Charles Gounod |

Charles Gounod

Gounod. Faust. “Le veau dor” (F. Chaliapin)

Luso ndi mtima wokhoza kuganiza. Sh. Gono

C. Gounod, wolemba nyimbo yotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya Faust, ali m'malo amodzi olemekezeka pakati pa olemba azaka za zana la XNUMX. Analowa m'mbiri ya nyimbo monga mmodzi wa oyambitsa njira yatsopano ya mtundu wa opera, womwe pambuyo pake unatchedwa "lyric opera". Mu mtundu uliwonse wa nyimbo zomwe wolembayo ankagwira, nthawi zonse ankakonda kukula kwa nyimbo. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti nyimbo ndi mawu abwino kwambiri a maganizo a anthu. Chikoka cha Gounod chinakhudza ntchito ya olemba J. Bizet ndi J. Massenet.

Mu nyimbo, Gounod nthawi zonse amagonjetsa mawu; mu opera, woyimba amachita ngati katswiri wa zithunzi zoimbira komanso wojambula tcheru, akuwonetsa zowona za zochitika pamoyo. M'njira yake yowonetsera, kuwona mtima ndi kuphweka nthawi zonse zimakhala pamodzi ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri lolemba. Zinali chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa omwe P. Tchaikovsky adayamikira nyimbo za woimba nyimbo wa ku France, yemwe adachititsanso opera Faust ku Pryanishnikov Theatre mu 1892. Malingana ndi iye, Gounod ndi "m'modzi mwa anthu ochepa omwe m'nthawi yathu ino amalemba osati kuchokera ku ziphunzitso zakale. , koma kuchokera ku kulowetsedwa kwa malingaliro.”

Gounod amadziwika bwino kuti ndi wopeka opera, ali ndi ma opera 12, kuwonjezera apo adapanga nyimbo zakwaya (oratorios, misa, cantatas), 2 symphonies, zida zoimbira, zidutswa za piyano, zokonda zopitilira 140 ndi nyimbo, duets, nyimbo zamasewera. .

Gounod anabadwira m'banja la ojambula. Kale ali mwana, luso lake lojambula ndi nyimbo linawonekera. Pambuyo pa imfa ya abambo ake, amayi ake adasamalira maphunziro a mwana wake (kuphatikizapo nyimbo). Gounod adaphunzira chiphunzitso cha nyimbo ndi A. Reicha. Chiwonetsero choyamba cha nyumba ya opera, yomwe inali ndi opera ya G. Rossini Otello, inatsimikiza kusankha ntchito yamtsogolo. Komabe, mayiyo, ataphunzira za chisankho cha mwana wake ndi kuzindikira zovuta mu njira ya wojambula, anayesa kukana.

Mtsogoleri wa lyceum kumene Gounod anaphunzira analonjeza kuti adzamuthandiza kuchenjeza mwana wake za sitepe yosasamala imeneyi. Pa nthawi yopuma, anaitana Gounod n’kumupatsa kapepala ka mawu achilatini. Anali mawu achikondi ochokera ku opera ya E. Megul. Inde, Gounod sankadziwa ntchitoyi. "Ndi kusintha kotsatira, chikondi chinalembedwa ..." woimbayo anakumbukira. “Ndinali ndisanaimbe pang’ono theka la chigawo choyamba pamene nkhope ya woweruza wanga inawala. Nditamaliza, wotsogolera anati: “Chabwino, tiyeni tipite ku piyano.” Ndinapambana! Tsopano ndikhala wokonzeka mokwanira. Ndinasiyanso nyimbo yanga, ndipo ndinagonjetsa Bambo Poirson, misozi, ndikugwira mutu wanga, nandipsompsona ndi kunena kuti: “Mwana wanga, khala woimba!” Aphunzitsi a Gounod ku Paris Conservatory anali oimba otchuka F. Halévy, J. Lesueur ndi F .Paer. Pambuyo pa kuyesa kwachitatu mu 1839 pamene Gounod anakhala mwiniwake wa Mphotho Yaikulu Yachiroma ya cantata Fernand.

Nthawi yoyambirira ya kulenga imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zauzimu. Mu 1843-48. Gounod anali woimba komanso wotsogolera kwaya ya Church of Foreign Missions ku Paris. Ankafuna kuti atenge malamulo opatulika, koma kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 40. pambuyo kukayikira kwa nthawi yayitali akubwerera ku luso. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mtundu wa opera wakhala mtundu wotsogola pantchito ya Gounod.

Opera yoyamba Sappho (yopanda E. Ogier) inachitikira ku Paris ku Grand Opera pa August 16, 1851. Gawo lalikulu linalembedwa makamaka kwa Pauline Viardot. Komabe, operayi sinakhalebe m'masewero a zisudzo ndipo idachotsedwa pambuyo pa seweroli. G. Berlioz anapereka ndemanga yomvetsa chisoni ya ntchito imeneyi m’nyuzipepala.

M'zaka zotsatira, Gounod analemba zisudzo The Bloody Nun (1854), The Reluctant Doctor (1858), Faust (1859). Mu "Faust" yolembedwa ndi IV Goethe, chidwi cha Gounod chidakopeka ndi chiwembu cha gawo loyamba la sewerolo.

M'kope loyamba, opera, yomwe inakonzedwa kuti iwonetsedwe ku Theatre Lyrique ku Paris, inali ndi zobwerezabwereza komanso zokambirana. Sizinafike mpaka 1869 pomwe adakhazikitsidwa kuti aziimba nyimbo ku Grand Opera, ndipo ballet Walpurgis Night idayikidwanso. Ngakhale kupambana kwakukulu kwa zisudzo m'zaka zotsatira, otsutsa mobwerezabwereza amanyoza wolembayo chifukwa chochepetsera kukula kwa gwero la zolemba ndi ndakatulo, poyang'ana nkhani ya moyo wa Faust ndi Margarita.

Pambuyo pa Faust, Philemon ndi Baucis (1860) adawonekera, chiwembu chomwe chinabwerezedwa kuchokera ku Metamorphoses ya Ovid; “Mfumukazi ya ku Sheba” (1862) yozikidwa pa nthano yachiarabu yolembedwa ndi J. de Nerval; Mireil (1864) ndi sewero lanthabwala la Nkhunda (1860), lomwe silinabweretse kupambana kwa wolemba. Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, Gounod ankakayikira za chilengedwe chake.

Pachimake chachiwiri cha ntchito ya Gounod inali opera Romeo ndi Juliet (1867) (yochokera pa W. Shakespeare). Woipekayo anaigwiritsa ntchito mosangalala kwambiri. “Ndizipenya zonse ziwiri pamaso panga; koma ndaona bwino? Ndizoona okonda onse awiri ndinawamva bwino? wolembayo analembera mkazi wake. Romeo ndi Juliet anachitidwa mu 1867 m'chaka cha World Exhibition ku Paris pa siteji ya Theatre Lyrique. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu Russia (mu Moscow) anachita zaka 3 kenako amisiri a gulu Italy, mbali Juliet anaimba ndi Desiree Artaud.

Zisudzo za The Fifth of March, Polievkt, ndi Zamora's Tribute (1881) zomwe zinalembedwa pambuyo pa Romeo ndi Juliet sizinapambane kwenikweni. Zaka zomalizira za moyo wa wolemba nyimboyo zinadziwikanso ndi malingaliro a atsogoleri achipembedzo. Iye anatembenukira kwa Mitundu ya nyimbo kwaya - iye analenga chinsalu chachikulu "Chitetezero" (1882) ndi oratorio "Imfa ndi Moyo" (1886), zikuchokera amene, monga gawo lofunika, m'gulu Requiem.

Mu cholowa cha Gounod pali ntchito ziwiri zomwe, titero, timakulitsa kumvetsetsa kwathu kwa talente ya wolembayo ndikuchitira umboni luso lake lolemba bwino. Mmodzi wa iwo waperekedwa kwa WA Mozart opera "Don Giovanni", winayo ndi memoir "Memoirs of the Artist", pomwe mbali zatsopano za Gounod ndi umunthu wake zidawululidwa.

L. Kozhevnikova

Nthawi yayikulu ya nyimbo zaku France imalumikizidwa ndi dzina la Gounod. Popanda kusiya ophunzira achindunji - Gounod sanachite nawo maphunziro aukadaulo - adakhudza kwambiri achichepere anthawi yake. Zinakhudza, choyamba, chitukuko cha zisudzo zanyimbo.

Pofika zaka za m'ma 50s, pamene "sewero lalikulu" lidalowa m'nthawi yamavuto ndikuyamba kukhala ndi moyo wokha, machitidwe atsopano adawonekera m'bwalo lamasewera. Chithunzi chachikondi cha kukokomeza, kukokomeza kumverera kwa umunthu wapadera kunasinthidwa ndi chidwi pa moyo wa munthu wamba, wamba, m'moyo wozungulira iye, mu gawo la malingaliro apamtima. M'munda wa chinenero choyimba, izi zinadziwika ndi kufunafuna kuphweka kwa moyo, kuwona mtima, kutentha kwa mawu, nyimbo. Chifukwa chake, kukopa kwakukulu kuposa kale kumitundu ya demokalase ya nyimbo, zachikondi, zovina, kuguba, kumayendedwe amakono a mawu amasiku onse. Chomwecho chinali chikoka cha kulimba kwa zizolowezi zenizeni muzojambula zamasiku ano zaku France.

Kusaka kwa mfundo zatsopano za sewero lanyimbo ndi njira zatsopano zofotokozera zidalongosoledwa m'nyimbo zanyimbo zoseketsa za Boildieu, Herold ndi Halévy. Koma machitidwewa adawonekera kwathunthu kumapeto kwa 50s ndi 60s. Pano pali mndandanda wa ntchito zodziwika kwambiri zomwe zinapangidwa zaka za m'ma 70 zisanafike, zomwe zingakhale zitsanzo za mtundu watsopano wa "nyimbo za opera" (masiku oyambirira a ntchitozi akuwonetsedwa):

1859 - "Faust" ndi Gounod, 1863 - "Pearl Seekers" Bizet, 1864 - "Mireille" Gounod, 1866 - "Minion" Thomas, 1867 - "Romeo ndi Juliet" Gounod, 1867 - "Kukongola kwa Perth" Bizet 1868, XNUMX - "Hamlet" ndi Tom.

Ndi kusungitsa kwina, zisudzo zomaliza za Meyerbeer Dinora (1859) ndi The African Woman (1865) zitha kuphatikizidwa mumtundu uwu.

Ngakhale pali kusiyana, ma opera omwe atchulidwa ali ndi zinthu zingapo zofanana. Pakatikati pake pali chithunzi cha sewero laumwini. Kufotokozera za kumverera kwanyimbo kumapatsidwa chisamaliro choyamba; pofuna kufalitsa, olemba amatembenukira kuzinthu zachikondi. Mawonekedwe a momwe zinthu zilili zenizeni ndizofunikanso kwambiri, chifukwa chake gawo la njira zamtundu wamtunduwu limakula.

Koma pakufunika kofunikira pakupambana kwatsopanoku, nyimbo zanyimbo, monga mtundu wina wa zisudzo zaku France zazaka za zana la XNUMX, zinalibe kufalikira kwa malingaliro ake komanso zaluso. Zomwe zili mufilosofi m'mabuku a Goethe kapena masoka a Shakespeare "zinachepetsedwa" pa siteji ya zisudzo, kupeza maonekedwe osasamala tsiku ndi tsiku - zolemba zakale sizinali ndi lingaliro lalikulu lodziwika bwino, kukhwima kwa kufotokoza kwa mikangano ya moyo, ndi kufalikira kwenikweni zilakolako. Kwa zisudzo zanyimbo, makamaka, zinkasonyeza njira zenizeni m'malo mofotokoza zamagazi ake. Komabe, kupambana kwawo mosakayikira kunali demokalase ya chinenero cha nyimbo.

Gounod anali woyamba mwa anthu a m'nthawi yake amene adatha kugwirizanitsa makhalidwe abwino awa a lyric opera. Ichi ndicho tanthauzo losatha la mbiri ya ntchito yake. Kugwira mozama nyumba yosungiramo katundu ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo za moyo wa m'tawuni - sizinali zomveka kuti kwa zaka zisanu ndi zitatu (1852-1860) adatsogolera Parisian "Orpheonists", - Gounod adapeza njira zatsopano zowonetsera nyimbo ndi zozizwitsa zomwe zinakwaniritsa zofunikira za nthawi. Anapeza mu nyimbo zachi French opera ndi zachikondi mwayi wolemera kwambiri wa mawu oti "ochezeka", achindunji komanso mopupuluma, odzazidwa ndi malingaliro ademokalase. Tchaikovsky ananena molondola kuti Gounod ndi “m’modzi mwa olemba ochepa amene m’nthaŵi yathu ino amalemba osati kuchokera ku nthanthi zomwe anali kuzilingalira kale, koma kuchokera ku kuloŵetsedwa kwa malingaliro.” M'zaka zomwe talente yake yayikulu idakula, ndiye kuti, kuyambira theka lachiwiri la 50s ndi 60s, abale a Goncourt adatenga malo odziwika bwino m'mabuku, omwe adadziona ngati omwe adayambitsa sukulu yatsopano yaukadaulo - adayitcha " sukulu ya manjenje sensitivity. " Gounod akhoza kuphatikizidwamo.

Komabe, “nzeru” si gwero la mphamvu zokha, komanso kufooka kwa Gounod. Pochita mantha ndi zochitika za moyo, iye anagonjera mosavuta ku zikoka zosiyanasiyana zamaganizo, anali wosakhazikika monga munthu ndi wojambula. Chikhalidwe chake chili ndi zotsutsana: mwina modzichepetsa adaweramitsa mutu wake pamaso pa chipembedzo, ndipo mu 1847-1848 adafunanso kukhala abbot, kapena adadzipereka kwathunthu ku zilakolako zapadziko lapansi. Mu 1857, Gounod anali pafupi ndi matenda aakulu a maganizo, koma m'zaka za m'ma 60 anagwira ntchito kwambiri, mopindulitsa. M’zaka makumi aŵiri zotsatira, akugweranso pansi pa chisonkhezero champhamvu cha malingaliro a atsogoleri achipembedzo, iye analephera kukhala mogwirizana ndi miyambo yopita patsogolo.

Gounod ndi wosakhazikika m'malo ake opanga - izi zikufotokozera kusagwirizana kwa ntchito zake zaluso. Koposa zonse, poyamikira kukongola ndi kusinthasintha kwa mawu, adalenga nyimbo zachisangalalo, zosonyeza kusintha kwa maganizo, zodzaza ndi chisomo ndi chithumwa. Koma nthawi zambiri mphamvu zenizeni ndi kukwanira kwa kufotokoza powonetsa zotsutsana za moyo, ndiko kuti, zomwe ziri nyenyezi Bizet, osakwanira talente Gounod. Makhalidwe okhudza kutengeka mtima nthawi zina ankalowa mu nyimbo za nyimbo zomaliza, ndipo kumveka kosangalatsa kunalowa m'malo mwa kuya kwa nyimbozo.

Komabe, atapeza magwero olimbikitsa anyimbo omwe sanafufuzidwepo kale mu nyimbo zaku France, Gounod adachita zambiri pazaluso zaku Russia, ndipo opera yake Faust pakutchuka kwake adatha kupikisana ndi omwe adapanga zisudzo zapamwamba kwambiri zaku France zazaka za zana la XNUMX - Carmen wa Bizet. Kale ndi ntchito imeneyi, Gounod analemba dzina lake m'mbiri osati French, komanso chikhalidwe nyimbo dziko.

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Wolemba ma opera khumi ndi awiri, opitilira zana, nyimbo zambiri zauzimu zomwe adayamba ndikumaliza ntchito yake, zida zingapo (kuphatikiza ma symphonies atatu, omaliza a zida zamphepo), Charles Gounod adabadwa pa June 17. , 1818. Bambo ake anali wojambula, amayi ake anali woimba kwambiri. Moyo wa banja, zokonda zake zazikulu zaluso zidabweretsa zokonda zaluso za Gounod. Anapeza njira yosinthira zinthu kuchokera kwa aphunzitsi angapo omwe anali ndi zokhumba zosiyanasiyana (Antonin Reicha, Jean-Francois Lesueur, Fromental Halévy). Monga wopambana wa Paris Conservatoire (anakhala wophunzira ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri), Gounod anakhala 1839-1842 ku Italy, ndiye - mwachidule - ku Vienna ndi Germany. Zithunzi zochititsa chidwi zochokera ku Italy zinali zamphamvu, koma Gounod anakhumudwa ndi nyimbo za ku Italy zamakono. Koma adagwa pansi pa Schumann ndi Mendelssohn, omwe chikoka chawo sichinapite popanda kufufuza kwa iye.

Kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 50s, Gounod wakhala akugwira ntchito mu moyo wanyimbo wa Paris. Opera yake yoyamba, Sappho, inayamba mu 1851; kutsatiridwa ndi sewero la The Bloodied Nun mu 1854. Ntchito zonse ziwiri, zomwe zinachitikira ku Grand Opera, zimadziŵika ndi kusagwirizana, melodrama, ngakhale kalembedwe kameneka. Iwo sanali opambana. Kutentha kwambiri kunali "Dokotala mwadala" (malinga ndi Molière), yomwe idawonetsedwa mu 1858 ku "Lyric Theatre": chiwembu choseketsa, mawonekedwe enieni a zochitikazo, kusangalatsa kwa otchulidwawo kunadzutsa mbali zatsopano za talente ya Gounod. Iwo anawonekera ndi mphamvu zonse mu ntchito yotsatira. Anali a Faust, omwe anaseweredwa m’bwalo la zisudzo lomwelo mu 1859. Zinatenga nthawi kuti omvera ayambe kukonda zisudzozo komanso kuzindikira kuti zidapangidwanso. Zaka khumi zokha pambuyo pake adalowa mu Grand Orera, ndipo zokambirana zoyambirira zidasinthidwa ndi zobwerezabwereza komanso zochitika za ballet zidawonjezeredwa. Mu 1887, ntchito mazana asanu Faust unachitikira pano, ndipo mu 1894 anachita chikondwerero cha chikwi (mu 1932 - zikwi ziwiri). (Kupanga koyamba kwa Faust ku Russia kunachitika mu 1869.)

Pambuyo pa ntchito yolembedwa mwaluso imeneyi, koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 60, Gounod adapanga zisudzo ziwiri zoseketsa, komanso The Queen of Sheba, zomwe zidakhazikika mu mzimu wa sewero la Scribe-Meyerbeer. Kutembenukira mu 1863 ku ndakatulo ya Provencal ndakatulo Frédéric Mistral "Mireil", Gounod adapanga ntchito, masamba ambiri omwe ali ofotokozera, okopa ndi mawu ochenjera. Zithunzi za chilengedwe ndi moyo wakumidzi kum'mwera kwa France zidapezeka ngati ndakatulo mu nyimbo (onani kwaya ya machitidwe I kapena IV). Wopeka nyimboyo adatulutsanso nyimbo za Provençal muzolemba zake; Chitsanzo ndi nyimbo yakale yachikondi "O, Magali", yomwe imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamasewero a opera. Chithunzi chapakati cha msungwana wamba Mireil, yemwe akumwalira polimbana ndi chimwemwe ndi wokondedwa wake, akufotokozedwanso mwachikondi. Komabe, nyimbo za Gounod, momwe muli chisomo chochulukirapo kuposa kuchuluka kwamadzimadzi, ndizotsika mu zenizeni komanso zanzeru kwa Bizet's Arlesian, komwe mlengalenga wa Provence umaperekedwa ndi ungwiro wodabwitsa.

Kupambana kwakukulu komaliza kwa Gounod ndi opera ya Romeo ndi Juliet. Kuyamba kwake kunachitika mu 1867 ndipo kudadziwika bwino kwambiri - mkati mwa zaka ziwiri zisudzo makumi asanu ndi anayi zidachitika. Ngakhale tsoka Shakespeare apa akutanthauziridwa mu mzimu sewero lanyimbo, ziwerengero zabwino kwambiri za opera - ndipo izi zikuphatikizapo ma duet anayi a otchulidwa kwambiri (pa mpira, pa khonde, m'chipinda chogona cha Juliet ndi mu crypt), Juliet's waltz, Romeo's cavatina - ali ndi kufulumira kwamaganizo, kunena zoona. ndi kukongola kwanyimbo komwe kuli kofanana ndi kalembedwe kayekha Gounod.

Ntchito zoimba ndi zisudzo zolembedwa pambuyo pake zikuwonetsa kuyambika kwa malingaliro ndi luso laukadaulo pantchito ya wopeka, yomwe imagwirizana ndi kulimbikitsidwa kwa zinthu zaubusa m'malingaliro ake apadziko lonse lapansi. M'zaka khumi ndi ziwiri zapitazi za moyo wake, Gounod sanalembe zisudzo. Anamwalira pa October 18, 1893.

Chotero, “Faust” chinali cholengedwa chake chabwino koposa. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chapamwamba cha French lyric opera, ndi zabwino zake zonse ndi zina mwa zofooka zake.

M. Druskin

Masewero

Opera (chiwerengero 12) (masiku ali m'makolo)

Sappho, libretto lolemba Ogier (1851, editions new - 1858, 1881) The Bloodied Nun, libretto by Scribe and Delavigne (1854) The Unwitting Doctor, libretto by Barbier and Carré (1858) Faust, libretto by Barbier and Delavigne edition – 1859) The Dove, libretto by Barbier and Carré (1869) Philemon and Baucis, libretto by Barbier and Carré (1860, new edition – 1860) “The Empress of Savskaya”, libretto by Barbier and Carre (1876) Mireille, libretto lolemba Barbier ndi Carré (1862, kope latsopano - 1864) Romeo ndi Juliet, libretto lolemba Barbier ndi Carré (1874, kope latsopano - 1867) Saint-Map, libretto lolemba Barbier ndi Carré (1888) Polyeuct, libretto lolemba Barbier ndi Carré (1877) "Tsiku la Zamora", lolembedwa ndi Barbier ndi Carré (1878)

Nyimbo mu Drama Theatre Makwaya ku tsoka la Ponsard "Odysseus" (1852) Nyimbo za sewero la Legouwe "Two Queens of France" (1872) Nyimbo za sewero la Barbier Joan waku Arc (1873)

Zolemba zauzimu 14 misa, 3 requiems, "Stabat mater", "Te Deum", angapo oratorios (pakati pawo - "Chitetezero", 1881; "Imfa ndi Moyo", 1884), 50 nyimbo zauzimu, pa 150 chorales ndi ena.

Nyimbo zamawu Zoposa 100 zachikondi ndi nyimbo (zabwino kwambiri zidasindikizidwa m'magulu anayi achikondi 4 chilichonse), nyimbo zoimba, makwaya ambiri aamuna anayi (a "orpheonists"), cantata "Gallia" ndi ena.

Symphonic ntchito First Symphony in D major (1851) Second Symphony Es-dur (1855) Little Symphony ya zida zoimbira mphepo (1888) ndi ena.

Kuphatikiza apo, zidutswa zingapo za piyano ndi zida zina zapayekha, ma ensembles achipinda

Zolemba zolembalemba "Memoirs of an Artist" (yofalitsidwa pambuyo pake), nkhani zingapo