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Lingaliro lazoimbaimba lopangidwa ndi BL Yavorsky. Poyamba (kuyambira 1908) ankatchedwa "kapangidwe ka mawu oimba", kuyambira 1918 - "lingaliro la mphamvu yokoka"; L. r. - dzina lake lodziwika bwino (lomwe lidayambitsidwa mu 1912). Zofunikira za chiphunzitso cha L. mtsinje. anayamba kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Mawu akuti LR” amatanthauza kufutukuka kwa nthawi. Mfundo yaikulu ya chiphunzitso cha LR: kukhalapo kwa mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya maubwenzi omveka - osakhazikika ndi okhazikika; kukopa kwa kusakhazikika kwa chigamulo mu kukhazikika ndikofunikira kwa muses. dynamics makamaka pomanga ma frets. Malinga ndi Yavorsky, mphamvu yokoka yomveka imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kayendetsedwe ka munthu kumalo ozungulira, monga momwe zimasonyezedwera ndi malo a chiwalo chokhazikika - ngalande za semicircular mu chiwalo chomvera chomwe chimawona nyimbo. Kusiyanitsa kwa dissonance ndi consonance ndikuti phokoso losakhazikika ndi nthawi zimatha kugwirizanitsa (mwachitsanzo, magawo atatu a hd kapena fa mu C-dur) ndipo, mosiyana, ma consonance okhazikika (tonics) amachitidwe amatha kusokoneza (mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezeka ndi kutsika katatu) . Yavorsky amawona gwero la kusakhazikika kwapakati pa triton ("six-luton ratio"). Mwa izi, amadalira lingaliro la tritone ngati cholimbikitsira chofunikira pakukula kwa modal, choperekedwa ndi SI Taneev mu con. Zaka za m'ma 19 (ntchito "Analysis of modulation plan in Beethoven's sonatas") ndipo inakonzedwa ndi iye pambuyo pake (makalata opita kwa NN Amani, 1903). Zomwe zinachitikira kusanthula zitsanzo za bunks zidapangitsanso lingaliro la kufunikira kwapadera kwa newt ya Yavorsky. nyimbo. Pamodzi ndi chigamulo chake ku gawo lalikulu lachitatu, triton imapanga mgwirizano woyamba wa kusakhazikika ndi kukhazikika - "dongosolo limodzi lofanana"; machitidwe awiri oterowo pamtunda wa semitone amaphatikizana mu "dongosolo lachiwiri la symmetrical", pomwe kusamvana kuli kachitatu kakang'ono. Kuphatikiza kwa machitidwewa kumapanga decomp. frets, ndipo kusakhazikika kwa dongosolo limodzi kumayambitsa ntchito ("modal moment") ya olamulira, ndipo dongosolo lachiwiri limayambitsa olamulira. Malo a phokoso mogwirizana amatsimikizira kukula kwa mphamvu ("kuwala").
Harmony, motero, imatengedwa ngati gulu la zokoka ("kulumikizana") kwa mawu osakhazikika kukhala okhazikika omwe amawathetsa. Apa pamabwera kadzidzi amene amavomereza. musicology, lingaliro la mode ngati njira yokonzedwa bwino yamphamvu. khalidwe, monga kulimbana kwa mphamvu zotsutsana. Kutanthauzira kwa mode ndi mozama kwambiri poyerekeza ndi akale, sikelo (popeza sikelo sikusonyeza dongosolo la mkati mwa mode).
Pamodzi ndi zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, chiphunzitso cha linear r. imatsimikizira mitundu, ma tonic omwe samayimira ma consonances: kuchuluka, kuchepa, unyolo (kulumikizana kwa magawo awiri pa atatu akulu, mwachitsanzo, ce-es-g, mwachitsanzo, wamkulu-wamng'ono wa dzina lomwelo). Gulu lapadera limapangidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana, pomwe phokoso lomwelo lingakhale ndi tanthauzo lawiri - losakhazikika komanso lokhazikika, ndilo chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa tonic. Zovuta kwambiri ndi "ma modes awiri" omwe amayamba pamene kusakhazikika kumathetsedwa kawiri - "mkati ndi kunja" (zosankha zonse zimalekanitsidwa ndi tritone, kotero kuti zazikulu ziwiri, mwachitsanzo, zimagwirizanitsa zizindikiro za C-dur ndi Fis-dur).
Iliyonse mwa mitunduyi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake (mwachitsanzo, munjira yowonjezereka - kugamula kwa triad yofananira, kutsatizana kwa magawo atatu kapena asanu ndi limodzi ang'onoang'ono, nyimbo zokhala ndi chachisanu ndi chimodzi chowonjezereka, maziko ovala pakapita gawo lachitatu, ndi zina zambiri. ). Pezani kutanthauzira. masikelo: sikelo ya pentatonic (yaikulu kapena yaying'ono yokhala ndi mawu a tritone), "Chihangare" (kuchuluka kwa machitidwe awiri amodzi), masikelo amtundu wathunthu ndi toni-semitone (kuwonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa frets, komanso ma frets awiri).
Kupezeka kwa "mitundu yatsopano" ndi imodzi mwazasayansi zofunika kwambiri. ubwino wa Yavorsky, popeza ambiri a iwo alipodi mu nyimbo za 19th-20th century, makamaka mu ntchito ya F. Liszt, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin. Yavorsky adawonetsanso masikelo opangidwa nthawi ndi nthawi (omwe amatchedwa ma modes okhala ndi ma transposition ochepa), omwe adagwiritsa ntchito zaka zambiri pambuyo pake. kuchita O. Mesiya. Lingaliro la kusinthika kwa modal limafotokoza zambiri. zochitika za nyimbo za anthu; nthawi yomweyo, zimathandiza kufotokoza mbali zina za polytonality. Kunena za kuthekera kwa mapangidwe ma modal amene amapita kupyola zazikulu-zing'onozing'ono ndizofunika kwambiri zotsutsana ndi malingaliro, malinga ndi zomwe zazikulu ndi zazing'ono zingathe kusinthidwa ndi kukana kwa bungwe la modal ambiri, mwachitsanzo, atonality.
Mbali yosatetezeka ya Yavorsky's modal theory ndi njira yopangira ma frets pa tritone. Palibe chifukwa chowonera mu tritone gwero lachilengedwe la kukhumudwa; izi zikuwonetseredwa momveka bwino ndi ma frets akale, opanda triton, to-rye, mosiyana ndi mbiri yakale. chitukuko chiyenera kutanthauziridwa ngati mitundu yosakwanira ya mapangidwe ovuta kwambiri. Zinthu za chiphunzitso ziliponso mu kufotokoza za mkati. kukhumudwa, zomwe nthawi zina zimabweretsa zotsutsana ndi zowona. Komabe, kufunika kwa chiphunzitso cha Yavorsky mosakayikira kumatsimikiziridwa ndi njira yofunikira ya vutolo komanso kukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe yadziwika.
Ubale wa Ladotonal (mawu akuti "tonality" adayambitsidwa ndi Yavorsky) amaganiziridwa pokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe ndi rhythmic. magawo (mwachitsanzo, "kupatuka mu gawo lachitatu la mawonekedwe"). Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi "kuyerekeza kwa tonal ndi zotsatira", momwe maulamuliro awiri kapena oposa osagwirizana amapanga mkangano, mapeto ake amakhala "zotsatira" - tonality yomwe imagwirizanitsa zonse zam'mbuyo. Yavorsky adayambitsa apa lingaliro la "kugwirizanitsa tonality yapamwamba" yomwe inaperekedwa kale ndi Taneyev. Mfundo ya "kufanizira ndi zotsatira" imamvekanso momveka bwino, monga kugunda kwa nthawi zotsutsana ndi zotsatira zowonjezera. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chifukwa cha mikangano yotsatira m'mbuyomu ikugogomezedwa.
Malo akulu mu chiphunzitso cha L. r. ali ndi vuto la kuchotsedwa ntchito. Yavorsky adapanga lingaliro la caesura ndi mitundu yake. Kutengera mafananidwe ndi malankhulidwe apakamwa, lingaliro la caesuria limalemeretsa chiphunzitso cha magwiridwe antchito, makamaka chiphunzitso cha mawu. Mbali yotsutsana - kufotokozera - inapeza kufotokozera mu "mfundo yolumikizira" (kugwirizanitsa patali), mu lingaliro la "kuphimba" monga chinthu chomangirira, kumamatira. Lingaliro la tonation ngati selo loyambirira la muses limayambitsidwa. mawonekedwe ndi kufotokoza; zimachokera ku kugwirizana kwa phokoso la decomp. tanthauzo la modal. Gawo limodzi (kumanga pa ntchito imodzi) ndi magawo awiri (kusintha kwa ntchito ziwiri) zimasiyanitsidwa; mu magawo awiri, predicate imasiyanitsidwa - mphindi yokonzekera (lingaliro lomwe lafalikira) ndi ikt - mphindi yomaliza ndi yofotokozera.
Rhythm imamveka ngati gawo lonse la maubwenzi akanthawi - kuyambira ang'onoang'ono mpaka magawo akulu. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zochitika za rhythmic zimadzazidwa ndi modal content; Lingaliro la rhythm limatanthauzidwa kukhala “kutha kuyenda panthaŵi yake, m’kukokera kwa mawu kosalekeza.” Kuchokera apa, lingaliro la generalizing likuchokera, lomwe linapereka dzina. chiphunzitso chonse: modal rhythm monga njira yovumbulutsa mode mu nthawi.
Fomuyi imaganiziridwanso molumikizana kwambiri ndi kukhazikika komanso kusakhazikika ubale. Zawonetsedwa kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti mafomu akuyimira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zazikuluzikulu za mapangidwe. Lingaliro la mawonekedwe ngati nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zapadera payekhapayekha komanso schema ngati mawonekedwe oyimira onse amagawidwa. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za chiphunzitso cha L. mtsinje. - chikhumbo chogwirizanitsa nkhani zamapangidwe ndi zaluso. malingaliro a nyimbo. Ngakhale kuti mfundo zachikhulupiriro zomwe zinawonekera pano, panalinso chizoloŵezi chowona nyimbo ngati zolankhula zaumunthu, kuwulula zokongola. tanthauzo la mawonekedwe, kuwabweretsa pafupi ndi ofanana. zochitika za milandu ina. Izi zinali ndi zotsatira zabwino mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito deta ya L. river. maphunziro a nyimbo, maphunziro "kumvetsera nyimbo".
Chifukwa chake, ngakhale lingaliro lathunthu la LR, lomwe limatsatira ndendende zomwe wolemba adapereka, silinasunge tanthauzo lake, malingaliro ake ambiri obala zipatso, ndi zina zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mu ntchito za akadzidzi. akatswiri oimba nyimbo LV Kulakovsky, ME Tarakanov, VP Dernova adaganizanso kapena kutsitsimutsa njira zowunikira Nar. nyimbo, malingaliro a LR, mitundu iwiri.
Zothandizira: Yavorsky BL, Kapangidwe ka mawu oimba. Zipangizo ndi zolemba, gawo 1-3, M., 1908; zake, Zochita kupanga mapangidwe a modal rhythm, gawo 1, M., 1915, M., 1928; ake, Basic elements za nyimbo, M., 1923; wake, Kumanga ndondomeko ya nyimbo, m'buku: Belyaeva-Ekzemplyarskaya S., Yavorsky B., Melody structure, M., 1929; Bryusova N., Sayansi ya nyimbo, njira zake zakale ndi zochitika zamakono, M., 1910; ake, Boleslav Leopoldovich Yavorsky, m'gulu: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Kulakovsky L., De-yaki zivchennya BL Yavorsky, "Music", 1924, gawo 10-12; ake, Pa chiphunzitso cha modal kangogo ndi ntchito zake, "Musical Education", 1930, No1; Belyaev V., Analysis of modulations in Beethoven's sonatas, SI Taneev, m'gulu: Buku la Russian la Beethoven, M, 1927; Protopopov S., Zinthu za kapangidwe ka mawu oimba, magawo 1-2, M., 1930; Ryzhkin I., Theory of modal rhythm, m'buku: Mazel L., Ryzhkin I., Essays on the History of theoretical musicology, vol. 2, M.-L., 1939; Makalata ochokera ku SI Taneyev kupita ku NN Amani, EF Napravnik, IA Vsevolozhsky, SM, 1940, No 7; Pokumbukira Sergei Ivanovich Taneyev, 1856-1946. Loweruka. zolemba ndi zida za zaka 90 za kubadwa kwake, M.-L., 1947; Zukkerman V., Kulakovsky L., Yavorsky-theorist, "SM", 1957, No 12; Lunacharsky AB, Kulankhula pa msonkhano wa chiphunzitso cha modal rhythm February 5, 1930 ku Moscow, mu Sat: B. Yavorsky, vol. 1, M., 1964; Zukkerman VA, Yavorsky-theorist, ibid.; Kholopov Yu. N., Symmetric modes mu theoretical systems of Yavorsky and Messiaen, in: Music and Modernity, vol. 7, M., 1971.
VA Zuckerman
