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Zochita zolimbitsa thupi - matanthauzo a mawu ndi ma consonances mogwirizana (dongosolo lapamwamba).

F. l. zimayimira chiwonetsero cha kulumikizana kwa nyimbo-semantic, komwe kumagwirizana ndi kugwirizana kwa muses kumatheka. chonse. Mwamwambo wa Russian terminology mode nthawi zambiri amatanthauzidwa ngati gulu lophatikizana molingana ndi mitundu yonse ya machitidwe amawu (kuyambira akale, am'maŵa, akale, am'machitidwe a anthu kupita kumitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso yovuta yanyimbo zazaka za m'ma 20). Chifukwa chake, lingaliro la F. l. ilinso yofala kwambiri, yolumikizidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwambiri. mitundu ya matanthauzo a nyimbo-semantic a mawu ndi ma consonances, ngakhale amalola kutanthauzira mu umodzi mwa mitundu (tanthauzo lawo mu machitidwe a modal - "mitundu" yapadera ya nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 14-15, mosiyana ndi zikhalidwe, mwachitsanzo, mu kumveka bwino kwa 18th-19th century ngati mtundu wapadera wa modal system). Popeza mitundu ya mawonekedwe amtunduwu ndi yosinthika m'mbiri, ndiye F. l. momwe maulalo amawu amasinthira m'mbiri, ndikusintha kupita kumitundu yotukuka komanso yovuta ya ph. pamapeto pake zikuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwa muses. kuganiza.

Systematics F. L. zimadalira zinthu za bungwe lapamwamba kwambiri, lomwe muzolemba zake limalandira matanthauzo ena, ndi mawonekedwe a nyimbo (phokoso) mawu omveka. mgwirizano pakati pa zinthu za modal (altitude) system. Zinthu zonse zamawonekedwe zimalandila kufunikira kwadongosolo, zonse zosavuta (pamlingo woyambira wazinthu) komanso zophatikizika (pamilingo yayikulu yophatikiza zinthu zosavuta kukhala mayunitsi ovuta). Zinthu zosavuta - otd. phokoso ("monads"), intervals, phokoso la pawiri ("dyad"), triad ("triads"), nyimbo zina monga zida za dongosolo. kompositi - Dec. mtundu wa "microlads" pakupanga kwa mawonekedwe (mwachitsanzo, ma tetrachords, ma pentachords, ma trichords mkati mwa mawonekedwe a ma monodich. modes; magulu ena a chord, subsystems, chord yokhala ndi mawu oyandikana kapena makonsonanti, ndi zina zambiri mumitundu yama polygonal ). Ena F. l. kupeza, mwachitsanzo, c.-l. mayunitsi akuluakulu a modal (chimodzi kapena china, kachitidwe) pokhudzana ndi ena ofanana mkati mwa gawo limodzi lalikulu (mamvekedwe a mutu wachiwiri ali ngati D ku tonic yayikulu, ndi zina). Muz.-zomveka. maubale mu gawo la mode amasonyezedwa mu kugawikana kwa zinthu modal kukhala chachikulu (chapakati) ndi subordinate (zotumphukira), ndiye mwatsatanetsatane masiyanidwe semantic otsiriza; chifukwa chake ntchito yofunikira ya gulu la maziko ngati chapakati F. l. muzosintha zake zosiyanasiyana (onani Lad). Kumvetsetsa kokwanira (kumva) kwa nyimbo kumapereka kuganiza m'magulu a F. l., omwe ali mu nyimbo izi. dongosolo (mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito dongosolo la Western-European la akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi magalamafoni awo pokonza nyimbo zakale zachi Russia, kutanthauzira kwa machitidwe onse a phula kuchokera ku mgwirizano wa Western-European wa zaka za m'ma 18-19 ndi F. .l., ndi zina).

Ndikofunikira kwenikweni kwa F. l. kusiyana 2 chachikulu. mitundu ya modal (phokoso) machitidwe malinga ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu zawo - monophonic kapena polyphonic (m'zaka za zana la 20 komanso sonorant). Chifukwa chake kugawanika kwakukulu kwa mitundu ya F. l. mu monodic ndi chord-harmonic. P.l. m'zaka zosiyanasiyana zakale, zapakati. ndi Nar. monodic. mitundu (ie, monodic F. l.) typologically ndi zambiri zofanana wina ndi mzake. Kwa monodich yosavuta. F. l. (ie, mayendedwe amtundu wa mawu ndi ma consonances) makamaka amaphatikiza mayendedwe a Ch. nkhawa zothandizira: pakati. kamvekedwe ka mawu (kuyimitsa, kamvekedwe ka mawu, tonic; cholinga chake ndi kuthandizira lingaliro lanyimbo), kamvekedwe komaliza (finalis; nthawi zambiri limagwirizana ndi kamvekedwe kapakati, komwe kumatha kutchedwanso finalis), kamvekedwe kachiwiri ka mawu. (repercussion , kamvekedwe ka kubwereza, confinalis, kamvekedwe kolamulirika, kolamulirika; nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi chomaliza); komanso zothandizira zakomweko (malo am'deralo, malo osinthika; ngati zothandizira zimasuntha kuchokera kumamvekedwe akulu kupita ku mbali), kamvekedwe koyambirira (initialis, choyambirira; 1st phokoso lanyimbo; nthawi zambiri limagwirizana ndi yomaliza). Kupanga kompositi monodich. F. l. ziphatikizepo zotsimikizika. kusintha kwanyimbo, nyimbo - zomaliza. ziganizo, ziganizo (nthawi zina, malankhulidwe awo amakhalanso ndi machitidwe awo, mwachitsanzo, ultima, penultima ndi antepenultima; onani Cadence), kutembenuka koyambirira (kuyambitsa, kuyambitsa), nyimbo zakale zaku Russia. nyimbo, nyimbo za Gregorian. Onani, mwachitsanzo, kusiyanitsa F. l. pakati. kamvekedwe (as1) ndi kamvekedwe komaliza (es1) mu chitsanzo pa St. Mitundu yakale yachi Greek (gawo 306), zomaliza ndi zotsatira zake - pa Art. Zovuta za Medieval; onani kusintha kwa zochiritsira zakumaloko (e1, d1, e1) munyimbo “Ambuye ndinalira” pa st. Sound system (gawo 447), kusiyanitsa F. l. nyimbo zoyambira ndi zomaliza munyimbo "Antarbahis" ku St. Nyimbo zaku India (gawo 511). Onaninso ma modal values ​​​​(ie F. l.) melodic wamba. kusintha (mwachitsanzo, koyambirira, komaliza) mu luso. Mitundu yakale kwambiri (gawo 241), Melody (gawo 520), cadence yonse (gawo 366), nyimbo ya Znamenny (gawo 466-67), Melody (gawo 519).

Systems F. l. mu polygon frets, synthesizing fret zinthu za 2 (mutu umodzi ndi mitu yambiri), kukhala ndi mbali ziwiri (interdimensional). M'mawu oyimba, makamaka makamaka (onani Melody), amawonekera monodich. F.l.; amalowa muzolumikizana zovuta ndi F. l. consonances ofukula (onani. Kugwirizana), kupanga, makamaka, mfundo za zinthu za gawo limodzi la F. l. zokhudzana ndi zinthu zamtundu wina (mwachitsanzo, mawu oimbidwa okhudzana ndi nyimbo, kapena mosemphanitsa; "interlayer", interdimensional phlebotomy, yochokera pakulumikizana kwa ma phlebodies a monodic ndi chord-harmonic). Chifukwa chake luso. chuma F.l. mu nyimbo za polyphony otukuka. Kufotokozera kwa chord-harmonic. F. l. nyimboyi imakhudzidwa ndi kufalikira kwa maphokoso (kudumpha), komwe kumawoneka ngati kumagwira ntchito imodzi (amatsutsidwa ngati "mayendedwe" odutsa ndi mawu othandizira), kuchepa kwa mtengo wa chinthu choyambirira cha kupsinjika kwa mzere (kumtunda - kwambiri) mokomera harmonic-zimagwira ntchito (kukanika kukula pamene kusiya maziko, kuchepa - pobwerera ku maziko), m'malo melodic basso continuo ndi zigzag kulumpha mzere basse fondamentale, etc. Chikoka cha monodic F. l. pa chord-harmonic chikuwonekera mu mfundo zazikuluzikulu. tonal ntchito (kamvekedwe chapakati - chapakati chord, zimandilimbikitsa; repercussion - lalikulu chord), ndipo zotsatira zake pamayendedwe amawu amawonetseredwa mu malamulo kudzera chachikulu. masitepe omveka (magalamafoni awo a monophonic) osankhidwa ndi tanthauzo la semantic la nyimbo zomwe zimagwirizana ndi nyimbo (mwachitsanzo, mu nyimbo yomaliza ya kwaya "Ulemerero" kuchokera ku opera "Ivan Susanin" - mtengo wa mgwirizano wa msana wa mawu othandizira anyimbo:

cf. Digital system), muzotengera. Kudziyimira pawokha kwa ma modal complexes a nyimbo mkati mwa chimango cha polyphony (mwachitsanzo, mukumverera kwa kukhulupirika kogwirizana kwa mutu wamutu umodzi mkati mwa polygonal nsalu ya fugue, nthawi zina ngakhale kutsutsana ndi Ph. l. mawu ena). Maubale ogwirira ntchito apakati amapezeka muzochitika zachilendo kuchokera ku normative F. l. mamvekedwe ndi ma consonances a dongosolo lopatsidwa motengera kuyanjana kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana (monodic ndi chord-harmonic) F. l. Inde, monodic. F. l. m'nyimbo pansi pa chord F. l. D 7, amasinthidwa mpaka kusinthika kwathunthu kwa mphamvu yokoka (mwachitsanzo, phokoso la sitepe yoyamba limalowa mu 1, etc.); kugonjera kwa chord kwa F. l. Kumveka kwa mawu a melodic, mwachitsanzo, ntchito yobwerezabwereza (mu faubourdon, organum oyambirira, mu nyimbo za zaka za zana la 7, onani, mwachitsanzo, komanso nyimbo yoyamba ya piyano ya C. Debussy "The Sunken Cathedral").

Kugwirizana kwanthawi za Middle Ages ndi Renaissance (makamaka m'zaka za zana la 15-16) kumadziwika ndi kusanja kwa monodic. ndi chord harmonic. F. l. (nthawi zambiri linear-polyphonic kuganiza); zosonyeza ndi malamulo kudziwa mode ndi lalikulu F. l. “ndi liwu limodzi,” ndiko kuti, liwu limodzi; ngati phokoso la nyimbo ya consonance decomp. masitepe momasuka kutsatira mzake, ndi kufotokozedwa. palibe zokonda zomveka bwino za chords monga zazikulu zomwe zimagwirizana; Kunja kwa mamvekedwe, "kulumikizana kwa ma tonal kumatha kukhala kulibe, ndipo choyimbidwa chilichonse ... chikhoza kutsatiridwa ndi nyimbo" (SI Taneev, 1909; onani, mwachitsanzo, zitsanzo za nyimbo za J. Palestrina mu St. Polyphony, columns 347, 348, Josquin Despres - m'nkhani Canon, ndime 692).

Kugwirizana kwa tonal (zaka za 17-19) kumadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa chord-harmonic. F. l. pa monodic (onani Harmonic tonality, Harmonic function, Tonality, Dominant, Subdominant, Tonic, Major, Minor, Modulation, Deviation, Variable function, Relationship of keys). Monga momwe zimakhalira ziwiri "harmonic. kamvekedwe ka mawu "West-Europe. nyimbo ndi zopangira. modal dongosolo la mtundu wapadera, zosiyanasiyana zake F. l. pali wapadera. mtundu wawo, wotchedwa "tonal ntchito" (H. Riemann, "Vereinfachte Harmonielehre oder Lehre von den tonalen Funktionen der Akkorde", 1893). Ntchito Zachikale (T, D, S) zimagwira ntchito pamaziko a ubale wapamwamba kwambiri wachilengedwe - kugwirizana kwa quintal pakati pa chachikulu. ma toni a nyimbo pamasitepe a IV-IV - mosasamala kanthu za mawonekedwe awo (mwachitsanzo, ngati tonic ndi yayikulu kapena yaying'ono); kotero ndizolunjika apa. mawu akuti "tonal function" (ogwirizana ndi mawu akuti "modal function"), osati "F. l." (kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri). harmonic tonality imadziwika ndi kukopa kwakukulu kogwira ntchito pakati. chord (tonic), kulowa mkati mwa dongosolo lonse la fret, chizindikiritso chodziwika bwino cha ma harmonics. ntchito za consonance iliyonse ndi otd. nthawi ya mawu. Chifukwa cha mphamvu ya ntchito za tonal, "tonality ya dipatimenti imodzi imakhudza kusinthasintha kwa wina, chiyambi cha chidutswacho chimakhudza mapeto ake" (SI Taneev, 1909).

Kusintha kwa nyimbo zazaka za zana la 20 zomwe zidadziwika poyambira ndikusintha zachikale. magwiridwe antchito (okhala ngati chitsanzo chachikulu cha machitidwe ambiri atsopano a maubwenzi ogwirira ntchito), kupanga zida zatsopano zamawu kuchokera kuchikhalidwe. ndi zinthu zosinthidwa tonal. Chifukwa chake, njira yosinthira magwiridwe antchito ("kutembenuka" ndi kubadwanso kwina kwa mphamvu yokoka ya tonal) ndiyofala: mayendedwe akuyenda kuchokera pakati kupita ku periphery (R. Wagner, mawu oyamba a opera "Tristan ndi Isolde"). osakhazikika (NA Rimsky-Korsakov, "Nthano ya Mzinda Wosaoneka wa Kitezh ndi Maiden Fevronia", mapeto a 3rd d.; AN Skryabin, mgwirizano mu kupanga op. 40-50), kuchokera ku consonance kupita ku dissonance ndi, kupitirira, chizoloŵezi chopewera consonance (SV Rachmaninov, romance "Au!"), kuchokera ku chord kupita ku mapangidwe osagwirizana (mawonekedwe a ma toni am'mbali mu chord chifukwa cha kuchedwa kokonzekera, mawu othandizira ndi ena osamveka m'mawu ake. kapangidwe). Ndi kubadwanso kwa miyambo. kale F.l. mwanjira iyi, mwachitsanzo, ma tonality a dissonant amawuka (Scriabin, sonatas mochedwa kwa pianoforte; A. Berg, Wozzeck, 1st act, 2nd scene, dissonant cis-moll, onani chitsanzo cha nyimbo mu Art. Accord , column 82, 1st chord - T ), mitundu yochokera (SS Prokofiev, "Fleeting", No 2, March kuchokera ku opera "Chikondi cha Malalanje Atatu" - kuchokera ku C-dur; DD Shostakovich, 9 symphony, 1st movement, chiyambi cha mbali ya chiwonetsero - monga -moll monga chochokera ku T kuchokera ku G-dur), atonic structures (N. Ya. Myaskovsky, 6 symphony, 1st part, main part of the side part ; tonic chord Fis-dur ikuwonekera kokha mu gawo lomaliza). Pamaziko atsopano, mitundu yosiyanasiyana imatsitsimutsidwa; motero, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya F. l. (ntchito zamakina, matanthauzo a mawu ndi ma consonances mkati mwa dongosolo loperekedwa).

Mu nyimbo zatsopano za m'zaka za zana la 20. pamodzi ndi mitundu yachikhalidwe F. l. (monodic-modal; chord-harmonic, makamaka tonal) ntchito zina zamachitidwe zimaperekedwanso, zomwe zimatanthawuza matanthauzo azinthu, makamaka muukadaulo wapakati ("kusinthika kusinthika" ngati kubwereza kosinthidwa kolondola kwa osankhidwa. gulu la mawu, titero, kusintha kwa izo). Ntchito zapakati ndizofunikira. kutalika (high-altitude abutment) mwa mawonekedwe a otd. phokoso (mamvekedwe apakati, malinga ndi IF Stravinsky - "mitengo"; mwachitsanzo, mu sewero la piyano "Signs on White", 1974, tone a2 ndi EV Denisov; onaninso chitsanzo mu Art. Dodecaphony, column 274, central tone es ), pakati. consonances (mwachitsanzo polychord Fis-dur + C-dur pamaziko a 2 chithunzi cha ballet Stravinsky "Petrushka", onani chitsanzo Art. Polychord, ndime 329), pakati. maudindo a mndandanda (mwachitsanzo, mndandanda mu malo ge-dis-fis-cis-fdhbca-gis mu A. Webern's vocal cycle op. 25, onani chitsanzo mu nkhani Pointilism). Mukamagwiritsa ntchito sonono-harmonic. njira, chidziwitso chotsimikizika cha kutsika kwapamwamba kumatheka popanda kuwulula zomveka bwino. tones (mapeto a mapeto a 2nd piyano concerto ndi RK Shchedrin). Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "F. l." mogwirizana ndi zochitika zambiri za mgwirizano m'zaka za zana la 20. zikuwoneka zovuta (kapena zosatheka), kutanthauzira kwawo kumafuna kupangidwa kwa mawu olondola kwambiri.

Zothandizira: onani pansi pa nkhani zotchulidwa.

Yu. N. Kholopov