Mwana |

Greek armonia, lat. modulatio, modus, French ndi English. mode, ital. modo, germ. Tongeschlecht; ulemerero. mgwirizano - mgwirizano, mtendere, mgwirizano, dongosolo

nkhani;

I. Tanthauzo la mode II. Etymology III. Chinsinsi cha mode IV. The intonation chikhalidwe cha zomveka za mode V. Magulu akuluakulu ndi mitundu ya dongosolo modal, Genesis VI. Zamoyo ndi dialectics VII. Kukonzekera kwachangu VIII. Gulu la Fret IX. Mbiri yakale X. Mbiri ya Ziphunzitso pa Mode

I. Tanthauzo la mode. 1) L. mu zokongoletsa. lingaliro - kuvomereza kusasinthasintha kwa khutu pakati pa phokoso la kamvekedwe ka mawu (ie, kwenikweni, mofanana ndi mgwirizano mu nyimbo-zokongola); 2) L. mu lingaliro la nyimbo-zongopeka - chikhalidwe chokhazikika cha kugwirizana kwapamwamba, kugwirizanitsidwa ndi phokoso lapakati kapena consonance, komanso phokoso lapadera lomwe liri nalo (kawirikawiri mu mawonekedwe a sikelo). Choncho, n'zotheka kulankhula za L. monga dongosolo lililonse expediently analamula intonational, ndi modes monga za kudzipatula. machitidwe otero. Mawu akuti "L". Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutanthauza zazikulu kapena zazing'ono (molondola kwambiri, kupendekera), kutanthauza dongosolo la mawu ngati sikelo (molondola, sikelo). Zokongoletsa ndi nyimbo-zongoganiza. mbali zimapanga mbali ziwiri za lingaliro limodzi la L., ndi zokongoletsa. mphindi ikutsogolera mu umodzi uwu. M'lingaliro lalikulu la lingaliro "L." ndipo "mgwirizano" ndi ogwirizana kwambiri. Mwachindunji, mgwirizano umalumikizidwa nthawi zambiri ndi ma consonances ndi kutsatizana kwawo (makamaka ndi mawonekedwe ofukula a kamvekedwe ka mawu), komanso kufananiza ndi kudalirana ndi kusiyanitsa kwa mawu a dongosolo (ie, makamaka ndi mawonekedwe opingasa). Russian zigawo zikuluzikulu. lingaliro la "L". yankhani Greek, Lat., French, English, Italian, German. mawu, komanso mawu monga "tonality", "scale" ndi ena.

II. Etymology ya mawu akuti "L". sizikumveka bwino. Mnyamata wa Czech - dongosolo; Mnyamata wa ku Poland - mgwirizano, dongosolo; Chiyukireniya L. - chilolezo, dongosolo. Zogwirizana Russian. "zigwirizana", "chabwino", "chabwino", Russian zina. "laditi" - kuyanjanitsa; "Lada" - mwamuna (mkazi), komanso wokondedwa (wokonda). Mwina mawuwa amagwirizana ndi mawu akuti “lagoda” (mtendere, dongosolo, dongosolo, kusintha), Chicheki. lahoda (kusangalatsa, chithumwa), Russian zina. lagoditi (to do something nice). Matanthauzo ovuta a mawu oti "L". pafupi ndi Armoni ya Chigriki (kusala, kulumikiza; mgwirizano, mtendere, dongosolo; dongosolo, mgwirizano; mgwirizano; mgwirizano, mgwirizano); motero, okwatirana amapangidwa mwa “kuyanjana” (kusintha, kulinganiza, kulinganiza, kukhazikitsa chida choimbira; kukhala mwamtendere, kuvomerezana) ndi armozo, armotto (kuyenerera, kumangirira, kuwongolera, kukonza, kuyenerera molimba, kukwatira). Rus. lingaliro la "L". amaphatikizanso Chigriki. gulu "genus" (genos), mwachitsanzo. diatonic, chromatic, "enharmonic" genera (ndi magulu awo ofanana, makhalidwe a modes).

III. Chofunika cha mgwirizano. L. monga mgwirizano pakati pa zomveka ndi za chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. magulu a nyimbo, zomwe zimagwirizana m'lingaliro limeneli ndi lingaliro la "kugwirizanitsa" (Chijeremani: Harmonie; mosiyana ndi Harmonik ndi Harmonielehre). Nyimbo iliyonse. ntchito, mosasamala kanthu za zomwe zili zenizeni, choyamba iyenera kukhala nyimbo, mwachitsanzo, kugwirizana kwa mawu; kukongola komweko. tanthawuzo la gulu L. (ndi mgwirizano) likuphatikizidwa ngati gawo lofunikira mu lingaliro la nyimbo ngati zokongola (nyimbo siziri ngati zomangamanga zomveka, koma ngati mtundu wa mgwirizano womwe umapereka chisangalalo ku khutu). L. monga zokongoletsa. gulu ("mgwirizano") ndiye maziko a kubuka ndi kuphatikizana m'magulu. chidziwitso kufotokozedwa. mgwirizano wadongosolo pakati pa mawu. "Kuwala kwa dongosolo" (mbali yomveka ya L.) yofotokozedwa ndi phokoso la L. imatanthawuza njira zazikulu za kukongola kwake. zotsatira. Choncho, L. mu mankhwala enaake. nthawi zonse zimayimira cholinga cha nyimbo. Mphamvu ya lexicon (motsatira, kukopa kwake) imalumikizidwa ndi luso lake lokongoletsa kupanga "zambiri" zomveka, zomwe zimasandulika kukhala mitundu yogwirizana ya "mawu a consonant". Pazonse, L. imawululidwa mu chidzalo cha dongosolo, kuphimba zovuta zonse za zigawo zake - kuchokera kuzinthu zomveka kupyolera muzomveka. dongosolo la zinthu kuti crystallization makamaka zokongoletsa. Kugwirizana kwadongosolo, kufanana, kulemberana makalata (m'lingaliro lalikulu - symmetry). Chofunikiranso ndikuphatikiza kwa L. inayake muzolemba zoperekedwa, kuwulula kuchuluka kwa kuthekera kwake komanso kufalikira mwachilengedwe kukhala njira yokulirapo. Kuchokera ku zokongoletsa akamanena za L. amatsatira bwalo la mfundo zongopeka mavuto: mafanizidwe a L. mu zomangira phokoso; kukhumudwa ndi mitundu yake; zomveka ndi mbiri kugwirizana kwawo ndi mzake; vuto la mgwirizano wa chisinthiko cha modal; ntchito ya L. monga zinthu ndi zomveka maziko a muses. nyimbo. Mtundu woyamba wa mawonetsedwe a maubwenzi a modal pakumveka bwino kwa nyimbo ndi melodic. cholinga (m'mawu omveka - kachitidwe ka sikelo yopingasa) - nthawi zonse imakhalabe njira yosavuta (ndipo chifukwa chake yofunika kwambiri, yofunikira) ya tanthauzo la L. Chifukwa chake tanthauzo lenileni la liwu lakuti "L." zogwirizana ndi melodic. mamba, omwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa frets.

IV. The intonation chikhalidwe cha phokoso za mode. Zida zomveka zomwe nyali zimapangidwira ndizofunika pazitsulo zake zonse komanso mtundu uliwonse wa nyali. d1-c1, d1-e1, f1-e1, ndi zina zotero) ndi consonance (makamaka c1-e1-g1 monga chapakati), imakhala ndi chikhalidwe chake ("ethos"), maonekedwe, mitundu, ndi khalidwe lina lokongola.

Komanso, zomveka zomveka zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mbiri yakale. mikhalidwe ya kukhalapo kwa nyimbo, zomwe zili mkati mwake, mitundu yodziwika bwino yopangira nyimbo. Mtundu wa "kubadwa" kwa L. (ndiko kuti, mphindi ya kusintha kwa nyimbo monga chidziwitso chamaganizo mu mawonekedwe ake omveka) imaphimbidwa ndi lingaliro la kuvomereza (komanso kutchulidwa) koyambitsidwa ndi BV Asafiev. Kukhala "malire" kwenikweni (kuima pamalo okhudzana mwachindunji pakati pa moyo wachilengedwe ndi zaluso ndi nyimbo), lingaliro la "intonation" potero limagwira chikoka cha chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zomwe zimapangidwira pakusinthika kwazinthu zomveka - kutengera mawu. ma complexes ndi mitundu ya ma modal Organisation omwe amadalira iwo. Chifukwa chake kutanthauzira kwa ma modal formulas monga chithunzithunzi cha zomwe zidadziwika kale za nyimbo: "chiyambi ndi kukhalapo kwa ... mitundu yodziwika bwino imachitika chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo," chifukwa chake, dongosolo la mbiri yakale (ndi modal) la mbiri inayake. Nthawi imatsimikiziridwa ndi "mapangidwe a chikhalidwe ichi" (BV Asafiev). Choncho, munali intonation mu mluza. gawo la nthawi yake, chilinganizo cha L. ndi mawu. zovuta zogwirizana ndi maonekedwe a dziko la nthawi yake (mwachitsanzo, Middle Ages. frets pamapeto - chiwonetsero cha chidziwitso cha nthawi ya feudal ndi kudzipatula, kuuma kwake; dongosolo la dur-moll ndi chisonyezero cha mphamvu ya chidziwitso cha nyimbo cha nthawi yotchedwa European Modern time etc.). M'lingaliro limeneli, ndondomeko ya modal ndi chitsanzo chachidule cha dziko lapansi poyimira nthawi yake, mtundu wa "genetic code of music". Malinga ndi Asafiev, L. ndi "gulu la nyimbo zomwe zimapanga dongosolo la nyimbo zomwe zimaperekedwa ndi nthawi muzochita zawo," ndipo "dongosolo ili silinathe konse," koma "nthawi zonse limakhala lopangidwa ndi kusintha. ”; L. amakonza ndi generalizes "intonation Dictionary of the era" khalidwe la mbiri iliyonse, nthawi ("chiwerengero cha nyimbo zomwe zakhazikika pagulu la anthu" - Asafiev). Izi zikufotokozeranso za "zovuta za inntonation", zomwe zimasinthiratu mawu onse awiri. zinthu, kotero, kutsatira izi, ndi dongosolo lonse la malo (makamaka m'mphepete mwa nthawi zazikulu, mwachitsanzo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 16-17 kapena 19-20). Mwachitsanzo, kutsindika kwachikondi kokonda kwambiri kwa mawu omveka ngati a L. (L.'s sound material) m'mabuku a pambuyo pake a Scriabin kunapereka zotsatira zatsopano ndipo zinapangitsa kukonzanso kwakukulu kwa dongosolo lonse la L. mu nyimbo zake. Chowonadi cha mbiriyakale - kusintha kwa ma formulas - ndichifukwa chake, mawonekedwe akunja (okhazikika mumalingaliro amalingaliro) akuwonetsa njira zakuya zakusintha kwa zilankhulo monga kukhala ndi moyo komanso kukhazikika kwa mawu. zitsanzo za dziko.

V. Magulu akuluakulu ndi mitundu ya machitidwe a modal, chiyambi chawo. Magulu akuluakulu ndi mitundu ya nyimbo amapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi chitukuko cha nyimbo. chidziwitso (mbali ya ndondomeko ya chitukuko chachidziwitso, pamapeto pake mothandizidwa ndi zochitika za chikhalidwe cha anthu pa chitukuko cha dziko). Mkhalidwe wofunikira pakuwomba ndikuyitanitsa "chilolezo" cha mawu (mtundu wa mawu omveka bwino) ndi kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'ono (ponseponse) kuchulukira kwa kuchuluka kwa mawu ndi malire omwe amaphimbidwa nawo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zigwirizane. mfundo zazikuluzikulu pakusintha kwakusintha kofunikira mumitundu yakukhalapo kwa L. ndikupanga kuthekera kwa kutuluka kwa mitundu yatsopano ya mapangidwe a modal. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha L. muzinthu zake zitatu zazikulu - phokoso (intonation), zomveka (kugwirizana) ndi zokongoletsa (kugwirizana, kukongola) - pali mkati. perestroika (kwenikweni, utatu uwu ndi chinthu chimodzi chofanana chosagawanika: chilolezo, L., koma chimangoganiziridwa m'mbali zosiyanasiyana). Nthawi yoyendetsa ndi kukonzanso kwa mawu. dongosolo (mpaka "vuto la mawu" pansi pa L.), zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwina kofunikira. Mwachindunji, mitundu ndi mitundu yamalankhulidwe amazindikiridwa ngati machitidwe a kagawo kakang'ono ndi mizere yopingasa ndi magulu oyimirira (zotengera) zopangidwa ndi iwo (onani Kachitidwe ka Phokoso). "Mode ndi chiwonetsero cha mawonetseredwe onse a nthawiyo, ochepetsedwa kukhala dongosolo lazigawo ndi masikelo" (Asafiev). L. monga ena phokoso dongosolo aumbike pa maziko a ntchito zakuthupi. (mayimbidwe) azinthu zomveka, choyamba, ubale waubale womveka womwe uli mkati mwake, umawululidwa pakapita nthawi. Komabe, nthawi, melodic-scale, ndi maubale ena samagwira ntchito ngati masamu chabe. kapena thupi. kuperekedwa, koma monga "quintessence" ya "zomveka" za munthu generalized ndi iwo (Asafiev). (Choncho kusalondola kofunikira pokhudzana ndi L. zomwe zimatchedwa ndendende, mwachitsanzo, kuyeza kwachulukidwe, njira, "kuyesa luso".)

Gawo loyamba lachitukuko cha magulu a mzere - mapangidwe a maziko mkati mwa "ecmelic" yachikale (ie, popanda kukwera kwina) Kulimbikira ngati gulu la kuganiza mokhazikika ndiko kukhazikitsidwa koyamba kwa kutsimikizika kwa mzere wamtali (mawu omveka ngati chinthu chapakati chokhazikika) komanso m'kupita kwanthawi (chidziwitso cha kulimbikira kwa icho chokha, chosungidwa ngakhale kuti nthawi yatha. kubwerera ku kamvekedwe komweko kotsalira mu kukumbukira); ndi kubwera kwa gulu la maziko, lingaliro lomwe la L. ngati mtundu wamtundu wamawu limatuluka. Mbiri yakale ya L.'s mtundu - kuyimba kamvekedwe (kogwirizana ndi "siteji ya bata" mu kusinthika kwa L.) kumapezeka mumitundu. magulu omwe ali pachitukuko chochepa. Mtundu wotsatira (womveka komanso wambiri) wamanyimbo ndi mawu amtundu wa monodic okhala ndi kalembedwe kokhazikika komanso kotsimikizika. Mzere wamawu (mtundu wa modal, modal system) ndiwofanana ndi nyimbo zakale zaku Europe. anthu, inc. ndi Russian, Middle Ages. European chorale, Russian ena. mlandu wa chanter; imapezekanso m’mbiri ya anthu ambiri omwe si Azungu. anthu. Mtundu wa "kuimba nyimbo", mwachiwonekere, uli pafupi ndi modal (popezanso ndi monodic). Mtundu wapadera wa modal ndi wotchedwa. kodi h. tonality europa. nyimbo za nthawi yatsopano. Mayina a akatswiri apamwamba kwambiri a nyimbo zapadziko lonse amagwirizanitsidwa ndi izo. harmonic tonality amasiyana kwambiri ndi polyphony wa bagpipe kapena heterophonic yosungiramo katundu (pakati anthu akale, wowerengeka, nyimbo owonjezera European). M'zaka za zana la 20 (makamaka m'mayiko a chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya) mitundu ya zomangamanga zapamwamba zomwe zimasiyana ndi zonse zam'mbuyo (mu serial, sonorous, nyimbo zamagetsi) zafala kwambiri. Kuthekera komweko kowaika m’gulu la L. kuli nkhani ya mkangano; vutoli likadali kutali kuti lithetsedwe. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu ikuluikulu ya L., pali mitundu yambiri yapakatikati, yokhazikika komanso yodziyimira pawokha (mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano wanthawi zonse wa Kubadwanso Kwatsopano ku Europe, makamaka zaka za 15th-16th).

VI. Chamoyo ndi dialectics ndondomeko ya kusinthika mode. Njira ya chisinthiko cha zochitika ndi lingaliro la "L". organic komanso, ali ndi dialectic. khalidwe. Chikhalidwe cha organic cha ndondomekoyi chagona mu kusunga ndi chitukuko cha magulu ofanana oyambirira a mzere, kutuluka kwa magulu ena pamaziko awo. magulu ndi chitukuko chawo ngati chodziyimira pawokha, ndikuyika chisinthiko chonse ku mfundo zofanana. Chofunikira kwambiri mwa iwo ndi kukula (nambala. kuwonjezeka, mwachitsanzo. kukula kwa sikelo kuchokera ku tetrachord kupita ku hexachord), zovuta zamitundu yogwirizana, kusintha kwa kuchuluka. kusintha kwa khalidwe, kulunjika kumodzi kwa chisinthiko chonse. Chifukwa chake, kuyimba kwa kamvekedwe kodziwika bwino, kosinthidwa nthawi zonse, kufalikira ku gulu la ena. ma toni (kukula), kumafunikira mitundu yatsopano yolumikizirana - kudzipatula kwa ma toni oyandikana ndikusankha nyimbo yapafupi monga maziko achiwiri. consonances (kuvuta kwa mitundu ya mgwirizano; onani. Consonance); muzotsatira zamtundu wapamwamba wa L. kale matani onse (mtundu wakale) amakhala wolongosoledwa bwino ndikusinthidwa nthawi ndi nthawi; komabe, kudziyimira pawokha kwa ambiri aiwo kumangokhala kulamulira kwa chimodzi, nthawi zina ziwiri kapena zitatu (khalidwe latsopano). Kulimbikitsidwa kwa quart kapena quint, monga ma toni osagwira ntchito amodzi a fret rod, kupsa mkati mwa dongosolo la modality, kumapangitsa kuti zitheke kutembenuza ma consonance opingasawa kukhala ofukula. M'mbiri, izi zikufanana ndi Middle Ages. Inde, mu V. Oddington (ca. 1300) kufanana kwa makonsoni opingasa ndi ofukula monga magulu a L. okhazikika m'matanthauzo awo ndi mawu omwewo "kulumikizana" (harmonia simplex ndi harmonia multiplex). Lingaliro la consonance monga chisonyezero cha chizindikiritso cha ntchito kumapitirira mpaka ku nthawi zovuta zotsatila - magawo atatu (kukula); chifukwa chake kukonzedwanso kwa dongosolo lonse la L. (zovuta za mitundu ya mgwirizano). Ku 20in. sitepe yatsopano imatengedwa mbali yomweyo: gulu lotsatira la intervals imalowetsedwa mu bwalo la aesthetically mulingo woyenera intervals - masekondi, zisanu ndi ziwiri ndi tritones (kukula), ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira mawu atsopano amagwirizanitsidwa ndi izi (sonorally kutanthauziridwa consonances). , mndandanda wamtundu umodzi kapena wina, ndi zina) ndikusintha kofananira mumitundu yolumikizana ndi mawu. The dialectic of Evolution L. imakhala ndi mfundo yakuti chibadwa chotsatira, mtundu wapamwamba wa bungwe la modal, pamapeto pake, sichinthu koma choyambirira, chopangidwa mwatsopano. Kotero, ma modality ndi, monga momwe, "kuyimba" kwapamwamba kwambiri: chilankhulo choyambirira-kukhala chokongoletsedwa ndi kusuntha kupyolera mwa wina. ma toni, to-rye, nawonso, amatha kutanthauziridwa ngati maziko; mogwirizana. Machitidwe angapo amatenga gawo lofanana mu kamvekedwe ka mawu (m'magawo osiyanasiyana a kapangidwe ka ma modal): kamvekedwe ka nyimbo ndi mawu oyandikana nawo (othandizira), tonic and non-tonic chords, local ch. tonality ndi zopatuka, general ch. tonality ndi subordinate tonalities. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yokwera kwambiri imapitilirabe kukhala masinthidwe amtundu umodzi, wamayimbidwe amtundu woyamba - kuyimba ("katundu wa mawu ndi melodic" - Asafiev). Choyimbacho chimakhalanso chamtundu uliwonse (konsoni, yomwe imapangidwa ngati verticalization ya kanthawi kochepa, imakhalabe ndi khalidwe lake loyambirira mu mawonekedwe "opindika" - melodic. mayendedwe), ndi zovuta za timbre-sonor (osati "zotumizidwa" ngati chord, koma zimatanthauzidwa pamaziko a chord mu khalidwe lake latsopano). N'chimodzimodzinso ndi zigawo zina za L. Chifukwa chake dialectical main metamorphosis. gulu L.

RESISTANCE: - chachikulu. mawu oyambira. main interval conson. main chord. diss. chord series - finalis tonic center. mawu kapena consonance - kamvekedwe (=mode) kamvekedwe ka mawu ena. mbali - katchulidwe kofunikira kwambiri. gawo

Chifukwa chake chilankhulo cha lingaliro la "L". (imatenga ndipo imakhala mkati mwake, monga magawo osiyanasiyana a semantic, mbiri yonse ya mapangidwe ake azaka mazana ambiri):

1) chiŵerengero cha kukhazikika ndi kusakhazikika (kuchokera pa siteji ya "kuimba kamvekedwe"; motero mwambo woimira L. ch. phokoso, mwachitsanzo, "mamvekedwe a tchalitchi cha IV", mwachitsanzo, tone Mi),

2) kamvekedwe ka mawu omveka bwino a maubwenzi a tonal (kuyambira pa siteji ya mamvekedwe; motero mwambo woyimira kuyimilira mawu makamaka mumtundu wa tebulo la sikelo, kusiyanitsa maphokoso awiri okhala ndi kamvekedwe kamodzi koyambira, mwachitsanzo, kamvekedwe koyenera ndi kamvekedwe) ,

3) ntchito ku gulu L. kachitidwe ndi harmonic-chord mtundu, osati kwenikweni kusiyanitsidwa mogwirizana ndi definiteness wa lonse ndi kusadziwika waukulu. ma toni (mwachitsanzo, m'mabuku apambuyo a Scriabin; opangidwa ndi mawu ogwirizana). Mitundu ya mawu yoyimira L. imasinthanso mwachilankhulo. Choyimira (chachikale kwambiri) ndichoyimira chapakati, chozunguliridwa ndi melismatic. nsalu ("kusiyana" kwa mawu). Mfundo yakale ya melody-model (m'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana: nom, raga, poppies, pathet, ndi zina zotero; kuyimba mavawelo aku Russia) iyenera kuonedwa ngati chitsanzo chenicheni cha L.. mitundu (India, Soviet East, Middle East dera). Mu harmonic. tonality - kayendedwe ka masikelo, malo osinthika. triad (zowululidwa mu ntchito za G. Schenker). Mndandanda wa dodecaphone, womwe umatsimikizira kamvekedwe ka mawu, ukhoza kuwonedwa ngati analogue. kapangidwe kake ndi kamvekedwe kazinthu zambiri (onani Dodecaphony, Series).

VII. Njira yopangira mphamvu. Limagwirira ntchito ya zinthu kupanga L. si chimodzimodzi mu decomp. machitidwe. Mfundo yaikulu ya mapangidwe a fret ikhoza kuimiridwa ngati kukhazikitsidwa kwachidziwitso. chitani ndi njira zapamwamba, pogwiritsa ntchito mwayi woyitanitsa zomwe zili m'mawu awa, mawu. zakuthupi. Kuchokera ku tech. Komano, cholinga chake ndi kukwaniritsa mgwirizano womveka wa phokoso, womwe umamveka ngati chinthu chogwirizana ndi nyimbo, mwachitsanzo, L. Mfundo yakale kwambiri ya L. imachokera kuzinthu za consonance yoyamba - mgwirizano (1 . : 1; mapangidwe abutment ndi kuyimba kwake melismatic). Kale melodic L. chinthu chachikulu mu dongosolo, monga ulamuliro, komanso kukhala zotsatirazi intervals yosavuta. Mwa amene amamveketsa mawu amtundu wina, awa ndi achisanu (3:2) ndi wachinayi (4:3); chifukwa cha kuyanjana ndi liniya melodic. nthawi zonse amasintha malo; chifukwa chake, chachinayi chimakhala chofunika kwambiri kuposa chachisanu. Quarte (komanso yachisanu) kulumikizana kwa ma toni kumapanga masikelo; imayang'aniranso kukhazikitsidwa ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mawu ena ofotokozera a L. (yomwe ili ndi nyimbo zambiri zamtundu). Chifukwa chake mawonekedwe a diatonic ofanana ndi L. Liwu lachidziwitso likhoza kukhala lokhazikika, komanso kusuntha (kusinthika kwa modal), komwe kumakhala chifukwa cha mtundu wanyimbo. Kukhalapo kwa kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kubwereza kwake ndiko maziko a L.; chachinayi-quint diatonic ndi chiwonetsero cha njira yosavuta yolumikizira kapangidwe kake.

"Opekalovskaya" (zaka za zana la 17?). “Bwerani, tiyeni tikondweretse Yosefe.”

Imani - phokoso g1; a1 - moyandikana ndi g1 komanso yogwirizana nayo kudzera mu d1 (g:d=d:a). Kupitilira apo, a1 ndi g1 zimapanga tetrachord a1-g1-f1-e1 ndi yachiwiri, mawu otsika a f1 (thandizo lapafupi). Kupitiliza kwa mzere wa gamma kumapereka tetrachord f1-e1-d1-c1 yokhala ndi malo oyimitsa d1. Kuyanjana kwa maziko g1-d1 kumapanga chimango cha L. Pamapeto pa chitsanzo ndi ndondomeko ya L. ya stichera yonse (yomwe 1/50 yokha ya gawo lake laperekedwa pano). Kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe a modal ndi mawonekedwe "oyandama", kusakhalapo kwa mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu yokoka (kusakhalapo kwa mphamvu yokoka sikunyalanyaza mzere, chifukwa kukhalapo kwa bata ndi mphamvu yokoka ndiye chinthu chachikulu cha mtundu uliwonse wa mzere).

L. a mtundu waukulu-ochepa amachokera pa ubale osati wa "troika" (3: 2, 4: 3), koma "asanu" (5: 4, 6: 5). Gawo limodzi pamlingo wa maulalo amawu (pambuyo pa kotala-quint, tert ndiye wapafupi kwambiri) amatanthauza, komabe, kusiyana kwakukulu pamapangidwe ndi mafotokozedwe a L., kusintha kwa nyimbo ndi mbiri. nthawi. Monga momwe kamvekedwe kalikonse ka L. wakale kanayendetsedwa ndi maunansi a makonsonanti angwiro, apa akulamulidwa ndi maunansi a makonsonanti opanda ungwiro (onani chitsanzo pansipa; n ndikupita, c ndi mawu othandizira).

Mu nyimbo za Viennese classics, maubwenzi awa amagogomezedwanso ndi nthawi zonse za rhythms. masinthidwe ndi ma symmetry of accents (bar 2 ndi mgwirizano wake D - nthawi yovuta, 4 - T yake - yolimba kawiri).

(T|D¦D|T) |1+1| | 1 |

Magawo enieni amachitidwe amalankhula za kuchuluka kwa tonic. mgwirizano pa kulamulira. (Panthawiyi, palibe S; kwa akale a Viennese, ndizofanana kupewa masitepe am'mbali omwe amalemeretsa L., koma nthawi yomweyo amawalepheretsa kuyenda.) The peculiarity of L. - amathetsa. centralization, mphamvu, mphamvu; zomveka kwambiri ndi mphamvu yokoka; chikhalidwe cha multilayered cha dongosolo (mwachitsanzo, mu gawo limodzi chord chopatsidwa chimakhala chokhazikika pokhudzana ndi phokoso lomwe limalowa mkati mwake; linanso, ndilosakhazikika, lokha limakokera ku tonic yakomweko, ndi zina zotero).

WA Mozart. The Magic Flute, Papageno's aria.

Mu nyimbo zamakono, pali chizolowezi kwa munthu payekha L., mwachitsanzo kuzindikira ndi munthu enieni zovuta za tonations (melodic, chordal, timbre-coloristic, etc.) khalidwe la chidutswa anapatsidwa kapena mutu. Mosiyana ndi ma formula wamba (chitsanzo cha nyimbo mu L. yakale, zotsatizana zanyimbo kapena nyimbo mu Middle Ages L., m'machitidwe apamwamba ang'onoang'ono), mtundu wovuta umatengedwa ngati maziko, nthawi zina kwathunthu. m’malo mwamwambo . zinthu za L., ngakhale pakati pa olemba omwe nthawi zambiri amatsatira mfundo ya tonal. Mwanjira iyi, mapangidwe a ma modal amapangidwa omwe amaphatikiza zinthu zamtundu uliwonse mugawo lililonse (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe akulu + masikelo amtundu wathunthu + kusuntha kocheperako kocheperako kunja kwa kachitidwe kakang'ono). Zomangamanga zotere zimatha kugawidwa ngati polymodal (osati munthawi imodzi, komanso motsatizana komanso kuphatikiza zinthu zawo).

Chikhalidwe chachidutswacho sichinaperekedwe ndi triad T C-dur, koma ndi chord cgh-(d)-f (yerekezerani ndi 1 chord cha mutu waukulu: chdfgc, nambala 3). Kusankhidwa kwa ma consonances kokha ndi maziko akuluakulu komanso ndi ma dissonance akuthwa, komanso mtundu wa sonorant (timbre-coloristic) wa consonances wobwereza nyimbo, umabweretsa zotsatira zina, koma zachilendo ku chidutswa ichi - cholimba kwambiri komanso chakuthwa. chachikulu, pomwe mthunzi wowala wa mawu omwe ali m'gulu lalikulu umabweretsa kuwala kowala.

WA Mozart. The Magic Flute, Papageno's aria.

VIII. Gulu la modes ndizovuta kwambiri. Zomwe zimatsimikizira ndi: gawo la majini la kukula kwa kuganiza modal; interval zovuta za kapangidwe; fuko, mbiri, chikhalidwe, mawonekedwe. Pokhapokha ponseponse komanso pamapeto pake mzere wa chisinthiko cha L. umakhala wosagwirizana. Zitsanzo zambiri za momwe kusinthako kumakhalira ku chibadwa chambiri. masitepe nthawi yomweyo amatanthauza kutayika kwa gawo lazofunikira za m'mbuyomu ndipo, mwanjira iyi, kubwerera kumbuyo. Chifukwa chake, kugonjetsedwa kwa polyphony ku Western Europe. chitukuko ndi sitepe yaikulu kwambiri patsogolo, koma anatsagana (kwa zaka 1000-1500) ndi kutaya chuma chromatic. ndi "enarmonic". genera wa monodic antique. dongosolo lopweteka. Kuvuta kwa ntchitoyi kumakhalanso chifukwa chakuti magulu ambiri amakhala ogwirizana kwambiri, osavomerezeka kuti athetse kulekana: L., tonality (tonal system), sound system, scale, etc. kuwonetsa mitundu yofunikira kwambiri ya machitidwe a modal ngati mfundo zamagulu akulu. mapangidwe a fret: ecmelica; anhemitonics; diatonic; chromaticity; microchromatic; mitundu yapadera; machitidwe osakanikirana (kugawanika kukhala mitundu iyi kumagwirizana ndi kusiyanitsa kwa genera, Greek genn).

Ekmelika (kuchokera ku Greek exmelns - extra-melodic; kachitidwe komwe kamvekedwe kalibe kamvekedwe kake) monga dongosolo m'lingaliro loyenera la liwu silipezeka konse. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira mkati mwa dongosolo lotukuka kwambiri (kutsetsereka kwa mawu, mafotokozedwe a mawu, machitidwe apadera). Ekmelik imaphatikizansopo kuyimba kwa melismatic (kutalika kosatha) kwa kamvekedwe kokhazikika - upstoi (malinga ndi Yu. N. Tyulin, poyimba a Kurds aku Armenian "mawu amodzi okhazikika ... atakulungidwa ndi zisangalalo zosiyanasiyana zodzaza ndi mphamvu yodabwitsa"; ”).

Anhemitonics (makamaka, anhemitonic pentatonics), omwe amadziwika ndi ambiri. ku zikhalidwe zakale za Asia, Africa ndi Europe, mwachiwonekere, zimapanga gawo lalikulu pakukula kwa kuganiza modal. Mfundo yothandiza ya anhemitonics ndi kulankhulana kudzera mu consonances zosavuta. Malire apangidwe ndi semitone (kotero kuchepetsa masitepe asanu mu octave). Kalankhulidwe kodziwika bwino ndi ka trichord (monga ega). Ma Anhemitonics amatha kukhala osakwanira (3-4, nthawi zina masitepe awiri), amphumphu (masitepe asanu), osinthika (mwachitsanzo, kusintha kuchokera ku cdega kupita ku cdfga). Semitone pentatonic (mwachitsanzo, lembani hcefg) imayika mawonekedwe osinthika kukhala diatonic. Chitsanzo cha anhemitonics ndi nyimbo "Paradaiso, Paradaiso" ("nyimbo 2 za anthu a ku Russia" ndi AK Lyadov).

Diatonic (mu mawonekedwe ake oyera - 7-step system, kumene matani amatha kukonzedwa maola asanu) - dongosolo lofunika kwambiri komanso lodziwika bwino la L. Malire opangidwa ndi chromatism (2 semitones mzere). Mfundo zopangira ndizosiyana; Chofunika kwambiri ndi chachisanu (Pythagorean) diatonic (chinthu chomangika ndi chachisanu kapena quart) ndi triadic (chinthu chomangika ndi consonant chord chachitatu), zitsanzo ndi mitundu yakale yachi Greek, mitundu yakale, mitundu yaku Europe. nar. nyimbo (komanso anthu ena ambiri omwe si a ku Ulaya); church polyphonic L. europ. nyimbo za Renaissance, L. zazikulu-zing'onozing'ono dongosolo (popanda chromatization). Ma tonations odziwika bwino ndi tetrachord, pentachord, hexachord, kudzaza mipata pakati pa matani a tertian chords, etc. Diatonic ili ndi mitundu yambiri. Itha kukhala yosakwanira (masitepe 3-6; onani, mwachitsanzo, ma guidon hexachords, folk ndi Greek tetrachords; chitsanzo cha 6-step diatonic ndi nyimbo "Ut queant laxis"), yokwanira (7-step hcdefga type kapena octave cdefgahc; zitsanzo ndi zosawerengeka), zosinthika (monga kusinthasintha kwa ahcd ndi dcba mu kamvekedwe ka mpingo woyamba), kuphatikiza (monga Russian tsiku lililonse L.: GAHcdefgab-c1-d1), zokhazikika (mwachitsanzo, "hemiol" imakhudzidwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa sekondi - zazing'ono ndi zazikulu, "Hungary" sikelo, etc.; "Podgalian scale": gah-cis-defg; melodic zazing'ono ndi zazikulu, etc.), polydiatonic (mwachitsanzo, chidutswa cha B. Bartok "Mu kalembedwe Russian" mu zosonkhanitsira "Microcosmos", No 1). Zowonjezereka zina zimayambitsa chromatics.

Chromatics. Chizindikiro chapadera - kutsatizana kwa semitones awiri kapena kuposerapo motsatana. Malire apangidwe ndi ma microchromatics. Mfundo zopangira ndizosiyana; chofunika kwambiri - melodic. chromatic (mwachitsanzo, kum'mawa kwa monody), chord-harmonic (kusintha, mbali D ndi S, nyimbo zokhala ndi ma chromatic linear to European major-minong system), enharmonic. Chromatics ku Europe (ndi kupitilira mu nyimbo zomwe si za ku Europe) zazaka za zana la 20. kutengera chikhalidwe chofanana. Chromatics ikhoza kukhala yosakwanira (Greek chromatic; kusintha kwa mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya; L. symmetrical structure, mwachitsanzo, kugawa ma semitones 12 a octave mu magawo ofanana) ndi amphumphu (zowonjezera polydiatonic, mitundu ina ya chromatic tonality, dodecaphonic, microserial ndi serial structures).

Microchromatic (microinterval, ultrachromatic). Chizindikiro - kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi zosachepera semitone. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo la L. la machitidwe atatu apitawa; akhoza kuphatikiza ndi ecmelica. Chitsanzo cha microchromatic - Greek. enharmonic genus (mwachitsanzo, mu toni - 2, 1/4, 1/4), Indian shruti. Mu nyimbo zamakono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyana (makamaka ndi A. Khaba; komanso V. Lutoslavsky, SM Slonimsky, ndi ena).

Mwachitsanzo, East Asia slindro ndi pylog (motsatira - 5- ndi 7-step, kugawanika kofanana kwa octave) akhoza kutchulidwa ndi apadera L. , zonse panthawi imodzi komanso motsatizana (m'mamangidwe omwewo).

IX. Mbiri ya modes pamapeto pake ndikuwulula motsatizana za kuthekera kwa "mgwirizano" ("L.") pakati pa phokoso; kwenikweni mbiri sikusintha kokha kwa kuwonongeka. machitidwe a L., ndi kufalikira kwapang'onopang'ono kwa maulalo akutali komanso ovuta. Kale mu Dr. dziko linawuka (ndi kumlingo wina wosungidwa) machitidwe a modal a mayiko a Kum'mawa: China, India, Persia, Egypt, Babylonia, etc. (onani zolemba zofanana). Miyeso yopanda semitone ya pentatonic (China, Japan, mayiko ena a Far East, mbali ina India), 7-step (diatonic ndi non-diatonic) phonics zafala kwambiri; pakuti zikhalidwe zambiri ndi zenizeni kwa L. ndi kuwonjezeka. chachiwiri (nyimbo zachiarabu), microchromatic (India, mayiko achiarabu a Kummawa). Kufotokozera kwa mitundu kunadziwika ngati mphamvu yachilengedwe (kufanana pakati pa mayina a malankhulidwe ndi matupi akumwamba, zinthu zachilengedwe, nyengo, ziwalo za thupi la munthu, makhalidwe abwino a moyo, etc.); kufulumira kwa chikoka cha L. pa moyo wa munthu kunagogomezedwa, aliyense L. anapatsidwa mawu akutiakuti. tanthauzo (monga nyimbo zamakono - zazikulu ndi zazing'ono). A. Jami (theka lachiŵiri la zaka za zana la 2) analemba kuti: “Lirilonse la (maqam) khumi ndi aŵiriwo, avaze ndi shu’be iliyonse ili ndi chiyambukiro chake chapadera (pa omvetsera), kuwonjezera pa chuma chodziŵika kwa onse. perekani chisangalalo.” Magawo ofunikira kwambiri m'mbiri ya zilankhulo za ku Europe ndi machitidwe akale (osati ku Europe konse monga ku Mediterranean; mpaka pakati pa 15st millennium) ndi "modali wa ku Europe" wazaka za 1th-9th, m'mbiri komanso chikhalidwe. typological mawu. lingaliro - "Western" dongosolo, German. abendländische, wogawidwa m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages. modal system (malire a mbiri yakale ndi osatha: idayambira mu nyimbo za mpingo woyambirira wachikhristu, womwe unazikika m'zaka za m'ma 20-7, kenako unakula pang'onopang'ono kukhala mgwirizano wa Renaissance; typologically, dongosolo lina lachi Russia lilinso pano), cf. dongosolo la modal la 9th-9th century, Renaissance system (yoyenera kukhala zaka za 13th-14th), dongosolo la tonal (lalikulu-laling'ono) (zaka za m'ma 16 mpaka 17; m'mawonekedwe osinthidwa amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'zaka za zana la 19). dongosolo latsopano la kutalika kwa 20. (Onani zolemba Key, Natural modes, Symmetrical modes).

Antich. dongosolo modal zachokera tetrachords, kuchokera ophatikizana wina ndi mzake octave Ls anapanga. Pakati pa matani a quart, ma toni apakati amitundu yosiyanasiyana amatha kutalika (mitundu itatu ya tetrachords: diatone, chromium, "enarmony"). Mu L., kukopa kwawo kwachindunji kumayamikiridwa (malinga ndi izi kapena "ethos"), kusiyanasiyana, kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yonse ya L. (chitsanzo: Skoliya Seikila).

L. oyambirira kumadzulo-European. Zaka za m'ma Middle Ages chifukwa cha mbiri yakale ya nthawiyo zafika kwa ife Ch. ayi. mogwirizana ndi mpingo. nyimbo. Monga chithunzithunzi cha kachitidwe kosiyana ka mawu, iwo amadziwika ndi kukhwima (mpaka ku asceticism) diaatonicism ndipo amawoneka opanda mtundu komanso amalingaliro a mbali imodzi poyerekeza ndi kukhudzika kwathupi kwa akale. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Middle Ages. L. amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuyang'ana kwakukulu pa mphindi yamkati (poyamba, ngakhale kuwononga mbali yeniyeni ya luso la luso, malinga ndi malangizo a tchalitchi). M'zaka za zana. L. kuwonetsa kusokonezeka kwina kwa kapangidwe ka diatonic. L. (guidonian hexachord m'malo mwa tetrachord yakale; West-European harmonic polyphony imasonyeza chikhalidwe chosiyana kwambiri poyerekeza ndi heterophony yakale). Nyimbo zachikale ndi zakunja za Middle Ages, mwachiwonekere, zidasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso kufotokozera kwa L.

Pulogalamu yofananira. M'zaka za zana. Chorale chikhalidwe china-rus. chanter art-va imaphatikizansopo zida zakale kwambiri (quart extra-octave ya "tsiku ndi tsiku"; chikoka champhamvu cha mfundo yakale yachitsanzo ndi nyimbo, mawu).

M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages (zaka za 9th-13th), polyphony yatsopano (poyerekeza ndi yakale) idawuka ndikukula, yomwe idakhudza kwambiri dongosolo la modal ndi magulu ake, ndikukonza mbiri yakale. mtundu wosiyana kwambiri. L. (L. monga polyphonic dongosolo).

Dongosolo la Renaissance, pomwe likusunga zambiri kuchokera ku Middle Ages, limasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhudzika kwamagazi komwe kwachitika mwatsopano, kutentha kwa umunthu, komanso kutukuka kwachindunji. makhalidwe a L. (makamaka khalidwe: polyphony wobiriwira, mawu oyambira, kulamulira kwa atatu).

Mu nthawi ya otchedwa. nthawi yatsopano (zaka 17-19), dongosolo laling'ono laling'ono, lomwe linayambira ku Renaissance, limafikira kulamulira. Aesthetically, olemera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi onse oyambirira (ngakhale kuchepetsa ndi osachepera chiwerengero cha phonics) yaikulu-zing'ono dongosolo ndi mtundu wosiyana wa lyric, kumene polyphony, chord si mawonekedwe a ulaliki, koma chigawo chofunikira cha li. . mfundo ya dongosolo lalikulu laling'ono, monga L., ndikusintha kosiyana mu "micro-modes," kapena chords. Kwenikweni, "harmonic tonality" kumakhala kusinthidwa kwapadera kwa gulu L., "Single mode" (Asafiev) yokhala ndi mitundu iwiri (yaikulu ndi yaying'ono).

Mogwirizana ndi kukula kwa harmonisk tonality m'zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20. pali chitsitsimutso ngati wodziyimira pawokha. gulu ndi L. melodic. mtundu. Kuchokera pakukula ndi kusintha kachitidwe kakang'ono kakang'ono ka tonal, diatonic yapadera L. (yomwe inafotokozedwa kale ndi Mozart ndi Beethoven, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 ndi okondana ndi olemba masukulu atsopano a dziko - F. Chopin, E. Grieg, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, AK Lyadov, IF Stravinsky ndi ena), komanso anhemitone pentatonic scale (mwa F. Liszt, R. Wagner, Grieg, AP Borodin, mu ntchito zoyambirira za Stravinsky, etc.). Kuwonjezeka kwa chromatization kwa L. kumalimbikitsa kukula kwa symmetrical L., muyeso womwe umagawaniza ma semitone 12 a octave m'magawo a kukula kwake; izi zimapereka machitidwe onse a tonic, ofanana-thermal ndi tritone (mu Chopin, Liszt, Wagner, K. Debussy, O. Messiaen, MI Glinka, AS Dargomyzhsky, PI Tchaikovsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, AN Scriabin, Stravinsky, AN Cherepnin ndi ena. ).

Mu nyimbo za ku Ulaya za m'zaka za zana la 20 mitundu yonse ya L. ndi machitidwe amalumikizana ndi kusakanizana mpaka ku microchromatic (A. Haba), kugwiritsa ntchito osakhala a ku Ulaya. machitidwe (Messian, J. Cage).

X. Mbiri ya ziphunzitso za mode. Lingaliro la L., lomwe likuwonetsa mbiri yawo, ndilo phunziro lakale kwambiri la kafukufuku mu nyimbo. sayansi. Mavuto a L. amalowa m’chiphunzitso cha kumvana ndipo mbali ina amagwirizana ndi vuto la kugwirizana. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira za vuto la L. poyamba inachitika monga phunziro la vuto la mgwirizano (armonia, harmonie). Kufotokozera koyamba kwasayansi L. (mgwirizano) ku Europe. musicology ndi ya sukulu ya Pythagorean (zaka 6-4 BC). BC). Kufotokozera mgwirizano ndi L. kutengera chiphunzitso cha chiwerengero, a Pythagoreans adatsindika kufunikira kwa maubwenzi omveka bwino (mkati mwa zomwe zimatchedwa. tetrad) monga chinthu chowongolera mapangidwe a ayezi (chiwonetsero cha chiphunzitso cha L. zochitika za tetrachords ndi mawu "okhazikika" a consonance yachinayi). Sayansi ya Pythagorean idatanthauziridwa ndi L. ndi nyimbo. Chiyanjano monga chiwonetsero cha mgwirizano wapadziko lonse lapansi, popanda chomwe dziko lapansi likadasweka (ie kwenikweni anayang'ana L. monga chitsanzo cha dziko - microcosm). Kuchokera apa zidachitika pambuyo pake (ku Boethius, Kepler) zakuthambo. идеи nyimbo zakudziko ndi nyimbo za anthu. Cosmos palokha (malinga ndi Pythagoras ndi Plato) adasinthidwa mwanjira inayake (zolengedwa zakuthambo zimafaniziridwa ndi matani achi Greek. Dorian mode: e1-d1-c1-hagfe). Sayansi yachi Greek (Pythagoreans, Aristoxen, Euclid, Bacchius, Cleonides, etc.) inapanga ndi kupanga nyimbo. chiphunzitso L. ndi modes enieni. Anapanga mfundo zofunika kwambiri za L. - tetrachord, mzere wa octave (armonia), maziko (nstotes), chapakati (pakati) kamvekedwe (mesn), dynamis (dunamis), ecmelika (chigawo chapakati chokhala ndi maubwenzi ovuta, komanso mawu opanda phokoso), etc. M’chenicheni, chiphunzitso chonse cha Agiriki cha chigwirizano chinali chiphunzitso cha L. ndipo amadandaula ngati zomanga za monophonic zapamwamba. Nyimbo. sayansi ya m'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages inakonzanso zakale zatsopano. (Pythagorean, Platonic, Neoplatonic) malingaliro okhudzana ndi mgwirizano ndi L. monga magulu okongoletsa. Kutanthauzira kwatsopano kumalumikizidwa ndi zaumulungu zachikhristu. kutanthauzira kwa kugwirizana kwa chilengedwe. Middle Ages inapanga chiphunzitso chatsopano cha frets. Kuwonekera koyamba m'mabuku a Alcuin, Aurelian waku Reome ndi Regino waku Prüm, adalembedwa molondola m'mawu oimba ndi wolemba wosadziwika wa buku loti "Alia musica" (c. Zaka za zana la 9). Kuchokera ku Greek chiphunzitso cha dzina L. (Dorian, Phrygian, etc.), Middle-century. sayansi inati iwo anachokera ku masikelo ena (mawonekedwe opezeka paliponse; komabe, lingaliro losiyana linafotokozedwanso; onani. ntchito ya M. Dabo-Peranycha, 1959). Ndi kapangidwe ka Middle Ages. L. chiyambi cha mawu akuti "finalis", "repercussion" (tenor, tuba; kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 17 mpaka "wolamulira"), "ambitus", omwe adasungabe kufunikira kwawo kwa L. Mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha octaves L. kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 11 (kuchokera ku Guido d'Arezzo) adapanga zothandiza. kachitidwe ka Solmization kutengera hexachord yayikulu ngati gawo lokhazikika mu modal system (onani. Solmization, Hexachord). Mchitidwe wa solmization (unalipo mpaka 18th c. ndipo anasiya chizindikiro chodziwika bwino mu terminology ya chiphunzitso cha L.) adakonza magulu ena a mbiri yakale kutsatira njira za Middle Ages ndi Renaissance of the major-minong modal system. M'nkhani ya Glarean "Dodecachord" (1547), awiri a L. - Ionian ndi Aeolian (ndi mitundu yawo ya plagal). Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 17 molamulidwa ndi L. dongosolo lalikulu laling'ono la tonal-functional. Kufotokozera koyamba kosunthika kwamapangidwe a zazikulu ndi zazing'ono monga zotere (mosiyana ndi zina zotsutsana ndi omwe adatsogolera - mpingo wa Ionian ndi Aeolian. tones) amaperekedwa m'mabuku a J. F. Rameau, makamaka mu "Treatise on Harmony" (1722). Watsopano L. Europa.

hcdefga imamveka ma toni akuluakulu a GCCFCF. | | - | | – |

Mode (mode) ndi lamulo la kutsatizana kwa phokoso, ndi dongosolo la ndondomeko yawo.

Monga gawo la chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano 18-19 zaka. Lingaliro la tonality linapangidwa ngati chiphunzitso cha tonality ndi malingaliro ndi mawu omwe ali nawo (mawu oti "tonality" adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ndi FAJ Castile-Blaz mu 1821).

Machitidwe atsopano a modal (onse omwe si a diatonic ndi a diatonic) ku Western Europe. ziphunzitso zinawonetsedwa mu ntchito za F. Busoni ("mamba 113 osiyana", microchromatics), A. Schoenberg, J. Setaccioli, O. Messiaen, E. Lendvai, J. Vincent, A. Danielu, A. Khaba ndi ena.

Chiphunzitso chatsatanetsatane cha L. opangidwa mu kafukufuku Nar. nyimbo V. F. Odoevsky A. N. Serova, P. AP Sokalsky A. C. Famitsina, A. D. Kastalsky, B. M. Belyaeva X. C. Kushnareva, K. AT. Matikiti, etc. Ku Russia, imodzi mwa ntchito zoyamba zomwe zidafotokoza zochitika za L. anali "Musician Ideagrammar ..." wolemba N. AP Diletsky (2 theka. Zaka za zana la 17). Wolembayo akutsimikizira magawo atatu a nyimbo ("malinga ndi matanthauzo"): "kukondwera" (kufanana koonekeratu ndi kutchulidwa kwakukulu koyambitsidwa ndi Zarlino - harmonie "allegra"), "zomvetsa chisoni" (zimagwirizana ndi zazing'ono; ku Tsarlino - "mesta"; mu chitsanzo cha nyimbo, Diletsky harmonic wamng'ono) ndi "osakaniza" (kumene mitundu yonse iwiri imasintha). Maziko a "nyimbo zokondwa" ndi "tone ut-mi-sol", "chisoni" - "tone re-fa-la". Mu 1 kugonana. 19 mkati. M. D. Frisky (yemwe, malinga ndi Odoevsky, "anakhazikitsa kwa nthawi yoyamba chinenero chathu chaluso chanyimbo") chotetezedwa kumayiko a makolo. ice terminology palokha mawu akuti "L". Kukula kwa dongosolo modal mogwirizana ndi Russian. tchalitchi. nyimbo m'zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20. anali kuchita D. AT. Razumovsky, I. NDI. Voznesensky, V. M. Metalov, M. AT. Brazhnikov, N. D. Uspensky. Razumovsky adakhazikitsa machitidwe osintha mbiri a L. tchalitchi. nyimbo, anayamba chiphunzitso cha Chirasha. mgwirizano wokhudzana ndi magulu a mawu akuti "region", "dominant" ndi "final" (analogue of zap. «ambitus», «reperkusse» ndi «finalis»). Metallov anagogomezera kufunikira kwa kuchuluka kwa nyimbo zomwe zimayimbidwa ndi mawu. N. A. Lvov (1790) adafotokoza za ulemu wapadera aka L. kuchokera ku European system. Odoevsky (1863, 1869) adaphunzira za mawonekedwe a fret mu Russian. Nyimbo za Nar (ndi mpingo) ndi katundu zomwe zimasiyanitsa ndi pulogalamuyi. melodics (kupewa kudumpha kwina, kusowa kwa mphamvu yokoka ya mawu oyambira, diatonicism yolimba), amalangizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mawu oti "kukongola" (diatonic. heptachord) m'malo mwa "mawu" akumadzulo. Kuti mugwirizane mu mzimu wa Chirasha. Frets Odoevsky adawona kuti ndi oyenera katatu koyera, opanda nyimbo zisanu ndi ziwiri. Kusiyanasiyana kwa kapangidwe ka matabwa. ntchito ndi "ugly tempered scale" fp. adamutsogolera ku lingaliro la "kukonza piyano yosasinthika" (chida cha Odoevsky chinasungidwa). Serov, akuphunzira mbali ya modal ya Rus. Nyimbo za Nar “zotsutsana ndi nyimbo za Kumadzulo kwa Ulaya” (1869-71), zinatsutsa “tsankho” la Kumadzulo. Asayansi amangowona nyimbo zonse “kutengera makiyi awiri (ie modes) - zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Anazindikira kufanana kwa mitundu iwiri ya "gulu" (mapangidwe) a sikelo - octave ndi chachinayi (mokhudzana ndi chiphunzitso cha Chigriki. L.). Rus. ubwino wa L. iye (monga Odoevsky) ankaona kuti diatonicism yokhwima - mosiyana ndi zap. zazikulu ndi zazing'ono (ndi mawu ake omveka), kusowa kusinthasintha ("nyimbo ya ku Russia sadziwa zazikulu kapena zazing'ono, ndipo sizisintha"). Mapangidwe a L. iye anamasulira monga zogwirira (“magulu”) a tetrachords; m’malo mwa kusinthasintha, anakhulupirira “kutaya ma tetrachords kwaulere.” Mukugwirizanitsa nyimbo pofuna kuyang'ana Russian. khalidwe, iye anakana kugwiritsa ntchito tonic, lalikulu ndi subdominant chords (ie I, V ndi IV masitepe), kuvomereza mbali ("zing'ono") katatu (masitepe akuluakulu - II, III, VI). Famintsyn (1889) adaphunzira zotsalira za zigawo zakale kwambiri (zachikunja) mu Nar. nyimbo ndi mapangidwe amitundu (momwe mukuyembekezera mu izi malingaliro ena a B. Bartoka and Z. Kodi). Iye anaika patsogolo chiphunzitso cha "zigawo" zitatu mu mbiri yotukuka dongosolo la fret mapangidwe - "yakale" - pentatonic, "yatsopano" - 7-step diatonic, ndi "zatsopano" - zazikulu ndi zazing'ono. Kastalsky (1923) anasonyeza "chiyambi ndi kudziyimira pawokha kwa dongosolo la Russia. Nar polyphony kuchokera ku malamulo ndi ziphunzitso za ku Ulaya. Machitidwe.

BL Yavorskii anapereka chitukuko chapadera cha sayansi cha lingaliro ndi chiphunzitso cha mzere. Kuyenerera kwake kunali kusankhidwa kwa gulu L. ngati lodziimira payekha. Muse. ntchito, malinga ndi Yavorsky, sichinthu choposa kuwonekera kwa nyimbo mu nthawi (dzina la lingaliro la Yavorsky ndi "Chiphunzitso cha Modal Rhythm"; onani Modal Rhythm). Mosiyana ndi miyambo yapawiri ya ku Ulaya Mu dongosolo laling'ono laling'ono, Yavorsky anatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa L. (kuwonjezeka, unyolo, kusintha, kuchepa, kuwirikiza kawiri, kuwirikiza kawiri, kuwirikiza kawiri, X-modes, etc.). Kuchokera ku chiphunzitso cha modal rhythm kumabwera mwambo wa Chirasha. musicology sayenera kunena kuti machitidwe oyimba omwe adutsa zazikulu ndi zazing'ono ku mtundu wina wa "atonalism" wosakonzekera, koma afotokoze ngati njira zapadera. Yavorsky anagawa mfundo za mzere ndi tonality (gulu linalake lapamwamba kwambiri ndi malo ake pamtunda wina wapamwamba). BV Asafiev adalongosola malingaliro ozama okhudza L. m'zolemba zake. Kulumikiza kapangidwe ka L. ndi mawu. chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, kwenikweni adalenga maziko a lingaliro loyambirira ndi lobala zipatso za L. (onaninso zigawo zoyambirira za nkhaniyi).

Asafiev adayambitsanso zovuta zoyambitsa ma tonali ku Europe. L., chisinthiko chake; zamtengo wapatali m'lingaliro. pokhudzana ndi kufotokozera kwake za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Glinka's Ruslan ndi Lyudmila, kutanthauzira kwa Asafiev pa 12-step L., kumvetsetsa kwa L. monga zovuta za tonations. Njira. chothandizira pakuphunzira za mavuto a L. chinapangidwa ndi ntchito ya akadzidzi ena. Theoreticians - Belyaev (lingaliro la 12-step rhythm, systematization of the modes of East music), Yu. masekondi; chiphunzitso cha modal variable function, etc.),

AS Ogolevets (kudziyimira pawokha - "diatonicity" - 12 phokoso la tonal system; semantics of steps; theory of modal genesis), IV Sposobina (kuphunzira za mawonekedwe a machitidwe a modal tonal, mgwirizano mwadongosolo wa modes kuwonjezera pa zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, Kutanthauzira kwa rhythm ndi mita ngati zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ayezi apangidwe), VO Berkova (kachitidwe kazinthu zingapo za mapangidwe a ayezi). Vuto la L. odzipereka. ntchito (ndi magawo a ntchito) ndi AN Dolzhansky, MM Skorik, SM Slonimsky, ME Tarakanov, HF Tiftikidi ndi ena.

Zothandizira: Odoevsky V. F., kalata yopita kwa V. F. Odoevsky kwa wofalitsa za nyimbo zoyambirira za ku Russia, mu Sat: Kuwoloka Kaliki. Loweruka. ndakatulo ndi kafukufuku wa P. Bessonova, h. 2, ayi. 5, Moscow, 1863; yake, nyimbo ya Mirskaya, yolembedwa m'mawu asanu ndi atatu okhala ndi zokowera zokhala ndi zizindikiro za cinnabar, m'gulu: Proceedings of the first archaeological congress in Moscow, 1869, vol. 2, M., 1871; ake, ("wamba waku Russia"). Fragment, 1860s, m’buku: B. F. Odoevsky. Cholowa chanyimbo ndi zolemba, M., 1956 (zikuphatikizanso zolemba zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa); Razumovsky D. V., Kuyimba kwa Tchalitchi ku Russia, vol. 1-3, M., 1867-69; Serov A. N., nyimbo ya anthu aku Russia monga phunziro la sayansi, "Musical Season", 1869-71, yemweyo, Izbr. zolemba, etc. 1, M., 1950; Sokalsky P. P., nyimbo zachi Russia…, Har., 1888; Famintsyn A. S., Gamma Yakale ya Indochinese ku Asia ndi Europe…, St. Petersburg, 1889; Metalov V. M., Osmogalasi znamenny chant, M., 1899; Yavorsky B. L., Kapangidwe ka mawu oimba. Zipangizo ndi zolemba, ayi. 1-3, M., 1908; Kastalsky A. D., Zochitika za dongosolo la nyimbo la anthu a ku Russia, M.-P., 1923, M., 1961; Rimsky-Korsakov G. M., Kulungamitsidwa kwa dongosolo la nyimbo la quarter-tone, m'buku: De Musica, vol. 1, L., 1925; Nikolsky A., Phokoso la nyimbo za anthu, m'buku: Kutoleredwa kwa ntchito za gawo la ethnographic la HYMN, vol. 1, M., 1926; Asafiev B. V., Mtundu wanyimbo ngati njira, buku. 1-2, M., 1930-47, L., 1971; wake, Mawu Oyamba. ku Russian pa. buku: Kurt E., Fundamentals of linear counterpoint, M., 1931; ake, Glinka, M., 1947, M., 1950; Mazel L. A., Ryzhkin I. Ya., Essays on the history of theoretical musicology, vol. 1-2, M.-L., 1934-39; Tyulin Yu. N., Chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano, vol. 1, L., 1937, M., 1966; zake, Njira Zachilengedwe ndi Zosintha, M., 1971; Gruber R. I., History of Musical Culture, vol. 1, ndi. 1, M., 1941; Ogolevets A. S., Mawu Oyamba a kaganizidwe kamakono ka nyimbo, M.-L., 1946; Dolzhansky A. N., Pamaziko a nyimbo za Shostakovich, "SM", 1947, No4; Kushnarev X. S., Mafunso a mbiri yakale ndi chiphunzitso cha nyimbo za Armenian monodic, L., 1958; Belyaev V. M., Ndemanga, m'buku: Jami Abdurakhman, Treatise on Music, trans. kuchokera ku Perisiya, ed. ndi ndemanga. AT. M. Belyaeva, Tash., 1960; wake, Essays pa mbiri ya nyimbo za anthu a USSR, vol. 1-2, Moscow, 1962-63; Berkov V. O., Harmony, h. 1-3, M., 1962-1966, M., 1970; Slonimsky S. M., Prokofiev's Symphonies, M.-L., 1964; Kholopov Yu. N., Pafupifupi machitidwe atatu akunja ogwirizana, mu: Music and Modernity, vol. 4, M., 1966; Tiftikidi H. F., Chromatic system, mu: Musicology, vol. 3, A.-A., 1967; Skoryk M. M., Ladovaya System S. Prokofieva, K., 1969; Sposobin I. V., Nkhani za Mgwirizano, M., 1969; Alekseev E., Pa chikhalidwe champhamvu cha mode, "SM", 1969, No 11; Mavuto a nkhawa, Sat. Art., M., 1972; Tarakanov M. E., Nyimbo zatsopano mu nyimbo zazaka za zana la XNUMX, mu: Mavuto a Musical Science, vol. 1, M., 1972; Tikiti K. V., Esq. ntchito, ie 1-2, M., 1971-73; Harlap M. G., Folk-Russian nyimbo zoimbira ndi vuto: chiyambi cha nyimbo, m'magulu: Mitundu Yoyambirira ya zojambulajambula, M., 1972; Silenok L., woimba nyimbo wa ku Russia M. D. Rezvoy, "Soviet woimba", 1974, April 30; cm.

Yu. N. Kholopov