Pentatonic |
kuchokera ku Greek pente - zisanu ndi mawu
Makina amawu okhala ndi masitepe asanu mkati mwa octave. Pali mitundu inayi ya P.: non-semitone (kapena kwenikweni P.); halftone; kusakaniza; wokwiya.
Non-theka-tone P. amadziwikanso pansi pa mayina ena: zachilengedwe (AS Ogolevets), woyera (X. Riemann), anhemitonic, lonse; proto-diatonic (GL Katouar), trichord system (AD Kastalsky), gamma ya "epoch of the four" (PP Sokalsky), Chinese gamma, Scottish gamma. Mtundu waukulu uwu P. (mawu oti "P." opanda zowonjezera zapadera nthawi zambiri amatanthauza kuti sanali semitone P.) ndi dongosolo la 5, zomveka zonse zomwe zingathe kukonzedwa mwachisanu. Mitundu iwiri yokha yazigawo imaphatikizidwa pakati pa masitepe oyandikana ndi masikelo a P. - b. chachiwiri ndi m. chachitatu. P. imadziwika ndi nyimbo zopanda semitone zitatu - trichords (m. chachitatu + b. chachiwiri, mwachitsanzo, ega). Chifukwa chosowa ma semitones mu P., zokoka zakuthwa za modal sizingapangidwe. Sikelo ya P. sikuwonetsa malo otsimikizika a tonal. Chifukwa chake, ntchito za Ch. malankhulidwe amatha kumveketsa chilichonse mwa zisanu; choncho osiyana asanu. mitundu ya P. sikelo ya mawu ofanana:
Half-tone P. ndi imodzi mwamagawo okhazikika pakukula kwa nyimbo. kuganiza (onani Sound system). Chifukwa chake, P. (kapena zoyambira zake) zimapezeka m'magulu akale kwambiri a muses. nthano za anthu osiyanasiyana (kuphatikizapo anthu a ku Western Europe, onani bukhu la X. Moser ndi J. Müller-Blattau, p. 15). Komabe, P. makamaka khalidwe la nyimbo za mayiko a Kum'mawa (China, Vietnam), ndi USSR - Chitata, Bashkirs, Buryats, ndi ena.
Do Nhuan (Vietnam). Nyimbo "Far March" (poyamba).
Zinthu za kuganiza kwa pentatonic ndizodziwikanso zakale kwambiri zaku Russia, Chiyukireniya, Chibelarusi. nar. nyimbo:
Kuchokera pagulu la A. Rubets "100 Chiyukireniya Folk Songs".
Ma Trichords ofanana ndi P. mu Russian. nar. nyimboyo nthawi zambiri imaphimbidwa ndi mawu osavuta. chokongoletsera, kuyenda pang'onopang'ono (mwachitsanzo, mu nyimbo "Panalibe mphepo" kuchokera ku gulu la MA Balakirev). Zotsalira za P. zikuwonekera mu zitsanzo zakale kwambiri za Middle Ages. chorale (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe amitundumitundu c-df mu Dorian, deg ndi ega mu Phrygian, gac mumitundu ya Mixolydian). Komabe, mpaka zaka za m'ma 19. P. monga dongosolo linali losafunika ku Ulaya. Prof. nyimbo. Chenjerani ndi Nar. nyimbo, chidwi cha mtundu wa modal ndi mgwirizano. makhalidwe mu nthawi pambuyo Viennese tingachipeze powerenga anabweretsa moyo kuonekera kwa zitsanzo zomveka P. monga wapadera. adzafotokoza. amatanthawuza (nyimbo zaku China mu nyimbo za K. Weber ku kusintha kwa Schiller kwa sewero la "Turandot" lolemba K. Gozzi; mu ntchito ya AP Borodin, MP Mussorgsky, NA Rimsky-Korsakov, E. Grieg, K. Debussy). P. nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusonyeza bata, kusakhala ndi zilakolako:
AP Borodin. Chikondi "Mfumukazi Yogona" (poyamba).
Nthawi zina zimathandizira kutulutsa phokoso la mabelu - Rimsky-Korsakov, Debussy. Nthawi zina P. amagwiritsidwanso ntchito mu chord ("mapinda" kukhala pentachord yosakwanira):
MP Mussorgsky. "Boris Godunov". Ntchito III.
M’zitsanzo zimene zatsikira kwa ife, Nar. nyimbo, komanso mu prof. Ntchito ya P. nthawi zambiri imadalira zazikulu (onani A mu chitsanzo pa ndime 234) kapena zazing'ono (onani D mu chitsanzo chomwecho), ndipo chifukwa cha kumasuka kwa kusuntha maziko kuchoka ku kamvekedwe ka mawu kupita kumtundu wina, kufanana. -alternating mode nthawi zambiri imapangidwa, mwachitsanzo.
Mitundu ina ya P. ndi mitundu yake. Halftone (hemitonic; also ditonic) P. imapezeka mu Nar. nyimbo za mayiko ena a Kum'mawa (X. Husman amalozera nyimbo za Indian, komanso Indonesian, Japanese). Mapangidwe a halftone sikelo -
, mwachitsanzo. imodzi mwa masikelo a slendro (Java). Mixed P. amaphatikiza mawonekedwe a tonal ndi osakhala a semitone (Husman amatchula nyimbo za m'modzi mwa anthu aku Congo).
Tempered P. (koma osati kupsa mtima kofanana; mawuwa ndi osagwirizana) ndi sikelo ya Indonesian slendro, pomwe octave imagawidwa m'masitepe asanu omwe sagwirizana ndi ma toni kapena semitones. Mwachitsanzo, ikukonzekera mmodzi wa gamelan Javanese (mu semitones) motere: 5-2,51-2,33-2,32-2,36 (2,48/1 octave - 5).
Lingaliro loyamba lomwe labwera kwa ife. Malongosoledwe a P. ndi a asayansi Dr. China (mwina adalembedwa mu theka la 1st millennium BC). Mkati mwa acoustic system ya lu (mamvekedwe 1 mwa magawo asanu angwiro, opangidwa kuyambira mu ufumu wa Zhou) wophatikizidwa kukhala octave imodzi ya maphokoso asanu oyandikana nawo adapereka mipopi yopanda semitone mumitundu yake yonse isanu. Kuphatikiza pa masamu otsimikizira mawonekedwe a P. (chipilala chakale kwambiri ndi buku la "Guanzi", lotchedwa Guan Zhong, - zaka za m'ma 12 BC), chizindikiro chovuta cha masitepe a P. chinapangidwa, pomwe mawu asanu amafanana 5 zinthu, 7 zokonda; Kuwonjezera apo, kamvekedwe ka mawu akuti “gong” (c) amaimira wolamulira, “shan” (d) – akuluakulu, “jue” (e) – anthu, “zhi” (g) – zochita, “yu” (a) – zinthu.
Chidwi cha P. chinatsitsimukanso m’zaka za zana la 19. AN Serov ankaona kuti P. wa Kum’mawa. nyimbo ndi kutanthauziridwa ngati diatonic ndi kusiya masitepe awiri. PP Sokalsky poyamba anasonyeza udindo wa P. mu Russian. nar. nyimbo ndi kutsindika ufulu wa P. monga mtundu wa muses. machitidwe. Kuchokera ku lingaliro la siteji, adagwirizanitsa P. ndi "epoch of the quart" (yomwe ili yowona). AS Famintsyn, poyembekezera malingaliro a B. Bartok ndi Z. Kodaly, kwa nthawi yoyamba ananena kuti P. ndi wosanjikiza wakale wa bunks. nyimbo za ku Ulaya; pansi pa zigawo za halftone, anapeza P. ndi m'Chirasha. nyimbo. KV Kvitka pamaziko a mfundo zatsopano ndi zongopeka. zofunikira zinatsutsa chiphunzitso cha Sokalsky (makamaka, kuchepetsa "nthawi ya quart" ku trichords ya P., komanso ndondomeko yake ya "nthawi zitatu" - quarts, magawo asanu, atatu) ndikulongosola chiphunzitso cha pentatonic AS. Ogolevets, pogwiritsa ntchito lingaliro la siteji, ankakhulupirira kuti P. mu mawonekedwe obisika amapezekanso mu nyimbo zowonjezereka. dongosolo ndipo ndi mtundu wa "mafupa" a modal bungwe mu diatonic ndi chibadwa mitundu muses. kuganiza. IV Sposobin adawona chikoka cha P. pa mapangidwe amtundu umodzi wamitundu yosagwirizana ndi tertzian (onani chitsanzo kumapeto kwa mzere 235). Chilazi. Girshman, atapanga chiphunzitso chatsatanetsatane cha P. ndikuwunika kukhalapo kwake mu Tat. nyimbo, zinaunikira mbiri ya nthanthi. kumvetsetsa kwa P. Mu nyimbo zakunja za m'zaka za zana la 20. chuma chambiri chasonkhanitsidwa pa dec. mitundu ya P. (kuwonjezera pa non-semitone).
Zothandizira: Serov AN, nyimbo ya anthu aku Russia monga phunziro la sayansi, "Musical Season", 1869-71, chimodzimodzi, m'buku: Izbr. nkhani, etc. 1, M. - L., 1950; Sokalsky PP, sikelo yaku China mu nyimbo zamtundu waku Russia, Kubwereza Nyimbo, 1886, Epulo 10, Meyi 1, Meyi 8; nyimbo zake zachi Russia ..., Har., 1888; Famintsyn AS, Ancient Indo-Chinese scale in Asia and Europe, “Bayan”, 1888-89, yemweyo, St. Petersburg, 1889; Peter VP, Panyumba yosungiramo nyimbo ya nyimbo ya Aryan, "RMG", 1897-98, ed. ed., St. Petersburg, 1899; Nikolsky N., Synopsis pa mbiri ya nyimbo zachikhalidwe pakati pa anthu a dera la Volga, "Proceedings of the Musical and Ethnographic department of the Kazan Higher Musical School", vol. 1, Kaz., 1920; Kastalskiy AD, Zochitika za nyimbo za anthu a ku Russia, M. - P., 1923; Kvitka K., The first tonoryads, “The first citizenship, and remnants in Ukpapna, vol. 3, Kipb, 1926 (Russian per. – Primitive scales, m’buku lake: Fav. works, ie 1, Moscow, 1971); ego, Angemitonic primitives and theory of Sokalskyi, “Ethnographic Bulletin of Ukrapnskop Ak. Sciences”, buku 6, Kipv, 1928 (rus. per. – Anhemitonic primitives and Sokalsky’s theory, m’buku lake: Izbr. works, ie 1, М., 1971); его же, La systиme anhйmitonigue pentatonique chez les peuples Slaves, в кн .: Zolemba za 1927 Congress of Slavic geographers and ethnographers ku Poland, vr 2, t. 1930, Cr., 1 (rus. per. – Pentatonicity among the Slavic peoples, m’buku lake: Izbr. works, ie 1971, M., 2); ake, Ethnographic distribution of pentatonic scale in the Soviet Union, Izbr. ntchito, mwachitsanzo 1973, M., 1928; Kozlov IA, Sikelo zokhala ndi mawu Asanu zopanda semitone mu nyimbo zamtundu wa Chitata ndi Bashkir komanso kusanthula kwawo kwanyimbo ndi malingaliro, "Izv. Society of Archaeology, History ndi Ethnography ku Kazan State. yunivesite", 34, vol. 1, ayi. 2-1946; Ogolevets AS, Chiyambi cha kulingalira kwamakono kwa nyimbo, M. - L., 1951; Sopin IV, Elementary theory of music, M. - L., 1973, 1960; Hirshman Ya. M., Pentatonic ndi chitukuko chake mu nyimbo za Chitata, M., 1966; Aizenstadt A., Nthano zanyimbo za anthu a m'chigawo cha Lower Amur, m'gulu: Nyimbo zamtundu wa anthu aku North ndi Siberia, M., 1967; Zosangalatsa zanyimbo zamayiko akummawa, ed. AT. AP Shestakova, M., 1975; Gomon A., Ndemanga za nyimbo za Papuans, m'buku: Pa gombe la Maclay, M., 1; Ambros AW, Mbiri ya Nyimbo, Vol. 1862, Breslau, 1; He1mhо1863tz H., Chiphunzitso cha kumverera kwa mawu monga maziko a thupi la chiphunzitso cha nyimbo, Braunschweig, 1875 (рус. trans.: Helmholtz GLP, Chiphunzitso cha zomverera zomveka ..., St. Petersburg, 1916); Riemann H., Folkloristische Tonalitätsstudien. Nyimbo za Pentatonic ndi tetrachordal…, Lpz., 1; Kunst J., Music in Java, v. 2-1949, The Hague, 1949; MсRhee C., The Five-tone gamelan music of Bali, «MQ», 35, v. 2, No1956; Winnington-Ingram RP, The pentatonic tuning of the Greek lyre.., «The classical Quarterly», XNUMX v.
Yu. H. Kholopov
