Poizoni |

kuchokera ku Greek xoros - kuvina kozungulira ndi kuyimba; lat. chorus, ita. koro, germ. Chor, French choeur, eng. kwaya, kwaya

1) Gulu lampatuko limavina ndi kuimba (nthawi zina kuvina kozungulira), nthawi zambiri kumatsagana ndi aulos, kifara, zeze ku Dr. Greece, komanso ku Dr.

2) M'nthawi zakale, gulu loyenera kutenga nawo mbali pazatsoka ndi nthabwala, kuwonetsa mawu a anthu ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala odziyimira pawokha. wosewera.

3) Gulu la oimba omwe amachitira limodzi wok. prod. ndi instr. ndi kapena popanda kutsagana (kwaya a cappella). X. yafika kutali kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale. chitukuko ndi kuchita decomp. ntchito. Mapangidwe ake, mfundo zogawanitsa mawu, zidasintha, kuchuluka kwa oimba kunasintha (onani nyimbo za Choral). Kumayambiriro kwa Middle Ages (c. 4th century), pamene kuchokera ku tchalitchi. anthu ammudzi adadziwika Prof. X. (kliros), anali adakali wosasiyanitsidwa. Mu 10-13 zaka. kusiyanitsa koyamba kwa mawu ndi kaundula kumayamba. Pambuyo pake (mwinamwake kuyambira zaka za 14th-15th), ndi chitukuko cha polyphony, lingaliro la chorus linakhazikitsidwa. maphwando, chilichonse chomwe chitha kuchitidwa limodzi kapena kugawidwa m'magulu angapo. mavoti (otchedwa divisi). Panthawi imeneyi, kugawidwa kwa mawu kunatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito yawo mu nyimbo. nsalu. Liwu lalikulu loyimba liwu linali la tenor; mawu ena onse - motet, triplum, quadruplum - anachita zothandizira. udindo. Chiwerengero cha maphwando a kwaya ndi kukula kwa kwaya kumadalira kwambiri nyimbo za nyimbo. kalembedwe ka nthawi iliyonse. Kwa zaka 14-15. 3-4 zolinga ndi khalidwe. makwaya, mu Renaissance chiwerengero cha mawu chinawonjezeka kufika 6-8 kapena kuposerapo, nthawi yomweyo nyimbo ziwiri ndi zitatu za X zinawonekera. Kuwonekera kwa dongosolo la ma harmonics ogwira ntchito. kuganiza kunapangitsa kuti kwaya igawike m'magulu anayi. maphwando: treble (kapena soprano), alto, tenor, bass (gawo ili lakwaya lidakalipobe lero).

Mkubwela kwa opera, X. imakhala gawo lake lofunikira ndipo pang'onopang'ono amapeza dramaturgy mumitundu ina ya zisudzo. tanthauzo. Kupatula mpingo. ndi kwaya za zisudzo, mu nyimbo. chikhalidwe Zap. Ku Ulaya, malo ena otchuka anali ndi kwaya zadziko. matchalitchi. Kudziyimira pawokha kwa X. mwa njira. digiri yokhudzana ndi chitukuko cha mtundu wa oratorio, komanso kwaya yeniyeni. conc. mitundu (mwachitsanzo, chorus cantatas). M'mbiri ya nyimbo za ku Russia X. adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa mu Russian. nyimbo zoimbaimba kwaya. kuyimba kochulukira, ndipo prof. Nyimbo zaku Russia mpaka zaka za zana la 18. adapanga ch. ayi. ku njira ya kwaya (onani nyimbo za ku Russia, nyimbo za Tchalitchi); mwambo wolemera wa kwaya. zikhalidwe zinasungidwa mu nthawi zotsatila.

Modern Choreology kusiyanitsa X. malinga ndi zikuchokera mawu - homogeneous (achikazi, mwamuna, ana), wosanganiza (wokhala ndi mawu osiyanasiyana), chosakwanira osakaniza (palibe mmodzi wa 4 maphwando akuluakulu), komanso ndi chiwerengero cha otenga nawo mbali. Oyimba makwaya osachepera khumi ndi awiri (kwaya ya chipinda), mamembala atatu aliyense. kwa magulu a kwaya, kuchuluka kwake - mpaka maola 12-3. (makwaya ophatikizidwa a anthu opitilira 100 kapena kupitilira apo amaimba m'maiko a Soviet Baltic pa Zikondwerero za Nyimbo).

4) Nyimbo. mankhwala opangira kwaya. timu. Itha kukhala yodziyimira payokha kapena kuphatikizidwa ngati chinthu chofunikira pantchito yayikulu.

5) Ku Western Europe nyimbo za opera zazaka za 17th ndi 18th. dzinalo lidzatha. zigawo za "duets of consent" ndi trios.

6) Gulu la zingwe za nyimbo imodzi. chida (lute, fp.), cholumikizidwa kuti chiwongolere kapena kulemeretsa mawu ndi timbre. Mu chiwalo ndi gulu la potion mapaipi oyendetsedwa ndi kiyi imodzi.

7) Mu oimba - phokoso la gulu la zida homogeneous (cello choir, etc.).

8) Nkhani. malo a oimba nyimbo m'matchalitchi a Byzantine, Romanesque ndi Gothic. zomangamanga; m'mipingo Russian - "makwaya".

Zothandizira: Chesnokov P., Kwaya ndi kasamalidwe, M.-L., 1940, 1961; Dmitrevsky G., Maphunziro a kwaya ndi kayendetsedwe ka kwaya, M.-L., 1948, 1957; Egorov A., Chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe ogwirira ntchito ndi kwaya, L.-M., 1951; Sokolov V., Ntchito ndi kwaya, M., 1959, 1964; Krasnoshchekov V., Mafunso a maphunziro oimba. M., 1969; Levando P., Mavuto a maphunziro a kwaya, L., 1974. Onaninso lit. ku Art. Nyimbo zakwaya.

EI Kolyada