Franz Schubert |

Franz-Schubert

Kudalira, moona mtima, wosapereka, wochezeka, wolankhula mu chisangalalo - ndani ankamudziwa mosiyana? Kuchokera kukumbukira abwenzi

F. Schubert ndiye woyamba kupeka wachikondi. Chikondi cha ndakatulo ndi chisangalalo chenicheni cha moyo, kukhumudwa ndi kuzizira kwa kusungulumwa, kukhumba zabwino, ludzu la kuyendayenda ndi kutaya chiyembekezo cha kuyendayenda - zonsezi zinapeza phokoso mu ntchito ya wolembayo, m'nyimbo zake zoyenda mwachibadwa ndi mwachibadwa. Kutseguka kwamalingaliro amalingaliro achikondi adziko lapansi, kufulumira kwa kufotokozera kunakweza mtundu wa nyimboyo kufika pamtunda wosayerekezeka mpaka pamenepo: mtundu wachiwiri wachiwiriwu ku Schubert unakhala maziko a dziko lazojambula. M’nyimbo ya nyimbo, woipekayo ankatha kufotokoza maganizo osiyanasiyana. Mphatso yake yanyimbo yosatha inamulola kuti azilemba nyimbo zingapo patsiku (zilipo zoposa 600). Nyimbo zanyimbo zimalowanso munyimbo zoimbira, mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ya "Wanderer" idakhala ngati zongopeka za piyano za dzina lomwelo, ndi "Trout" - ya quintet, ndi zina zambiri.

Schubert anabadwira m'banja la mphunzitsi wa sukulu. Mnyamatayo anasonyeza luso lapadera loimba ndipo anatumizidwa kukaphunzira m'ndende (1808-13). Kumeneko anaimba kwaya, anaphunzira nyimbo chiphunzitso motsogozedwa ndi A. Salieri, ankaimba mu oimba oimba wophunzira ndi kuichititsa.

M'banja la Schubert (komanso m'madera a German burgher ambiri) ankakonda nyimbo, koma ankazilola ngati zosangalatsa; ntchito ya woimba ankaonedwa insufficiently ulemu. Wolemba nyimbo wa novice anayenera kutsatira mapazi a abambo ake. Kwa zaka zingapo (1814-18) ntchito ya kusukulu inasokoneza Schubert ku zilandiridwenso, komabe iye amalemba kuchuluka kwambiri. Ngati mu nyimbo zoimbira, kudalira kalembedwe kakale ka Viennese (makamaka WA Mozart) kumawonekerabe, ndiye kuti mu mtundu wanyimbo, woyimbayo ali ndi zaka 17 amapanga ntchito zomwe zimawululira umunthu wake. Ndakatulo za JW Goethe zinalimbikitsa Schubert kupanga zojambulajambula monga Gretchen pa Spinning Wheel, The Forest King, nyimbo za Wilhelm Meister, ndi zina zotero.

Pofuna kudzipereka kwathunthu ku nyimbo, Schubert anasiya ntchito kusukulu (izi zinapangitsa kuti ubale wake ukhalepo) ndipo anasamukira ku Vienna (1818). Padakali magwero osasinthika a moyo monga maphunziro aumwini ndi kufalitsa nkhani. Posakhala woimba piyano wa virtuoso, Schubert sakanatha mosavuta (monga F. Chopin kapena F. Liszt) kudzipezera yekha dzina mu dziko la nyimbo ndipo motero amalimbikitsa kutchuka kwa nyimbo zake. Chikhalidwe cha woimbayo sichinathandizenso kuti izi, kumizidwa kwake kwathunthu pakupanga nyimbo, kudzichepetsa komanso, panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukhulupirika kwapamwamba kwambiri, komwe sikunalole kusagwirizana kulikonse. Koma anapeza kumvetsetsa ndi chichirikizo pakati pa anzake. Gulu la achinyamata ochita kupanga limayikidwa mozungulira Schubert, aliyense wa mamembala ake ayenera kukhala ndi luso lamakono (Kodi angachite chiyani? - watsopano aliyense adalonjezedwa ndi funso lotere). Otsatira a Schubertiads anakhala omvera oyambirira, ndipo nthawi zambiri olemba nawo (I. Mayrhofer, I. Zenn, F. Grillparzer) a nyimbo zabwino kwambiri za mutu wa bwalo lawo. Kukambitsirana ndi mikangano yoopsa za luso, filosofi, ndale zosinthana ndi zovina, zomwe Schubert analemba nyimbo zambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amangowonjezera. Ma miniti, ecossaises, polonaises, landnders, polkas, gallops - awa ndi gulu la mitundu yovina, koma ma waltzes amakwera pamwamba pa chilichonse - osatinso kuvina, koma tinyimbo tating'onoting'ono. Psychologicaling kuvina, kusandulika kukhala chithunzi cha ndakatulo cha maganizo, Schubert akuyembekezera waltzes F. Chopin, M. Glinka, P. Tchaikovsky, S. Prokofiev. Mmodzi wa bwalo, woimba wotchuka M. Vogl, adalimbikitsa nyimbo za Schubert pa siteji ya konsati ndipo, pamodzi ndi wolemba, adayendera mizinda ya Austria.

Luso la Schubert linakula kuchokera ku miyambo yayitali yoimba ku Vienna. Sukulu yachikale (Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven), nthano zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, momwe zisonkhezero za anthu a ku Hungarian, Asilavo, Achitaliyana zinakhazikitsidwa pa Austro-German, ndipo potsiriza, kusankhidwa kwapadera kwa Viennese kuvina, kupanga nyimbo zapakhomo. - zonsezi zinatsimikizira maonekedwe a ntchito ya Schubert.

Tsiku lopambana la zilandiridwe za Schubert - 20s. Panthawiyi, zida zabwino kwambiri zidapangidwa: symphony yodziwika bwino ya "Unfinished" (1822) ndi epic, symphony yotsimikizira moyo mu C yayikulu (yomaliza, yachisanu ndi chinayi motsatizana). Ma symphonies onsewa sankadziwika kwa nthawi yaitali: C yaikulu inapezedwa ndi R. Schumann mu 1838, ndipo Unfinished inapezeka kokha mu 1865. Ma symphonies onsewa adakhudza olemba a theka lachiwiri la zaka za m'ma XNUMX, kufotokozera njira zosiyanasiyana za symphonism yachikondi. Schubert sanamvepo nyimbo zake zilizonse zomwe zidachitika mwaukadaulo.

Panali zovuta zambiri komanso zolephera pakupanga zisudzo. Ngakhale izi, Schubert nthawi zonse ankalembera zisudzo (za 20 ntchito zonse) - opera, singspiel, nyimbo za sewero la V. Chesi "Rosamund". Amalenganso ntchito zauzimu (kuphatikiza 2 misa). Zodabwitsa mwakuya komanso kukhudzidwa, nyimbo zidalembedwa ndi Schubert m'mitundu yachipinda (piyano sonatas 22, ma quartets 22, ma ensemble ena pafupifupi 40). Kusakhazikika kwake (8) ndi mphindi zoimbira (6) zidawonetsa chiyambi cha limba yachikondi. Zinthu zatsopano zimawonekeranso polemba nyimbo. 2 vocal cycles to verses by W. Muller - 2 magawo a moyo wa munthu.

Woyamba wa iwo - "The Beautiful Miller's Woman" (1823) - ndi mtundu wa "buku lanyimbo", lopangidwa ndi chiwembu chimodzi. Mnyamata, wodzala ndi mphamvu ndi chiyembekezo, amapita ku chisangalalo. Chikhalidwe cha kasupe, mtsinje wothamanga kwambiri - chirichonse chimapanga chisangalalo. Chidaliro posakhalitsa chimasinthidwa ndi funso lachikondi, languor la osadziwika: Kuti? Koma tsopano mtsinjewo umatsogolera mnyamatayo kumphero. Chikondi kwa mwana wamkazi wa miller, mphindi zake zosangalatsa zimasinthidwa ndi nkhawa, mazunzo a nsanje ndi kuwawa kwa kuperekedwa. M'mitsinje yong'ung'udza, yodekha ya mtsinje, ngwaziyo imapeza mtendere ndi chitonthozo.

Kuzungulira kwachiwiri - "Njira Yozizira" (1827) - ndi mndandanda wa zikumbukiro zachisoni za woyendayenda yekhayekha za chikondi chosayenerera, maganizo omvetsa chisoni, nthawi zina amalowetsedwa ndi maloto owala. Mu nyimbo yomaliza, "The Organ Grinder", chifaniziro cha woyimba woyendayenda chimapangidwa, kwanthawizonse ndikuzungulira mopanda phokoso ndipo palibe paliponse pomwe angapeze yankho kapena chotulukapo. Ichi ndi umunthu wa njira Schubert yekha, kale kudwala kwambiri, kutopa ndi kusowa nthawi zonse, ntchito mopambanitsa ndi mphwayi ntchito yake. Wolembayo adatcha nyimbo za "Winter Way" "zoyipa".

Korona wa kulenga mawu - "Swan Song" - mndandanda wa nyimbo mawu a ndakatulo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo G. Heine, amene anakhala pafupi ndi "mochedwa" Schubert, amene anamva "kugawanika kwa dziko" kwambiri mwamphamvu komanso mopweteka kwambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, Schubert sanakhalepo, ngakhale m'zaka zomaliza za moyo wake, adadzitsekera m'mikhalidwe yachisoni ("kupweteka kumanola malingaliro ndi kukwiyitsa malingaliro," analemba m'buku lake). The ophiphiritsa ndi maganizo osiyanasiyana mawu a Schubert alidi zopanda malire - izo amayankha chilichonse chimene chimasangalatsa munthu aliyense, pamene lakuthwa kwa kusiyana mu izo zikuwonjezeka mosalekeza (zomvetsa chisoni monologue "Kawiri" ndi pafupi ndi - wotchuka "Serenade"). Schubert amapeza zokopa zowonjezereka mu nyimbo za Beethoven, yemwe, nayenso, adadziwa zina mwa ntchito za m'nthawi yake ndipo adaziyamikira kwambiri. Koma kudzichepetsa ndi manyazi sanalole Schubert kukumana ndi fano lake (tsiku lina anabwerera pakhomo la nyumba ya Beethoven).

Kupambana kwa konsati yoyamba (ndi yokhayo) ya wolemba, yomwe idakonzedwa miyezi ingapo asanamwalire, pamapeto pake idakopa chidwi cha oimba. Nyimbo zake, makamaka nyimbo, zimayamba kufalikira mofulumira ku Ulaya konse, kupeza njira yaifupi kwambiri ya mitima ya omvera. Iye ali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa Romantic oimba a mibadwo yotsatira. Popanda zopezeka ndi Schubert, ndizosatheka kulingalira Schumann, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninov, Mahler. Anadzaza nyimbozo ndi kutentha ndi kufulumira kwa mawu a nyimbo, anawulula dziko lauzimu losatha la munthu.

K. Zenkin

• Moyo ndi ntchito ya Schubert →
• Nyimbo za Schubert →
• Piyano ya Schubert imagwira ntchito →
• Ntchito za Symphonic za Schubert →
• Kupanga kwa zida za Schubert →
• Ntchito yakwaya ya Schubert →
• Nyimbo za siteji →
• Mndandanda wa ntchito za Schubert →

Schubert kulenga moyo akuti zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha. Komabe, kutchula zonse zimene analemba n'kovuta kwambiri kuposa kutchula ntchito za Mozart, amene njira yake yolenga inali yaitali. Monga Mozart, Schubert sanalambalale mbali iliyonse ya luso loimba. Zina mwa cholowa chake (makamaka ntchito ndi ntchito zauzimu) zidakankhidwira pambali ndi nthawi yokha. Koma munyimbo kapena symphony, mu piyano yaying'ono kapena gulu lachipinda, mbali zabwino kwambiri zanzeru za Schubert, kufulumira kodabwitsa komanso chidwi chamalingaliro achikondi, chikondi chanyimbo ndi kufunafuna kwa munthu woganiza wazaka za zana la XNUMX zidapezeka.

M'madera awa a zilandiridwenso nyimbo, Schubert wa luso anaonekera ndi kulimba mtima kwambiri ndi kuchuluka. Iye ndi amene anayambitsa kayimbidwe kakang'ono koyimba, nyimbo yachikondi - yoyimba kwambiri komanso yosangalatsa. Schubert amasintha kwambiri zophiphiritsa mumitundu yayikulu ya nyimbo zapachipinda: mu piano sonatas, ma quartets a zingwe. Pomaliza, ubongo weniweni wa Schubert ndi nyimbo, chilengedwe chomwe sichingasiyanitsidwe ndi dzina lake.

Nyimbo za Schubert zinapangidwa pa nthaka ya Viennese, yodzala ndi nzeru za Haydn, Mozart, Gluck, Beethoven. Koma Vienna sizinthu zamakono zomwe zimayimiridwa ndi zowunikira zake, komanso moyo wolemera wa nyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku. Chikhalidwe cha nyimbo cha likulu la ufumu wamitundu yambiri chakhala chikukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi anthu amitundu yambiri komanso zinenero zambiri. Kuwoloka ndi kulowetsedwa kwa nthano za ku Austria, Chihangare, Chijeremani, Chisilavo kwazaka mazana ambiri zakuchuluka kosachepera kwa ma melos aku Italy kudapangitsa kuti nyimbo za Viennese zipangike. Kuphweka kwanyimbo komanso kupepuka, kumveka bwino komanso chisomo, kupsa mtima komanso kusinthasintha kwa moyo wapamsewu, nthabwala zamakhalidwe abwino komanso kuvina kosavuta kunasiya chizindikiro panyimbo za tsiku ndi tsiku ku Vienna.

Demokalase ya nyimbo zamtundu wa Austrian, nyimbo za Vienna, zidalimbikitsa ntchito ya Haydn ndi Mozart, Beethoven adakumananso ndi chikoka chake, malinga ndi Schubert - mwana wachikhalidwe ichi. Chifukwa cha kudzipereka kwake kwa mkaziyo, anafunikiranso kumvetsera zotonzo za anzake. Nyimbo za Schubert "nthawi zina zimamveka ngati zapakhomo, nazonso more Austrian, - akulemba Bauernfeld, - amafanana ndi nyimbo zachikale, kamvekedwe kake kakang'ono komanso kayimbidwe koyipa komwe kalibe maziko okwanira olowera nyimbo yandakatulo. Pakudzudzulidwa kotereku, Schubert anayankha kuti: “Mukumvetsa chiyani? Umu ndi mmene ziyenera kukhalira!” Zoonadi, Schubert amalankhula chinenero cha nyimbo zamtundu, amaganiza muzithunzi zake; kuchokera kwa iwo amakula ntchito zapamwamba zaluso zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Pakuchulukirachulukira kwanyimbo zanyimbo zomwe zidakula m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu okhala mnyumba, m'malo a demokalase amzindawu ndi madera ake - dziko laukadaulo wa Schubert. Nyimbo zanyimbo za "Unfinished" zikuwonekera panyimbo ndi kuvina. Kusintha kwa zinthu zamtundu wamtunduwu kumatha kumveka m'chinsalu chambiri cha "Great" symphony mu C-dur komanso m'nyimbo zazing'ono kapena zida zoimbira.

Chigawo cha nyimbo chinakhudza mbali zonse za ntchito yake. Nyimbo zanyimbo zimapanga maziko a nyimbo za Schubert. Mwachitsanzo, mu piyano zongopeka pa mutu wa nyimbo "Wanderer", mu limba quintet "Trout", kumene nyimbo ya dzina lomweli ndi mutu wa kusiyanasiyana kwa mapeto, mu d-moll. quartet, pomwe nyimbo "Imfa ndi Namwali" imayambitsidwa. Koma muzolemba zina zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi mitu ya nyimbo zenizeni - mu sonatas, mu symphonies - nyumba yosungiramo nyimbo ya thematism imatsimikizira zomwe zimapangidwira, njira zopangira zinthuzo.

Choncho, n'zachibadwa kuti, ngakhale chiyambi cha njira ya Schubert yolemba nyimbo inadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa malingaliro opanga omwe adayambitsa kuyesa m'madera onse a luso la nyimbo, adadzipeza yekha mu nyimboyi. Zinali mmenemo, patsogolo pa china chirichonse, kuti mbali za luso lake lanyimbo zinawala ndi sewero lodabwitsa.

"Pakati pa nyimbo osati za zisudzo, osati za tchalitchi, osati za konsati, pali dipatimenti yodabwitsa kwambiri - zachikondi ndi nyimbo za liwu limodzi ndi piyano. Kuchokera munyimbo yosavuta, yophatikizana, mtundu uwu wakula mpaka kukhala mawonedwe ang'onoang'ono - monologues, kulola chilakolako chonse ndi kuya kwa sewero lauzimu. Nyimbo zamtunduwu zinaonekera bwino kwambiri ku Germany, mwa luso la Franz Schubert,” analemba motero AN Serov.

Schubert ndi "nightingale ndi swan of song" (BV Asafiev). Nyimboyi ili ndi mphamvu zake zonse zopanga. Ndi nyimbo ya Schubert yomwe ili ngati malire omwe amalekanitsa nyimbo zachikondi kuchokera ku nyimbo za classicism. Nthawi yanyimbo, zachikondi, zomwe zidayamba kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, ndizochitika ku Europe, zomwe "zitha kutchedwa dzina la mbuye wamkulu wanyimbo za demokalase zamatawuni Schubert - Schubertianism" (BV). Asafiev). Malo a nyimbo mu ntchito ya Schubert ndi ofanana ndi malo a fugue ku Bach kapena sonata ku Beethoven. Malinga ndi BV Asafiev, Schubert anachita m'munda wa nyimbo zomwe Beethoven anachita m'munda wa symphony. Beethoven anafotokoza mwachidule malingaliro amphamvu a nthawi yake; Schubert, kumbali ina, anali woimba wa "malingaliro osavuta achilengedwe komanso umunthu wozama." Kupyolera mu dziko la zoimbidwa m'nyimbo zimaonekera mu nyimbo, iye akufotokoza maganizo ake kwa moyo, anthu, zenizeni zozungulira.

Lyricism ndiye maziko a chilengedwe cha Schubert. Mitundu yambiri yanyimbo m'ntchito yake ndi yotakata kwambiri. Mutu wachikondi, ndi kulemera kwake konse kwa ndakatulo, nthawi zina zosangalatsa, nthawi zina zachisoni, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi mutu wa kuyendayenda, kuyendayenda, kusungulumwa, kulowerera zaluso zonse zachikondi, ndi mutu wa chilengedwe. Chilengedwe mu ntchito ya Schubert si maziko chabe omwe nkhani inayake imachitika kapena zochitika zina zimachitika: "zimapangitsa munthu", ndipo kuwala kwa malingaliro aumunthu, malingana ndi chikhalidwe chawo, kumapanga zithunzi za chilengedwe, kumawapatsa izi kapena maganizo. ndi mitundu yofananira.

Nyimbo za Schubert zasintha kwambiri. Kwa zaka zambiri, kutengeka kwachibwana kwachibwana, malingaliro osawoneka bwino a moyo ndi chilengedwe adachepa pasanathe kufunika kwa wojambula wokhwima kuti awonetse zotsutsana zenizeni za dziko lozungulira. Chisinthiko choterocho chinayambitsa kukula kwa makhalidwe a maganizo mu nyimbo za Schubert, kuwonjezereka kwa sewero ndi kufotokoza koopsa.

Choncho, kusiyana kwa mdima ndi kuwala kunayamba, kusintha kwafupipafupi kuchoka ku kukhumudwa kupita ku chiyembekezo, kuchoka ku kusungulumwa kupita ku zosangalatsa zamtima zosavuta, kuchokera ku zithunzi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri kupita ku zowala, zoganizira. Pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo, Schubert anagwira ntchito pa nyimbo zomvetsa chisoni za "Unfinished" komanso nyimbo zachinyamata za "The Beautiful Miller's Woman". Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi kuyandikira kwa "nyimbo zoyipa" za "Msewu wa Zima" mosavutikira kwambiri ndi kuyimba komaliza kwa piyano.

Komabe, zolinga zachisoni ndi kukhumudwa kwakukulu, zomwe zimayikidwa m'nyimbo zotsiriza ("Njira Yozizira", nyimbo zina za mawu a Heine), sizingathe kuphimba mphamvu yaikulu ya kutsimikizira moyo, mgwirizano waukulu umene nyimbo za Schubert zimatengera mwa izo zokha.

V. Galatskaya

Schubert ndi Beethoven. Schubert - woyamba Viennese wachikondi

Schubert anali wamng'ono m'nthawi ya Beethoven. Pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu, onsewa amakhala ku Vienna, ndikupanga nthawi yomweyo ntchito zawo zofunika kwambiri. Schubert's "Marguerite at the Spinning Wheel" ndi "Tsar of the Forest" ndi "m'badwo wofanana" ndi Beethoven's Seventh and Eighth Symphonies. Panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi Ninth Symphony ndi Beethoven's Solem Mass, Schubert adapanga Unfinished Symphony ndi nyimbo yozungulira The Beautiful Miller's Girl.

Koma kuyerekezera kokha kumeneku kumatithandiza kuzindikira kuti tikukamba za ntchito zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya nyimbo. Mosiyana ndi Beethoven, Schubert adawonekeratu ngati wojambula osati m'zaka za zipolowe, koma panthawi yovuta kwambiri pamene nyengo ya chikhalidwe ndi ndale inabwera m'malo mwake. Schubert anasiyanitsa ukulu ndi mphamvu za nyimbo za Beethoven, njira zake zosinthira ndi kuzama kwa filosofi ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tanyimbo, zithunzi za moyo wa demokalase - wapanyumba, wapamtima, m'njira zambiri zokumbutsa kusinthika kojambulidwa kapena tsamba la ndakatulo. Ntchito za Beethoven ndi Schubert, zogwirizana ndi nthawi, zimasiyana wina ndi mzake mofanana ndi momwe malingaliro apamwamba a nthawi ziwiri zosiyana ayenera kukhala osiyana - nthawi ya French Revolution ndi nthawi ya Congress of Vienna. Beethoven anamaliza kukula kwa zaka zana za nyimbo za classicism. Schubert anali woyamba Viennese Romantic kupeka.

Zojambula za Schubert ndizogwirizana ndi za Weber. Kukondana kwa ojambula onsewa kuli ndi chiyambi chofanana. Nyimbo za Weber za “Magic Shooter” ndi Schubert zinalinso zotulukapo za kukwera kwa demokalase komwe kunasesa Germany ndi Austria pankhondo zomasula dziko. Schubert, mofanana ndi Weber, anaonetsa mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri ya kuganiza mwaluso kwa anthu ake. Komanso, iye anali woimira wowala kwambiri wa Viennese Folk chikhalidwe chikhalidwe cha nthawi imeneyi. Nyimbo zake zimakhala ngati mwana wa demokalase ku Vienna monga ma waltzes a Lanner ndi Strauss-bambo amachitira m'malesitilanti, monga masewero a nthano ndi nthano za Ferdinand Raimund, monga zikondwerero za anthu ku Prater park. Zojambula za Schubert sizinangoimba ndakatulo za moyo wa anthu, nthawi zambiri zimayambira kumeneko. Ndipo zinali mu Mitundu yowerengeka yomwe adadziwonetsera yekha mwanzeru zachikondi za Viennese.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, Schubert anakhala nthawi yonse ya kukhwima kulenga mu Metternich a Vienna. Ndipo mkhalidwe umenewu pamlingo waukulu unatsimikizira mtundu wa luso lake.

Ku Austria, kutukuka kwa dziko lokonda dziko lathu sikunakhaleko bwino ngati ku Germany kapena ku Italy, ndipo zomwe zidachitika ku Europe konse Congress of Vienna itachita zachisoni kumeneko. Mkhalidwe waukapolo wamaganizo ndi “kusalana” zinatsutsidwa ndi maganizo abwino kwambiri a m’nthaŵi yathu. Koma pansi pamikhalidwe yankhanza, kuchita zinthu momasuka ndi anthu kunali kosatheka. Mphamvu za anthu zidamangidwa ndipo sizinapeze njira zowonetsera.

Schubert adatha kutsutsa zenizeni zankhanza pokhapokha ndi kulemera kwa dziko lamkati la "munthu wamng'ono". Mu ntchito yake mulibe "The Magic Shooter", kapena "William Tell", kapena "Pebbles" - ndiko kuti, ntchito zomwe zidalowa m'mbiri monga otenga nawo mbali mwachindunji pankhondo yachitukuko komanso kukonda dziko lako. M'zaka pamene Ivan Susanin anabadwa mu Russia, mu ntchito ya Schubert kalata chikondi kusungulumwa.

Komabe, Schubert amachita ngati wopitilira miyambo ya demokalase ya Beethoven mu mbiri yatsopano. Ataulula mu nyimbo kuchuluka kwa malingaliro ochokera pansi pamtima mumitundu yonse yandakatulo, Schubert adayankha zopempha za anthu opita patsogolo a m'badwo wake. Monga wolemba nyimbo, adakwaniritsa kuzama kwamalingaliro ndi luso laluso loyenera luso la Beethoven. Schubert akuyamba nthawi yanyimbo-yachikondi mu nyimbo.

Tsogolo la cholowa cha Schubert

Pambuyo pa imfa ya Schubert, anayamba kufalitsa kwambiri nyimbo zake. Analowa m’mbali zonse za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ndizodziwika kuti ku Russia, nawonso, nyimbo za Schubert zidafalitsidwa kwambiri pakati pa anzeru aku Russia a demokalase nthawi yayitali asanacheze ndi ochita alendo, ochita ndi zida zolembedwa bwino, adawapanga kukhala mafashoni amasiku ano. Mayina a connoisseurs oyambirira a Schubert ndi anzeru kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha Russia mu 30s ndi 40s. Ena mwa iwo ndi AI Herzen, VG Belinsky, NV Stankevich, AV Koltsov, VF Odoevsky, M. Yu. Lermontov ndi ena.

Mwadzidzidzi, zida zambiri za Schubert, zomwe zidapangidwa koyambirira kwachikondi, zidamveka pagawo lalikulu la konsati kuyambira theka lachiwiri lazaka za zana la XNUMX.

Zaka khumi pambuyo pa imfa ya woimbayo, imodzi mwa ntchito zake zoimbira (Ninth Symphony yomwe inapezedwa ndi Schumann) inamufikitsa ku chidwi cha anthu padziko lonse monga symphonist. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50s, C yaikulu quintet inasindikizidwa, ndipo kenako octet. Mu Disembala 1865, "Unfinished Symphony" idapezeka ndikuchitidwa. Ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri, m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba yosindikizira ya Viennese, mafani a Schubert "anakumba" pafupifupi zolemba zake zonse zoiwalika (kuphatikizapo ma symphonies asanu, "Rosamund" ndi ma opera ena, misa yambiri, ntchito za chipinda, zidutswa zazing'ono za piyano. ndi zachikondi). Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, cholowa cha Schubert chakhala mbali yofunika kwambiri ya chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi.

V. Konen

• Moyo ndi ntchito ya Schubert →