Classicism |
Classicism (kuchokera ku lat. classicus - chitsanzo) - zaluso. chiphunzitso ndi kalembedwe mu luso la m'ma 17-18. K. anazikidwa pa chikhulupiriro m’kulingalira kwa kukhalapo, pamaso pa dongosolo limodzi, la chilengedwe chonse limene limalamulira kachitidwe ka zinthu m’chilengedwe ndi moyo, ndi chigwirizano cha chibadwa cha munthu. Kukongola kwanu. oimira K. adapeza zabwino mu zitsanzo zamakedzana. mlandu ndipo makamaka. Zolemba za Aristotle's Poetics. Dzina lenilenilo "K." amachokera ku pempho kwa tingachipeze powerenga. zakale monga muyezo wapamwamba wa aesthetics. ungwiro. Aesthetics K., yochokera ku zomveka. zofunika, normative. Lili ndi chiwerengero cha malamulo okhwima ovomerezeka, omwe luso liyenera kutsatira. ntchito. Chofunika kwambiri mwa izo ndizofunika kuti pakhale kukongola ndi choonadi, kumveka bwino kwa lingaliro, kugwirizana ndi kukwanira kwa zolembazo, ndi kusiyana koonekeratu pakati pa mitundu.
Mu chitukuko cha K. pali ziwiri zazikulu mbiri. magawo: 1) K. 17th century, yomwe idakula kuchokera ku luso la Renaissance limodzi ndi baroque ndipo idakula pang'onopang'ono pakulimbana, pang'ono polumikizana ndi omaliza; 2) maphunziro K. m'zaka za m'ma 18, kugwirizana ndi chisanadze kusintha. mayendedwe amalingaliro ku France ndi kukopa kwake pazaluso za ena aku Europe. mayiko. Ndi zambiri za mfundo zoyamba zokongoletsa, magawo awiriwa amadziwika ndi kusiyana kwakukulu. Ku Western Europe. art history, mawu akuti "K." nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazaluso. mayendedwe a m'zaka za zana la 18, pomwe zonena za 17 - zoyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 18 zimawonedwa ngati baroque. Mosiyana ndi lingaliro ili, lomwe limachokera ku chidziwitso chodziwika bwino cha masitayelo monga magawo osinthika mwamakina a chitukuko, chiphunzitso cha Marxist-Leninist cha masitayelo opangidwa ku USSR chimaganizira kuchuluka kwa zizolowezi zotsutsana zomwe zimasemphana ndikulumikizana m'mbiri iliyonse. nthawi.
K. Zaka za zana la 17, pokhala m'njira zambiri zotsutsana ndi Baroque, zinakula kuchokera ku mbiri yakale yofanana. mizu, kuwonetsera m'njira yosiyana kutsutsana kwa nthawi yachitukuko, yodziwika ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kukula mofulumira kwa sayansi. chidziwitso ndi kulimbikitsa panthawi imodzi ya machitidwe achipembedzo. Mawu ogwirizana kwambiri komanso athunthu a K. 17th century. analandira ku France tsiku lachitukuko cha ufumu wokhazikika. Mu nyimbo, woimira wake wodziwika kwambiri anali JB Lully, mlengi wa mtundu wa "nyimbo zomvetsa chisoni", zomwe, malinga ndi nkhani yake komanso zofunikira zake. mfundo za kalembedwe zinali pafupi ndi tsoka lakale la P. Corneille ndi J. Racine. Mosiyana ndi sewero la baruch la ku Italy lokhala ndi "Shakespearean" ufulu wochitapo kanthu, kusiyanitsa kosayembekezereka, kulumikizana molimba mtima kwa wapamwamba ndi wamatsenga, "tsoka lanyimbo" la Lully linali ndi umodzi ndi kusasinthasintha kwa chikhalidwe, malingaliro okhwima omanga. Ulamuliro wake unali ngwazi zapamwamba, zamphamvu, zilakolako zolemekezeka za anthu omwe amakwera pamwamba pamlingo wamba. Kumveketsa bwino kwa nyimbo za Lully kudali kozikidwa pakugwiritsa ntchito wamba. ma revolutions, omwe adathandizira kusamutsa decomp. mayendedwe maganizo ndi maganizo - mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha amakhudza (onani. Kukhudza chiphunzitso), amene underlay aesthetics wa K. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mbali Baroque anali chibadidwe mu ntchito ya Lully, kuwonetseredwa mu kukongola kochititsa chidwi kwa zisudzo zake, kukula. udindo wa umunthu mfundo. Kuphatikizika kofananira kwa zinthu za baroque ndi zachikale kumawonekeranso ku Italy, m'masewera oyimba ndi oimba a Neapolitan School pambuyo pa sewerolo. kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi A. Zeno pa chitsanzo cha French. Classic tsoka. Magulu a opera odziwika bwino adapeza mtundu ndi mgwirizano wolimbikitsa, mitundu ndi masewero adayendetsedwa. ntchito zosiyanasiyana. mafomu a nyimbo. Koma nthawi zambiri mgwirizano umenewu umakhala wovomerezeka, chiwembu choseketsa ndi virtuoso wok zinkawonekera. luso la oimba-soloists. Monga Chitaliyana. opera seria, ndipo ntchito ya otsatira a ku France a Lully inachitira umboni kutsika kodziwika bwino kwa K.
Nyengo yatsopano yotukuka ya karate mu Chidziwitso sichinangogwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro ake, komanso ndi kukonzanso pang'ono kwa maonekedwe ake, kugonjetsa ena otsutsa. mbali za classical aesthetics. M'zitsanzo zake zapamwamba kwambiri, kuunikira K. m'zaka za zana la 18. amadzuka ku kulengeza poyera za kusintha. malingaliro. France idakali likulu lachitukuko cha malingaliro a K., koma amapeza kumveka kwakukulu pakukongoletsa. maganizo ndi zaluso. zilandiridwenso Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia ndi mayiko ena. Mu nyimbo Ntchito yofunikira mu chikhalidwe cha aesthetics imaseweredwa ndi chiphunzitso cha kutsanzira, chomwe chinapangidwa ku France ndi Ch. Batte, JJ Rousseau, ndi d'Alembert; -malingaliro okoma azaka za zana la 18 chiphunzitsochi chidalumikizidwa ndi kumvetsetsa kwa mawu. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, zomwe zinatsogolera ku zenizeni. yang'anani pa iye. Rousseau anatsindika kuti chinthu chotsanzira mu nyimbo sichiyenera kukhala phokoso la chilengedwe chopanda moyo, koma kumveka kwa mawu a munthu, omwe amakhala ngati mawu okhulupilika komanso olunjika. Pakatikati mwa muz.-zokongola. mikangano m'zaka za zana la 18. kunali opera. Franz. encyclopedists ankaona kuti ndi mtundu wanyimbo, momwe mgwirizano woyambirira wa zaluso, womwe udalipo mu anti-tich, uyenera kubwezeretsedwa. t-re ndikuphwanyidwa mu nthawi yotsatira. Lingaliro limeneli linapanga maziko a kusintha kwa opaleshoni ya KV Gluck, yomwe inayambitsidwa ndi iye ku Vienna mu 60s. ndipo unamalizidwa mu chikhalidwe chisanayambe kusintha. Paris m'zaka za m'ma 70s Gluck's okhwima, okonda kusintha opera, mochirikizidwa mwamphamvu ndi encyclopedist, bwino ophatikizidwa tingachipeze powerenga. zabwino za ngwazi zapamwamba. art-va, wosiyanitsidwa ndi olemekezeka a zilakolako, zazikulu. kuphweka ndi kukhwima kwa kalembedwe.
Monga m'zaka za m'ma 17, panthawi ya Chidziwitso, K. sichinali chotsekeka, chodzipatula ndipo chinakhudzana ndi dec. stylistic mayendedwe, zokongoletsa. chilengedwe to-rykh nthawi zina chimasemphana ndi chake chachikulu. mfundo. Choncho, crystallization a mitundu yatsopano ya chakale. instr. nyimbo zimayamba kale mu 2 kotala. Zaka za zana la 18, mkati mwa chimango cha kalembedwe kolimba (kapena kalembedwe ka Rococo), komwe kumalumikizidwa motsatizana ndi onse azaka za K. 17 ndi Baroque. Zinthu zatsopano pakati pa oimba omwe amadziwika kuti ndi gallant style (F. Couperin ku France, GF Telemann ndi R. Kaiser ku Germany, G. Sammartini, gawo la D. Scarlatti ku Italy) amagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a baroque. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, monumentalism ndi zokhumba za baroque zimasinthidwa ndi zofewa, zomveka bwino, chiyanjano cha zithunzi, kukonzanso zojambula.
Ofala sentimentalist zizolowezi pakati. Zaka za m'ma 18 zinachititsa kuti mitundu ya nyimbo ichuluke ku France, Germany, Russia, ndipo pa Dec. nat. mitundu ya zisudzo zomwe zimatsutsana ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a tsoka lachikale ndi zithunzi zosavuta ndi malingaliro a "anthu aang'ono" kuchokera kwa anthu, zochitika zatsiku ndi tsiku, nyimbo zoimbidwa mosasamala zomwe zili pafupi ndi magwero a tsiku ndi tsiku. M'munda wa instr. Kukonda nyimbo kunawonetsedwa mu Op. Olemba achi Czech omwe amalumikizana ndi sukulu ya Mannheim (J. Stamitz ndi ena), KFE Bach, omwe ntchito yake inali yokhudzana ndi kuyatsa. "Storm and onslaught". Chibadwidwe mu kayendedwe, chikhumbo zopanda malire. ufulu ndi kufulumira kwa zochitika za munthu payekha zimawonekera mu mawu olimbikitsa. njira za nyimbo za CFE Bach, kusangalatsa kwabwino, zakuthwa, mawu osayembekezereka. kusiyanitsa. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ntchito za "Berlin" kapena "Hamburg" Bach, oimira sukulu ya Mannheim, ndi mafunde ena ofanana m'njira zambiri anakonzekera mwachindunji siteji yapamwamba pakukula kwa nyimbo. K., yogwirizana ndi mayina a J. Haydn, W. Mozart, L. Beethoven (onani Vienna Classical School). Mabwana akulu awa adafotokozera mwachidule zomwe zidachitika mu Disembala. masitayilo a nyimbo ndi masukulu amtundu, kupanga mtundu watsopano wanyimbo zachikale, zolemeretsedwa kwambiri ndikumasulidwa kumisonkhano yamagawo am'mbuyomu a nyimbo zachikale. Chikhalidwe cha K. kumveka bwino. kumveka bwino kwa kulingalira, kulinganiza kwa mfundo zakuthupi ndi zaluntha zimaphatikizidwa ndi kufalikira ndi kulemera kwa zenizeni. kumvetsetsa dziko, utundu wozama ndi demokalase. Mu ntchito yawo, amagonjetsa chiphunzitso ndi zojambulajambula za classicist aesthetics, zomwe zinadziwonetsera okha ngakhale mu Gluck. Chofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri kukwaniritsidwa kwa sitejiyi chinali kukhazikitsidwa kwa symphonism monga njira yowonetsera zenizeni muzochitika, chitukuko ndi kusakanikirana kovuta kwa zotsutsana. Symphonism ya ma classics a Viennese imaphatikizapo zinthu zina za sewero lamasewera, kuphatikiza malingaliro akulu, atsatanetsatane komanso odabwitsa. mikangano. Kumbali inayi, mfundo za kuganiza kwa symphonic sikulowa mu dec. instr. mitundu (sonata, quartet, etc.), komanso mu opera ndi kupanga. mtundu wa cantata-oratorio.
Ku France mu con. Zaka za m'ma 18 K. amapangidwanso mu Op. otsatira Gluck, amene anapitiriza miyambo yake mu opera (A. Sacchini, A. Salieri). Yankhani mwachindunji ku zochitika za Great French. Revolution F. Gossec, E. Megyul, L. Cherubini - olemba ma operas ndi monumental wok.-instr. ntchito zopangidwira anthu ambiri, zodzazidwa ndi anthu apamwamba komanso okonda dziko lawo. njira. K. zizolowezi zimapezeka mu Russian. olemba a zaka za m'ma 18 MS Berezovsky, DS Bortnyansky, VA Pashkevich, IE Khandoshkin, EI Fomin. Koma mu Chirasha nyimbo za K. sizinasinthe kukhala njira yotakata. Zimadziwonetsera mwa olemba awa kuphatikiza ndi sentimentalism, zenizeni zenizeni zamtundu. fanizo ndi zinthu za chikondi choyambirira (mwachitsanzo, mu OA Kozlovsky).
Zothandizira: Livanova T., Nyimbo zapamwamba za m'zaka za m'ma XVIII, M.-L., 1939; iye, Panjira yochokera ku Renaissance kupita ku Kuunikira kwazaka za m'ma 1963, m'magulu: Kuchokera ku Renaissance kufika m'zaka za m'ma 1966, M., 264; iye, Vuto la kalembedwe mu nyimbo za m'zaka za zana la 89, m'magulu: Renaissance. Baroque. Classicism, M., 245, p. 63-1968; Vipper BR, Art ya 1973th century ndi vuto la Baroque style, ibid., p. 3-1915; Konen V., Theatre ndi Symphony, M., 1925; Keldysh Yu., Vuto la masitayilo mu nyimbo zaku Russia zazaka za 1926-1927, "SM", 1934, No8; Fischer W., Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des Wiener klassischen Stils, “StZMw”, Jahrg. III, 1930; Becking G., Klassik und Romantik, mu: Bericht über den I. Musikwissenschaftlichen KongreЯ… in Leipzig… 1931, Lpz., 432; Bücken E., Die Musik des Rokokos und der Klassik, Wildpark-Potsdam, 43 (mu mndandanda wakuti “Handbuch der Musikwissenschaft” lolembedwa ndi iye; kumasulira kwa Chirasha: Music of the Rococo and Classicism, M., 1949); Mies R. Zu Musikauffassung und Stil der Klassik, “ZfMw”, Jahrg. XIII, H. XNUMX, XNUMX/XNUMX, s. XNUMX-XNUMX; Gerber R., Klassischei Stil in der Musik, "Die Sammlung", Jahrg. IV, XNUMX.
Yu.V. Keldysh
Classicism (kuchokera ku lat. classicus - exemplary), kalembedwe kameneka kamene kanalipo mu 17th - oyambirira. Zaka za m'ma 19 ku Europe zolemba ndi zojambulajambula. Kuwonekera kwake kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwonekera kwa dziko la absolutist, kusamvana kwakanthawi pakati pa zinthu za feudal ndi bourgeois. Kupepesa kwa chifukwa chomwe chinayambika panthawiyo ndi chikhalidwe cha normative chomwe chinakula kuchokera pamenepo chinali chozikidwa pa malamulo a kukoma kwabwino, omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi osatha, osadalira munthu komanso otsutsana ndi zofuna za wojambula, kudzoza kwake ndi maganizo ake. K. adapeza miyambo ya kukoma kwabwino kuchokera ku chilengedwe, momwe adawona chitsanzo cha mgwirizano. Choncho, K. anaitanidwa kutsanzira chilengedwe, anafuna kukhulupirira. Zinamveka ngati kulemberana ndi zabwino, zogwirizana ndi lingaliro lamalingaliro la zenizeni. M'munda wa masomphenya a K., panali mawonetseredwe ozindikira okha a munthu. Chilichonse chomwe sichinali chogwirizana ndi kulingalira, chirichonse chonyansa chinayenera kuwonekera mu luso la K. loyeretsedwa ndi lopangidwa ndi ennobled. Izi zinali zogwirizana ndi lingaliro la luso lakale monga chitsanzo. Rationalism idatsogolera ku lingaliro lodziwika bwino la otchulidwa komanso kuchuluka kwa mikangano yosamveka (kutsutsa pakati pa ntchito ndi malingaliro, ndi zina). Makamaka potengera malingaliro a Renaissance, K., mosiyana ndi iye, sanasonyeze chidwi kwambiri ndi munthu muzosiyana zake zonse, koma muzochitika zomwe munthu amadzipeza. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri chidwi sichikhala pamunthuyo, koma mu mawonekedwe ake omwe amawulula izi. Rationalism ya k. zinayambitsa zofunikira za kulingalira ndi kuphweka, komanso ndondomeko ya luso. amatanthawuza (kugawanika kukhala mitundu yapamwamba ndi yotsika, stylistic purism, etc.).
Kwa ballet, zofunikira izi zidakhala zopindulitsa. Kusagwirizana komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi K. - kutsutsa kwa kulingalira ndi malingaliro, mkhalidwe wa munthu, ndi zina zotero - zinawululidwa mokwanira mu dramaturgy. Zotsatira za sewero la K. zidakulitsa zomwe zili mu ballet ndikudzaza kuvina. zithunzi za tanthauzo la semantic. Mu comedies-ballets ("The Boring", 1661, "Ukwati mwachisawawa", 1664, ndi zina zotero), Moliere ankafuna kukwaniritsa chiwembu cha kuyika kwa ballet. Zidutswa za ballet mu "The Tradesman in the Nobility" ("Turkish Ceremony", 1670) ndi "The Imaginary Sick" ("Kudzipatulira kwa Dokotala", 1673) sizinali zokhazokha, koma organic. gawo la magwiridwe antchito. Zochitika zofanana sizinangochitika mwachisawawa-tsiku ndi tsiku, komanso m'mabusa-nthano. zoyimira. Ngakhale kuti ballet idakali yodziwika ndi zinthu zambiri za kalembedwe ka Baroque ndipo idakali gawo la zopanga. ntchito, zomwe zili zake zidawonjezeka. Izi zinali chifukwa cha udindo watsopano wa wolemba sewero woyang'anira wojambula nyimbo ndi wolemba nyimbo.
Kugonjetsa pang'onopang'ono kusinthasintha kwa baroque ndi kupsinjika, ballet ya K., yotsalira m'mabuku ndi zaluso zina, idayesetsanso kuwongolera. Magawidwe amitundu adakhala osiyana kwambiri, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri, kuvina kudakhala kovuta komanso kokhazikika. luso. Ballet. P. Beauchamp, pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ya eversion, adakhazikitsa malo asanu a miyendo (onani Malo) - maziko a dongosolo la kuvina kwachikale. Mavinidwe akalewa ankangoyang'ana kwambiri zakale. zitsanzo zosindikizidwa mu zipilala zidzawonetsedwa. luso. mayendedwe onse, ngakhale anabwereka Nar. kuvina, kudasinthidwa ngati zakale komanso zokongoletsedwa ngati zakale. Ballet adachita mwaukadaulo ndipo adapitilira bwalo lanyumba yachifumu. Okonda zovina kuchokera pakati pa anthu apakhomo m'zaka za zana la 17. adasintha Prof. ojambula, amuna oyamba, ndipo kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, akazi. Panali kukula kofulumira kwa luso lochita. Mu 1661, Royal Academy of Dance idakhazikitsidwa ku Paris, motsogozedwa ndi Beauchamp, ndipo mu 1671, Royal Academy of Music, motsogozedwa ndi JB Lully (kenako Paris Opera). Lully adagwira ntchito yofunikira pakukula kwa ballet K. Pochita ngati wovina komanso wojambula nyimbo motsogozedwa ndi Molière (kenako monga wolemba nyimbo), adapanga nyimbo zamawu. mtundu wanyimbo. tsoka, momwe pulasitiki ndi kuvina zidatenga gawo lalikulu la semantic. Chikhalidwe cha Lully chinapitilizidwa ndi JB Rameau mu opera-ballets "Gallant India" (1735), "Castor ndi Pollux" (1737). Potengera momwe alili pazithunzi zopangira izi, zidutswa za ballet zimayenderana kwambiri ndi mfundo zaukadaulo wakale (nthawi zina kusunga mawonekedwe a baroque). Pachiyambi. Zaka za m'ma 18 osati maganizo, komanso zomveka kumvetsa plasticity. zochitika zinawapangitsa kudzipatula; mu 1708 ballet yoyamba yodziyimira yokha idawonekera pamutu wochokera ku Corneille's Horatii ndi nyimbo za JJ Mouret. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ballet yadzipanga yokha ngati luso lapadera. Kudali kolamulidwa ndi kuvina kosiyana, kuvina-mkhalidwe komanso kusatsimikizika kwake m'malingaliro kunathandizira kumveka bwino. kupanga ntchito. Mawonekedwe a semantic amafalikira, koma preim. zovomerezeka.
Ndi kuchepa kwa sewero, chitukuko chaukadaulo chinayamba kupondereza wolemba masewerowo. Yambani. Mtsogoleri wamkulu m'bwalo la ballet ndi wovina wa virtuoso (L. Dupre, M. Camargo, ndi ena), omwe nthawi zambiri amatsitsa choreographer, ndipo makamaka woimba ndi wolemba masewera, kumbuyo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kayendetsedwe katsopano kanagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndicho chifukwa cha chiyambi cha kusintha kwa zovala.
Ballet. Encyclopedia, SE, 1981
