Symphonic ntchito za Liszt →

• Ntchito ya mawu a Liszt →

• Mndandanda wa ntchito za Liszt →