Leo Delibes |

Léo Delibes

Delib. "Lamba". Stanzas of Nilakanta (Fyodor Chaliapin)

Chisomo choterocho, kulemerera kwa nyimbo ndi mayendedwe, zida zabwino kwambiri zotere sizinawonekere mu ballet. P. Tchaikovsky

Olemba ku France azaka za m'ma XNUMX a L. Delibes amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyeretsedwa kwapadera kwa kalembedwe ka Chifalansa: nyimbo zake ndizachidule komanso zokongola, zoyimba komanso zosinthika mwachidwi, zanzeru komanso zowona mtima. Zomwe wolembayo adalembazo zinali zisudzo, ndipo dzina lake lidafanana ndi zomwe zidachitika mu nyimbo za ballet zazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Delibes anabadwira m'banja loimba: agogo ake a B. Batiste anali soloist ku Paris Opera-Comique, ndipo amalume ake E. Batiste anali oimba ndi pulofesa ku Paris Conservatory. Mayi anapereka m'tsogolo wopeka pulayimale maphunziro a nyimbo. Ali ndi zaka khumi ndi ziwiri, Delibes anabwera ku Paris ndipo adalowa mu Conservatory m'gulu la A. Adam. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anaphunzira ndi F. Le Coupet m’kalasi ya piano ndi F. Benois m’kalasi ya oimba.

The akatswiri moyo wa woimba wamng'ono anayamba mu 1853 ndi udindo wa limba-accompanist pa Lyric Opera House (Theatre Lyrique). Kupangidwa kwa zokonda zaluso za Delibes kunatsimikiziridwa makamaka ndi kukongola kwa nyimbo zachi French: mawonekedwe ake ophiphiritsa, nyimbo zodzaza ndi nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku. Panthawi imeneyi, woimbayo “amapanga zambiri. Amakopeka ndi zaluso zamasewera - operettas, tinthu tating'ono tazithunzithunzi tating'ono. Muzolemba izi ndizomwe zimakulitsidwa, luso lolondola, lachidule komanso lolondola, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, omveka bwino, omveka bwino a nyimbo amapangidwa, mawonekedwe a zisudzo amapangidwa bwino.

M'ma 60s. ziwonetsero zanyimbo ndi zisudzo za Paris zidachita chidwi ndi wopeka wachinyamatayo. Anaitanidwa kukagwira ntchito ngati wotsogolera kwaya wachiwiri ku Grand Opera (1865-1872). Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pamodzi ndi L. Minkus, adalemba nyimbo za ballet "The Stream" ndi divertissement "Njira Yotambasulidwa ndi Maluwa" ya ballet ya Adam "Le Corsair". Ntchito izi, zaluso komanso zotsogola, zidabweretsa kupambana koyenera kwa Delibes. Komabe, Grand Opera adalandira ntchito yotsatira ya wolembayo kuti apange zaka 4 zokha. Anakhala ballet "Coppelia, kapena Girl with Enamel Eyes" (1870, kutengera nkhani yaifupi ya TA Hoffmann "The Sandman"). Ndi iye amene adabweretsa kutchuka kwa ku Europe kwa Delibes ndipo adakhala ntchito yofunika kwambiri pantchito yake. Mu ntchito iyi, wolembayo adawonetsa kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa luso la ballet. Nyimbo zake zimadziwika ndi laconism ya mawu ndi mphamvu, pulasitiki ndi mitundu, kusinthasintha ndi kumveka bwino kwa kachitidwe ka kuvina.

Kutchuka kwa wolembayo kunakula kwambiri atapanga ballet Sylvia (1876, yochokera ku Aminta wochititsa chidwi wa T. Tasso). P. Tchaikovsky analemba za ntchito imeneyi kuti: “Ndinamva nyimbo ya ballet yotchedwa Sylvia yolembedwa ndi Leo Delibes, ndinaimva, chifukwa iyi ndi ballet yoyamba imene nyimbo siziri zazikulu zokha, komanso chidwi chokha. Ndi kukongola kwake, chisomo chotani, kuchuluka kwake kwa nyimbo, nyimbo ndi zomveka!

Nyimbo za Delibes: “Anatero Mfumu” (1873), “Jean de Nivel” (1880), “Lakmé” (1883) nazonso zinatchuka kwambiri. Yotsirizira inali ntchito yofunika kwambiri yoimba ya woipeka. Mu "Lakma" miyambo ya nyimbo za opera imapangidwa, zomwe zimakopa omvera m'mabuku a nyimbo ndi zochititsa chidwi za Ch. Gounod, J. Vize, J. Massenet, C. Saint-Saens. Olembedwa pa chiwembu chakum'maŵa, chozikidwa pa nkhani yomvetsa chisoni ya chikondi cha mtsikana wa ku India Lakme ndi msilikali wachingelezi Gerald, opera iyi ili ndi zithunzi zowona, zenizeni. Masamba owoneka bwino kwambiri a zigoli za ntchitoyi amaperekedwa pakuwulula dziko lauzimu la heroine.

Pamodzi ndi zolemba, Delibes adasamalira kwambiri kuphunzitsa. Kuyambira 1881 anali pulofesa ku Paris Conservatory. Munthu wachifundo ndi wachifundo, mphunzitsi wanzeru, Delibes anapereka chithandizo chachikulu kwa oimba achichepere. Mu 1884 adakhala membala wa French Academy of Fine Arts. Nyimbo yomaliza ya Delibes inali opera Cassia (yosamaliza). Anatsimikiziranso kuti woimbayo sanapereke mfundo zake za kulenga, kukonzanso ndi kukongola kwa kalembedwe.

Cholowa cha Delibes chimakhazikika makamaka pankhani yamitundu yanyimbo. Analemba ntchito zoposa 30 za zisudzo zanyimbo: ma opera 6, ma ballet atatu ndi ma operetta ambiri. Wolembayo adafika pachimake chopanga kwambiri m'munda wa ballet. Kupititsa patsogolo nyimbo za ballet ndi kupuma kwa symphonic, kukhulupirika kwa dramaturgy, adadziwonetsa yekha kukhala woyambitsa wolimba mtima. Izi zinazindikirika ndi otsutsa a nthawiyo. Chotero, E. Hanslik ndiye mwini wake wa mawu akuti: “Akhoza kunyadira kuti iye anali woyamba kukhala ndi chiyambi chochititsa chidwi m’mavinidwe ndipo pamenepa iye anaposa onse opikisana naye. Delibes anali katswiri wa okhestra. Ma ballet ake ambiri, malinga ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale, ndi "nyanja yamitundumitundu." Wolemba nyimboyo adatengera njira zambiri zolembera za oimba pasukulu yaku France. Kuyimba kwake kumasiyanitsidwa ndi kupendekera kwa timbres zenizeni, unyinji wa zopeka zamitundu yabwino kwambiri.

Delibes anali ndi chikoka mosakayikira pa kupititsa patsogolo luso la ballet osati France, komanso Russia. Apa zopambana za mbuye wa ku France zinapitilira muzojambula za P. Tchaikovsky ndi A. Glazunov.

I. Vetlitsyna

Tchaikovsky analemba za Delibes: "... pambuyo pa Bizet, ndimamuona ngati waluso kwambiri ...". Wolemba nyimbo wamkulu wa ku Russia sanalankhule mwachikondi ngakhale za Gounod, osatchulanso oimba ena a ku France amasiku ano. Kwa zokhumba zademokalase zaluso za Delibes, kuyimba kwa nyimbo zake, kufulumira kwamalingaliro, chitukuko chachilengedwe komanso kudalira mitundu yomwe ilipo inali pafupi ndi Tchaikovsky.

Leo Delibes anabadwa m'zigawo pa February 21, 1836, anafika ku Paris mu 1848; atamaliza maphunziro ake ku Conservatory mu 1853, adalowa mu Lyric Theatre ngati woyimba piyano, ndipo patatha zaka khumi monga wotsogolera nyimbo ku Grand Opera. Delibes amalemba zambiri, kwambiri pamalingaliro amalingaliro kuposa kutsatira mfundo zaluso. Poyamba, adalemba makamaka ma operettas ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono toseketsa (pafupifupi ntchito makumi atatu). Apa luso lake la mawonekedwe olondola komanso olondola, mafotokozedwe omveka bwino komanso osangalatsa adawongoleredwa, mawonekedwe awonetsero owala komanso omveka adawongoleredwa. Demokalase ya chilankhulo cha nyimbo cha Delibes, komanso Bizet, idapangidwa molumikizana mwachindunji ndi mitundu yamasiku onse amitundu yamatawuni. (Delibes anali mmodzi wa abwenzi apamtima a Bizet. Makamaka, pamodzi ndi olemba ena awiri, adalemba operetta Malbrook Going on a Campaign (1867).

Mabwalo ambiri oimba anakopa chidwi kwa Delibes pamene iye, pamodzi ndi Ludwig Minkus, wopeka amene anagwira ntchito mu Russia kwa zaka zambiri, anapereka kuyamba kwa ballet The Stream (1866). Kupambana kudalimbikitsidwa ndi ma ballet otsatira a Delibes, Coppelia (1870) ndi Sylvia (1876). Zina mwazolemba zake zambiri zimawonekera: sewero lanthabwala, losangalatsa mu nyimbo, makamaka mu Act I, "Anatero Mfumu" (1873), opera "Jean de Nivelle" (1880; "kuwala, kukongola, chikondi chapamwamba kwambiri. digiri, "analemba Tchaikovsky za iye) ndi opera Lakme (1883). Kuyambira 1881, Delibes ndi pulofesa ku Paris Conservatory. Waubwenzi kwa onse, wowona mtima ndi wachifundo, anapereka chithandizo chachikulu kwa achichepere. Delibes anamwalira pa Januware 16, 1891.

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Pakati pa zisudzo za Leo Delibes, wotchuka kwambiri anali Lakme, chiwembu chomwe chimatengedwa kuchokera ku moyo wa Amwenye. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi ma ballet ambiri a Delibes: apa amakhala ngati woyambitsa wolimba mtima.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, kuyambira ndi ma ballet a opera a Lully, choreography yapatsidwa malo ofunikira mu zisudzo zaku France. Mwambo uwu wasungidwa m'masewero a Grand Opera. Choncho, mu 1861, Wagner anakakamizika kulemba masewero a ballet a grotto ya Venus makamaka kwa Paris kupanga Tannhäuser, ndi Gounod, pamene Faust anasamukira ku siteji ya Grand Opera, analemba Walpurgis Night; pachifukwa chomwecho, divertissement wa mchitidwe otsiriza anawonjezedwa kwa Carmen, etc. Komabe, paokha choreographic zisudzo anakhala wotchuka kuyambira 30s m'ma 1841, pamene chikondi ballet unakhazikitsidwa. "Giselle" wolemba Adolphe Adam (XNUMX) ndiye kuchita bwino kwambiri. M'ndakatulo ndi mtundu wanyimbo za ballet iyi, zopambana za opera yaku France zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chifukwa chake kudalira mawu omwe alipo, kupezeka kwa njira zofotokozera, popanda sewero.

Masewero a Parisian choreographic a 50s ndi 60s, komabe, adakhala odzaza ndi zosiyana zachikondi, nthawi zina ndi melodrama; iwo anapatsidwa zinthu zochititsa chidwi, zazikulu monumentality (ntchito zamtengo wapatali kwambiri ndi Esmeralda ndi C. Pugni, 1844, ndi Corsair ndi A. Adam, 1856). Nyimbo zamasewerowa, monga lamulo, sizinakwaniritse zofunikira zamakono - zinalibe umphumphu wa masewero, kufalikira kwa kupuma kwa symphonic. M'zaka za m'ma 70, Delibes adabweretsa khalidwe latsopanoli kumalo ochitira masewera a ballet.

Contemporaries inati: “Akhoza kunyadira kuti iye anali woyamba kukhala ndi chiyambi chochititsa chidwi pa kuvina ndipo pamenepa anaposa onse opikisana naye.” Tchaikovsky analemba mu 1877 kuti: "Posachedwapa ndinamva nyimbo zabwino kwambiri za mtundu wake Delibes ballet "Sylvia". Poyamba ndinali nditazolowerana ndi nyimbo zochititsa chidwi zimenezi kudzera mwa woimba nyimbo za clavier, koma poimba mogometsa kwambiri za oimba a ku Viennese, zinangondisangalatsa, makamaka m’gulu loyambalo. M'kalata ina, adawonjezeranso kuti: "... iyi ndi ballet yoyamba yomwe nyimbo sizili zazikulu zokha, komanso chidwi chokha. Chithumwa chotani, chisomo chotani, chuma chotani, nyimbo, nyimbo ndi ma harmonic.

Chifukwa cha kudzichepetsa kwake komanso kudzikakamiza, Tchaikovsky analankhula mosasangalala za ballet yake ya Swan Lake yomwe anamaliza kumene, kupereka kanjedza kwa Sylvia. Komabe, munthu sangagwirizane ndi izi, ngakhale nyimbo za Delibes mosakayikira zili ndi phindu lalikulu.

Pankhani ya script ndi dramaturgy, ntchito zake ndizowopsa, makamaka "Sylvia": ngati "Coppelia" (yochokera pa nkhani yachidule ya ETA Hoffmann "The Sandman") imadalira chiwembu cha tsiku ndi tsiku, ngakhale sichinapangidwe nthawi zonse, ndiye mu "Sylvia". ” (molingana ndi ubusa wodabwitsa wa T. Tasso "Aminta", 1572), nthano zanthano zimapangidwa mokhazikika komanso mwachisokonezo. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kuyenera kwa wolembayo, yemwe, ngakhale izi sizinali zenizeni, zochitika zofooka kwambiri, adapanga zolemba zowutsa mudyo, zofunikira kwambiri m'mawu. (Ma ballet onsewo adachitidwa ku Soviet Union. Koma ngati ku Coppelia zolembazo zidangosinthidwa pang'ono kuti ziwonetse zenizeni zenizeni, ndiye kuti nyimbo za Sylvia, zotchedwa Fadetta (m'mabaibulo ena - Savage), chiwembu chosiyana chinapezeka - idabwerekedwa ku nkhani ya George Sand (woyamba wa Fadette - 1934).

Nyimbo zama ballet onsewa zimapatsidwa mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a anthu. Mu "Coppelia", malinga ndi chiwembucho, osati nyimbo zachifalansa zokha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso Polish (mazurka, Krakowiak in act I), ndi Hungarian (Svanilda's ballad, czadas); apa kugwirizana ndi mtundu ndi zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku za comic opera zimawonekera kwambiri. Ku Sylvia, mawonekedwe ake amalimbikitsidwa ndi malingaliro a nyimbo zanyimbo (onani waltz wa Act I).

Laconism ndi mphamvu zowonetsera, pulasitiki ndi kuwala, kusinthasintha ndi kumveka bwino kwa kuvina - izi ndizo zabwino kwambiri za nyimbo za Delibes. Iye ndi mbuye wamkulu pakupanga ma suites ovina, omwe manambala ake amalumikizidwa ndi zida za "recitatives" - zojambula za pantomime. Sewero, zomwe zili m'nyimbo zovina zimaphatikizidwa ndi mtundu komanso kukongola, zomwe zimadzaza ndi chitukuko cha symphonic. Izi, mwachitsanzo, ndi chithunzi cha nkhalango usiku umene Sylvia amatsegula, kapena pachimake chochititsa chidwi cha Act I. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, phwando lachikondwerero la kuvina komaliza, ndi kudzaza kofunikira kwa nyimbo zake, likuyandikira zithunzi zabwino zachipambano ndi zosangalatsa za anthu, zojambulidwa mu Bizet's Arlesian kapena Carmen.

Kukulitsa gawo la kuvina kwanyimbo ndi zamaganizidwe, kupanga zithunzi zokongola zamtundu wa anthu, kuyamba njira yanyimbo za ballet, Delibes adasinthiratu njira zowonetsera luso lazojambula. Mosakayikira, chisonkhezero chake pa chitukuko chowonjezereka cha bwalo lamasewera la ballet la ku France, lomwe kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1882 linalemeretsedwa ndi zambiri zamtengo wapatali; pakati pawo "Namuna" wolemba Edouard Lalo (XNUMX, kutengera ndakatulo ya Alfred Musset, chiwembu chomwe chidagwiritsidwanso ntchito ndi Wiese mu opera "Jamile"). Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, mtundu wina wa ndakatulo za choreographic udawuka; mwa iwo, chiyambi cha symphonic chinali chokulirapo chifukwa cha chiwembu ndi chitukuko chodabwitsa. Pakati pa olemba ndakatulo amenewa, amene atchuka kwambiri pa siteji konsati kuposa mu zisudzo, choyamba ayenera kutchulidwa Claude Debussy ndi Maurice Ravel, komanso Paul Dukas ndi Florent Schmitt.

M. Druskin

Mndandanda wachidule wa nyimbo

Amagwira ntchito ku zisudzo zanyimbo (masiku ali m'makolo)

Opitilira 30 ma opera ndi operettas. Odziwika kwambiri ndi awa: "Anatero Mfumu", opera, libretto ndi Gondine (1873) "Jean de Nivelle", opera, libretto ndi Gondinet (1880) Lakme, opera, libretto ndi Gondinet ndi Gilles (1883)

Ballet "Brook" (pamodzi ndi Minkus) (1866) "Coppelia" (1870) "Sylvia" (1876)

Nyimbo zamawu 20 zachikondi, 4-mawu amuna kwaya ndi ena