Richard Strauss |

Richard Strauss

Strauss Richard. "Anatero Zarathustra." Mawu Oyamba

Ndikufuna kubweretsa chisangalalo ndipo ndikuchifuna ndekha. R. Strauss

R. Strauss - mmodzi mwa oimba akuluakulu a ku Germany, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XIX-XX. Pamodzi ndi G. Mahler, analinso m’modzi mwa otsogolera bwino kwambiri m’nthaŵi yake. Ulemerero unatsagana naye kuyambira ali wamng'ono mpaka kumapeto kwa moyo wake. Kulimba mtima kwa Strauss wachichepere kunayambitsa kuukira koopsa ndi zokambirana. Mu 20-30s. Osewera m'zaka za m'ma XNUMX adawonetsa kuti ntchito ya wolembayo ndi yachikale komanso yachikale. Komabe, ngakhale izi, ntchito zake zabwino kwambiri zapulumuka zaka zambiri ndipo zasungabe kukongola ndi mtengo wake mpaka lero.

Woyimba wobadwa nawo, Strauss adabadwira ndikukulira m'malo aluso. Bambo ake anali woyimba nyanga wanzeru ndipo ankagwira ntchito ku Orchestra Court ya Munich. Mayiyo, amene anachokera m’banja la munthu wolemera wophika moŵa, anali ndi luso loimba. Wolemba zamtsogolo adalandira maphunziro ake oyamba a nyimbo kuchokera kwa iye ali ndi zaka 4. Banja linkaimba nyimbo zambiri, choncho n'zosadabwitsa kuti talente ya nyimbo ya mnyamatayo inadziwonetsera mofulumira: ali ndi zaka 6, adalemba masewero angapo ndikuyesa kulemba masewero a oimba. Panthawi imodzimodziyo ndi maphunziro a nyimbo zapakhomo, Richard anatenga maphunziro a masewera olimbitsa thupi, anaphunzira mbiri yakale ndi filosofi ku yunivesite ya Munich. Wotsogolera ku Munich, F. Mayer anam'patsa maphunziro ogwirizana, kusanthula mawonekedwe, ndi kuyimba. Kutenga nawo mbali mu gulu la oimba amateur kunapangitsa kuti zizitha kudziwa bwino zidazo, ndipo zoyeserera za wolemba woyamba zidachitika nthawi yomweyo. Maphunziro opambana a nyimbo asonyeza kuti palibe chifukwa choti mnyamata alowe mu Conservatory.

Zolemba zoyambirira za Strauss zidalembedwa motengera chikondi chapakatikati, koma woyimba piyano wodziwika bwino komanso kondakitala G. Bülow, wotsutsa E. Hanslik ndi. I. Brahms adawona mwa iwo mphatso yayikulu ya mnyamatayo.

Pamalingaliro a Bülow, Strauss akukhala wolowa m'malo mwake - wamkulu wa oimba a khothi la Duke wa Saxe-Meidingen. Koma mphamvu yowotcha ya woimba wamng'onoyo inali yodzaza m'zigawo, ndipo adachoka mumzindawu, ndikusamukira ku Kapellmeister wachitatu ku Munich Court Opera. Ulendo wopita ku Italiya udasiya chidwi chowoneka bwino, chomwe chikuwonetsedwa muzongopeka za symphonic "Kuchokera ku Italy" (1886), zomwe zidayambitsa mkangano wovuta. Pambuyo pa zaka 3, Strauss amapita kukatumikira ku Weimar Court Theatre ndipo, nthawi yomweyo ndi zisudzo, analemba ndakatulo yake ya symphonic Don Juan (1889), yomwe inamupangitsa kukhala wodziwika bwino pazaluso zapadziko lonse lapansi. Bülow analemba kuti: "Don Juan ..." sizinali zomveka bwino." Gulu loimba la Strauss kwa nthawi yoyamba linawala pano ndi mphamvu ya mitundu ya Rubens, ndipo mu ngwazi yokondwa ya ndakatuloyi, ambiri adazindikira kudziwonetsera yekha kwa wolembayo. Mu 1889-98. Strauss amapanga ndakatulo zingapo zomveka bwino za symphonic: "Til Ulenspiegel", "Choncho Analankhula Zarathustra", "Moyo wa ngwazi", "Imfa ndi Kuwunikira", "Don Quixote". Iwo anaulula luso lalikulu la woimbayo m’njira zambiri: kuchenjera kodabwitsa, phokoso lonyezimira la okhestra, kulimba mtima kwa chinenero cha nyimbo. Kulengedwa kwa "Home Symphony" (1903) kumathetsa nthawi ya "symphonic" ya ntchito ya Strauss.

Kuyambira pano, woimbayo amadzipereka yekha ku opera. Mayesero ake oyambirira mu mtundu uwu ("Guntram" ndi "Popanda Moto") amakhala ndi zotsatira za chikoka cha R. Wagner wamkulu, yemwe ntchito yake ya titanic Strauss, m'mawu ake, anali ndi "ulemu wopanda malire".

Pofika kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana lino, kutchuka kwa Strauss kunali kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Zopanga zake za opera za Mozart ndi Wagner zimawonedwa ngati zachitsanzo. Monga kondakitala wa symphonic Strauss adapita ku England, France, Belgium, Holland, Italy ndi Spain. Mu 1896, luso lake anali kuyamikiridwa mu Moscow, kumene anapita ndi zoimbaimba. Mu 1898, Strauss anaitanidwa ku ntchito ya wochititsa Berlin Court Opera. Amakhala ndi gawo lalikulu m'moyo wanyimbo; akukonzekera mgwirizano wa oimba a ku Germany, amalembedwa ndi pulezidenti wa General German Musical Union, akuyambitsa chikalata choteteza zolemba za olemba ku Reichstag. Kumeneko anakumana ndi R. Rolland ndi G. Hofmannsthal, wolemba ndakatulo waluso wa ku Austria ndi wolemba maseŵero, amene wakhala akugwira nawo ntchito kwa zaka pafupifupi 30.

Mu 1903-08. Strauss amapanga masewera a Salome (kutengera sewero la O. Wilde) ndi Elektra (kutengera tsoka la G. Hofmannsthal). Mwa iwo, wolembayo amamasulidwa ku chikoka cha Wagner.

Nkhani za m'Baibulo komanso zakale potanthauzira oimira odziwika bwino azaka zaku Europe zimakhala ndi mtundu wapamwamba komanso wosokoneza, zikuwonetsa zovuta zakugwa kwa zitukuko zakale. Chilankhulo cholimba cha nyimbo cha Strauss, makamaka mu "Electra", kumene wolembayo, m'mawu ake omwe, "anafika malire okhwima ... a kutha kuzindikira makutu amakono," adayambitsa kutsutsa kwa oimba ndi otsutsa. Koma posakhalitsa zisudzo zonse ziwirizo zinayamba kuguba mwachipambano ku Ulaya konse.

Mu 1910, zinthu zinasintha kwambiri pa ntchito ya wolemba nyimboyo. Pakati pa zochitika zamphepo yamkuntho, amalenga otchuka kwambiri pamasewero ake, Der Rosenkavalier. Chikoka cha chikhalidwe cha Viennese, machitidwe ku Vienna, ubwenzi ndi olemba a Viennese, chifundo cha nthawi yaitali cha nyimbo za dzina lake Johann Strauss - zonsezi sizikanatha kuwonetsedwa mu nyimbo. Opera-waltz, wokometsedwa ndi chikondi cha Vienna, momwe zochitika zoseketsa, ziwonetsero zoseketsa ndi zobisika, zolumikizana zolumikizana pakati pa ngwazi zanyimbo, Rosenkavalier adachita bwino kwambiri pawonetsero ku Dresden (1911) ndipo posakhalitsa adagonjetsa magawowo. m'mayiko ambiri, kukhala mmodzi wa otchuka kwambiri opera mu XX mu.

Talente ya Epikureya ya Strauss ikukula kwambiri kuposa kale. Atachita chidwi ndi ulendo wautali wopita ku Greece, analemba opera Ariadne auf Naxos (1912). Momwemo, monga momwe adapangira ma opera omwe adapangidwa pambuyo pake Helena waku Egypt (1927), Daphne (1940) ndi The Love of Danae (1940), wolemba kuchokera paudindo wa woyimba wazaka za zana la XNUMX. adapereka ulemu kwa zithunzi za Greece wakale, mgwirizano wopepuka womwe unali pafupi kwambiri ndi moyo wake.

Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse inachititsa kuti ku Germany kukhale chauvinism. M'malo awa, Strauss adakwanitsa kukhala ndi ufulu woweruza, kulimba mtima komanso kumveka bwino kwa malingaliro. Malingaliro otsutsa nkhondo a Rolland anali pafupi ndi wolemba nyimboyo, ndipo mabwenzi omwe adapezeka m'mayiko omenyana sanasinthe chikondi chawo. Wopekayo anapeza chipulumutso, mwa kuvomereza kwake, mu “ntchito yakhama.” Mu 1915, anamaliza nyimbo yokongola ya Alpine Symphony, ndipo mu 1919, opera yake yatsopano inachitikira ku Vienna kwa libretto ya Hofmannsthal, The Woman Without Shadow.

M'chaka chomwecho, Strauss kwa zaka 5 amakhala mtsogoleri wa imodzi mwa nyumba zabwino kwambiri za opera padziko lapansi - Vienna Opera, ndi mmodzi mwa atsogoleri a zikondwerero za Salzburg. Pa nthawi ya chikumbutso 60 wa wolemba, zikondwerero odzipereka kwa ntchito yake unachitikira Vienna, Berlin, Munich, Dresden ndi mizinda ina.

Kupanga kwa Strauss ndikodabwitsa. Amapanga mawu omveka motengera ndakatulo za IV Goethe, W. Shakespeare, C. Brentano, G. Heine, "ballet yosangalala ya Viennese" "Shlagober" ("Whipped cream", 1921), "comedy burgher with symphonic interludes" opera ” Intermezzo (1924), sewero lanyimbo lanyimbo la Viennese life Arabella (1933), sewero lamasewera la The Silent Woman (lochokera pa chiwembu cha B. Johnson, mogwirizana ndi S. Zweig).

Hitler atayamba kulamulira, chipani cha Nazi chinayamba kufunafuna anthu otchuka a chikhalidwe cha ku Germany kuti azitumikira. Popanda kupempha chilolezo cha woimbayo, Goebbels anamusankha kukhala mtsogoleri wa Imperial Music Chamber. Strauss, osawoneratu zotsatira zonse za kusamuka uku, adalandira udindo, akuyembekeza kutsutsa zoipa ndikuthandizira kuteteza chikhalidwe cha Germany. Koma chipani cha Nazi, popanda mwambo ndi woyimba wolemekezeka kwambiri, adalemba malamulo awo: adaletsa ulendo wopita ku Salzburg, kumene anthu othawa kwawo ku Germany adabwera, adazunza wolemba mabuku wina dzina lake Strauss S. Zweig chifukwa cha chiyambi chake "chosakhala Aryan", komanso pokhudzana ndi Izi adaletsa kuyimba kwa opera ya The Silent Woman. Wolemba nyimboyo sanathe kusunga mkwiyo wake m’kalata yopita kwa bwenzi lake. Kalatayo inatsegulidwa ndi a Gestapo ndipo chotsatira chake chinali chakuti Strauss anapemphedwa kusiya ntchitoyo. Komabe, poyang'ana ntchito za chipani cha Nazi ndi kunyansidwa, Strauss sakanakhoza kusiya ntchito. Polephera kugwirizana ndi Zweig panonso, akuyang'ana wolemba librettist watsopano, yemwe amalenga naye zisudzo za Tsiku la Mtendere (1936), Daphne, ndi Chikondi cha Danae. Opera yomaliza ya Strauss, Capriccio (1941), imakondweranso ndi mphamvu zake zosatha komanso kuwala kwa kudzoza.

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, pamene dzikolo linali mabwinja, malo owonetsera masewera a Munich, Dresden, Vienna adagwa pansi pa mabomba, Strauss akupitiriza kugwira ntchito. Iye analemba chidutswa chachisoni cha zingwe "Metamorphoses" (1943), zachikondi, chimodzi mwa zomwe adazipereka kwa zaka 80 za G. Hauptmann, ma suites oimba. Nkhondo itatha, Strauss ankakhala ku Switzerland kwa zaka zingapo, ndipo madzulo a kubadwa kwake kwa 85 anabwerera ku Garmisch.

Cholowa cha Strauss ndi chochuluka komanso chosiyanasiyana: zisudzo, ma ballet, ndakatulo za symphonic, nyimbo za zisudzo, nyimbo zakwaya, zachikondi. Wolemba nyimboyo adauziridwa ndi zolemba zosiyanasiyana: awa ndi F. Nietzsche ndi JB Moliere, M. Cervantes ndi O. Wilde. B. Johnson ndi G. Hofmannsthal, JW Goethe ndi N. Lenau.

Kupangidwa kwa kalembedwe ka Strauss kunachitika pansi pa chisonkhezero cha chikondi cha nyimbo cha German cha R. Schumann, F. Mendelssohn, I. Brahms, R. Wagner. Kuwala kowala kwa nyimbo zake kunaonekera koyamba mu ndakatulo ya symphonic "Don Juan", yomwe inatsegula mndandanda wonse wa ntchito za pulogalamu. Mwa iwo, Strauss adapanga mfundo za pulogalamu ya symphonism ya G. Berlioz ndi F. Liszt, akunena mawu atsopano m'derali.

Woipekayo anapereka zitsanzo zapamwamba za kaphatikizidwe ka ganizo latsatanetsatane la ndakatulo lopangidwa mwaluso komanso lodziwika bwino la nyimbo. "Nyimbo zamapulogalamu zimakwera mpaka paukadaulo pomwe wopanga amakhala woyimba wolimbikitsidwa komanso waluso." Ma opera a Strauss ndi ena mwa ntchito zodziwika kwambiri komanso zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi m'zaka za zana la XNUMX. Kuwoneka bwino kwa zisudzo, kusangalatsa (ndipo nthawi zina chisokonezo) zachiwembu, kupambana kwa mawu, nyimbo zokongola, zoimbaimba za virtuoso - zonsezi zimakopa oimba ndi omvera kwa iwo. Atadziwa bwino kwambiri zopambana zamtundu wa opera (makamaka Wagner), Strauss adapanga zitsanzo zoyambirira za onse owopsa (Salome, Electra) ndi zisudzo zoseketsa (Der Rosenkavalier, Arabella). Kupewa njira yodziwika bwino pamasewera ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso kukhala ndi malingaliro opangira zinthu, wolembayo amapanga zisudzo momwe nthabwala ndi mawu, nthabwala ndi sewero zimaphatikizidwa modabwitsa koma mwachilengedwe. Nthawi zina Strauss, ngati nthabwala, amaphatikiza magawo osiyanasiyana a nthawi, ndikupanga chisokonezo chachikulu komanso nyimbo ("Ariadne auf Naxos").

Zolemba za Strauss ndizofunika kwambiri. Katswiri wamkulu wa oimba, adakonzanso ndikuwonjezera buku la Berlioz Treatise on Instrumentation. Buku lake lolemba mbiri yakale "Reflections and Reminiscences" ndilosangalatsa, pali makalata ambiri ndi makolo ake, R. Rolland, G. Bülov, G. Hofmannsthal, S. Zweig.

Kuchita kwa Strauss ngati wochititsa opera ndi symphony kumatenga zaka 65. Anaimba m’maholo ochitirako konsati ku Ulaya ndi ku America, anachita zisudzo m’mabwalo a zisudzo ku Austria ndi Germany. Ponena za kukula kwa talente yake, anamuyerekezera ndi akatswiri odziwa bwino luso la kondakitala monga F. Weingartner ndi F. Motl.

Poona Strauss monga munthu wolenga, bwenzi lake R. Rolland analemba kuti: “Chifuniro chake ndi champhamvu, chogonjetsa, chokonda ndi champhamvu ku ukulu. Izi ndi zomwe Richard Strauss ndi wabwino, izi ndi zomwe ali wapadera pakadali pano. Zimamva mphamvu zomwe zimalamulira anthu. Ndizigawo zamphamvu izi zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala wolowa m'malo mwa malingaliro a Beethoven ndi Wagner. Ndizinthu izi zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala m'modzi mwa ndakatulo - mwina wamkulu kwambiri ku Germany yamakono ... "

V. Ilyeva

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Richard Strauss ndi wolemba waluso lapadera komanso zopanga zambiri. Analemba nyimbo zamitundu yonse (kupatula nyimbo za tchalitchi). Wopanga luso lolimba mtima, woyambitsa njira zambiri zatsopano ndi njira zoyankhulirana zoimbira, Strauss ndiye adapanga mitundu yoyambirira ya zida ndi zisudzo. Woipekayo adapanga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya symphonism yachikale-yachikondi mu ndakatulo ya nyimbo imodzi. Analinso luso lofotokozera komanso luso loyimira.

Melodika Strauss ndi yosiyana komanso yosiyana, diatonic yomveka nthawi zambiri imasinthidwa ndi chromatic. M'nyimbo za masewera a Strauss, pamodzi ndi German, Austrian (Viennese - mu nyimbo zoseketsa) mtundu wa dziko umawonekera; Kudzipatula kokhazikika kumalamulira ntchito zina ("Salome", "Electra").

Njira zosiyanitsidwa bwino Rhythm. Mitsempha, kusasunthika kwa mitu yambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kusintha pafupipafupi kwa mita, zomangamanga za asymmetric. Kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kwa sonorities kosakhazikika kumatheka ndi polyphony yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yoyimba komanso yoyimba, polyrhythmicity ya nsalu (makamaka ku Intermezzo, Cavalier des Roses).

Mu mgwirizano Woipekayo adatsatira kuchokera kwa Wagner, kukulitsa kutulutsa kwake, kusatsimikizika, kuyenda komanso, panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukongola, kosalekanitsidwa ndi kumveka bwino kwa matabwa a zida. Kugwirizana kwa Strauss kumadzadza ndi kuchedwa, mawu othandizira komanso odutsa. Pakatikati pake, kuganiza kwa Strauss ndi tonal. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, monga chida chapadera chofotokozera, Strauss adayambitsa ma chromatisms, zokutira za polytonal. Kusasunthika kwa mawu nthawi zambiri kunkawoneka ngati chipangizo choseketsa.

Strauss adapeza luso lalikulu pantchitoyi kuyimba, pogwiritsa ntchito matabwa a zida monga mitundu yowala. M'zaka za kulengedwa kwa Elektra, Strauss akadali wothandizira mphamvu ndi nzeru za gulu loimba. Pambuyo pake, kuwonetsetsa kwakukulu ndi kupulumutsa mtengo kumakhala koyenera kwa woimbayo. Strauss anali m'modzi mwa oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zamtundu wosowa (alto flute, clarinet yaying'ono, heckelphone, saxophone, oboe d'amore, rattle, makina amphepo ochokera kugulu la oimba).

Ntchito ya Strauss ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zoimba nyimbo chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20. Zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi miyambo yakale komanso yachikondi. Monga oimira chikondi cha m'zaka za m'ma 19, Strauss adayesetsa kukhala ndi malingaliro ovuta afilosofi, kuonjezera kufotokozera ndi kusokoneza maganizo kwa zithunzi zanyimbo, ndikupanga zithunzi zochititsa chidwi komanso zochititsa chidwi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anasonyeza ndi kudzoza chilakolako chapamwamba, chisonkhezero cha ngwazi.

Powonetsa mbali yamphamvu ya nthawi yake yaluso - mzimu wodzudzula ndi chikhumbo cha zachilendo, Strauss adakumana ndi zovuta za nthawiyo, zotsutsana zake mofanana. Strauss adavomereza Wagnerianism ndi Nietzscheism, ndipo sanali wodana ndi kukongola ndi kupusa. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito yake yolenga, wolembayo ankakonda kutengeka, kudabwitsa anthu osamala, ndipo anaika pamwamba pa luso lonse laluso, chikhalidwe choyengedwa cha ntchito yolenga. Pazovuta zonse za malingaliro aluso a ntchito za Strauss, nthawi zambiri amakhala opanda sewero lamkati, tanthauzo la mikangano.

Strauss adadutsa muzongopeka zachikondi chakumapeto ndipo adamva kuphweka kwambiri kwa zojambulajambula zachikondi, makamaka Mozart, zomwe ankazikonda, ndipo kumapeto kwa moyo wake adayambanso kukopeka ndi nyimbo zozama, zopanda mawonekedwe akunja ndi kukongola mopambanitsa. .

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