George Frideric Handel |

George Frideric Handel

GF Handel ndi amodzi mwa mayina akuluakulu m'mbiri ya zaluso zanyimbo. Wolemba wamkulu wa Chidziwitso, adatsegula malingaliro atsopano pakukula kwa mtundu wa opera ndi oratorio, amayembekezera malingaliro ambiri oimba a zaka zotsatira - sewero lachiwonetsero la KV Gluck, njira zachibadwidwe za L. Beethoven, kuya kwamaganizo. chikondi. Iye ndi munthu wamphamvu wapadera wamkati ndi wotsimikiza. “Mungapeputse aliyense ndi chirichonse,” anatero B. Shaw, “koma mulibe mphamvu zotsutsa Handel.” "... Pamene nyimbo zake zikumveka pa mawu akuti "kukhala pa mpando wake wachifumu wamuyaya", wosakhulupirira kuti kuli Mulungu salankhula."

Chidziwitso cha dziko la Handel chimatsutsana ndi Germany ndi England. Handel anabadwira ku Germany, umunthu wa kulenga wa woimbayo, zokonda zake zaluso, ndi luso lake zidakula pa nthaka ya Germany. Zambiri mwa moyo ndi ntchito ya Handel, kupangidwa kwa malo okongola mu luso la nyimbo, zogwirizana ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba cha A. Shaftesbury ndi A. Paul, kulimbana kwakukulu kuti avomereze, kugonjetsedwa kwa mavuto ndi kupambana kopambana kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi England.

Handel anabadwira ku Halle, mwana wamwamuna wa ometa kukhothi. Maluso oimba oyambilira adawonedwa ndi Wosankhidwa wa Halle, Mtsogoleri wa Saxony, yemwe atate wake (amene ankafuna kuti mwana wake akhale loya ndipo sanayamikire kwambiri nyimbo ngati ntchito yamtsogolo) adapatsa mnyamatayo kuti aphunzire. woimba wabwino kwambiri mumzinda F. Tsakhov. Wolemba nyimbo wabwino, woimba waluso, wodziwa nyimbo zabwino kwambiri za nthawi yake (Chijeremani, Chitaliyana), Tsakhov adavumbulutsira Handel mitundu yambiri ya nyimbo, adalimbikitsa luso laluso, ndikuthandizira kukonza luso la wolembayo. Zolemba za Tsakhov mwiniyo zidalimbikitsa Handel kutsanzira. Anapangidwa koyambirira monga munthu komanso wolemba nyimbo, Handel anali kudziwika kale ku Germany ali ndi zaka 11. Pamene ankaphunzira zamalamulo pa yunivesite ya Halle (kumene adalowa mu 1702, kukwaniritsa chifuniro cha atate wake, omwe anali atamwalira kale ndi zimenezo. nthawi imodzi), Handel adatumikira monga woimba mu tchalitchi, adalemba, ndi kuphunzitsa kuimba. Nthawi zonse ankagwira ntchito mwakhama komanso mosangalala. Mu 1703, motsogozedwa ndi chikhumbo chofuna kukonza bwino, kukulitsa madera ochitira zinthu, Handel amanyamuka kupita ku Hamburg, amodzi mwamalo azikhalidwe ku Germany m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, mzinda womwe uli ndi nyumba yoyamba ya zisudzo mdziko muno, kupikisana ndi zisudzo zaku France komanso Italy. Inali opera yomwe inakopa Handel. Chikhumbo chofuna kumva mlengalenga wa zisudzo zanyimbo, kudziwana bwino ndi nyimbo za opera, zimamupangitsa kuti alowe m'gulu la oimba wachiwiri wa violinist ndi harpsichordist. Moyo wolemera waluso wa mzindawo, mgwirizano ndi anthu oimba nyimbo za nthawi imeneyo - R. Kaiser, wolemba opera, ndiye mtsogoleri wa nyumba ya opera, I. Mattheson - wotsutsa, wolemba, woimba, wolemba nyimbo - adakhudza kwambiri Handel. Mphamvu ya Kaiser imapezeka m'maseŵera ambiri a Handel, osati oyambirira okha.

Kupambana kwa nyimbo zoyamba za opera ku Hamburg (Almira - 1705, Nero - 1705) kumalimbikitsa wolembayo. Komabe, kukhala kwake ku Hamburg ndi kwakanthawi: kutayika kwa Kaiser kumabweretsa kutsekedwa kwa nyumba ya opera. Handel amapita ku Italy. Kuyendera Florence, Venice, Rome, Naples, woyimbayo amaphunziranso, akutenga zojambulajambula zosiyanasiyana, makamaka zamasewera. Kutha kwa Handel kuzindikira luso loimba nyimbo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana kunali kwapadera. Patangopita miyezi yochepa, ndipo amadziwa kalembedwe ka opera ku Italy, komanso, ndi ungwiro kotero kuti amaposa maulamuliro ambiri odziwika ku Italy. Mu 1707, Florence adapanga opera yoyamba ya ku Italy ya Handel, Rodrigo, ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri, Venice adapanga Agrippina wotsatira. Oyimba amalandila kuzindikirika mwachidwi kuchokera kwa anthu aku Italiya, omvera ovuta komanso osokoneza. Handel akukhala wotchuka - akulowa mu Academy yotchuka ya Arcadian (pamodzi ndi A. Corelli, A. Scarlatti, B. Marcello), amalandira malamulo oti apange nyimbo za makhoti a akuluakulu a ku Italy.

Komabe, mawu aakulu mu luso la Handel ayenera kunenedwa ku England, kumene iye anaitanidwa koyamba mu 1710 ndi kumene anakhazikika mu 1716 (mu 1726, kulandira nzika English). Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, gawo latsopano mu moyo ndi ntchito ya mbuye wamkulu akuyamba. England ndi malingaliro ake oyambirira a maphunziro, zitsanzo za mabuku apamwamba (J. Milton, J. Dryden, J. Swift) zinakhala malo obala zipatso kumene mphamvu zamphamvu za kulenga za wolemba zinawululidwa. Koma ku England palokha, udindo wa Handel unali wofanana ndi nthawi yonse. Nyimbo za Chingerezi, zomwe mu 1695 zinataya luso la dziko lonse G. Purcell ndipo zinasiya chitukuko, zinakweranso kumtunda wa dziko lokha ndi dzina la Handel. Komabe, njira yake ku England inali yovuta. Anthu a ku Britain anayamikira Handel poyamba monga katswiri wa zisudzo za ku Italy. Apa adagonjetsa adani ake onse, Chingerezi ndi Chitaliyana. Kale mu 1713, Te Deum yake idachitika pa zikondwerero zomwe zidaperekedwa kumapeto kwa Peace of Utrecht, ulemu womwe palibe mlendo yemwe adapatsidwa kale. Mu 1720, Handel akutenga utsogoleri wa Academy of Italian Opera ku London ndipo motero amakhala mtsogoleri wa nyumba ya opera ya dziko. Zojambula zake za opera zimabadwa - "Radamist" - 1720, "Otto" - 1723, "Julius Caesar" - 1724, "Tamerlane" - 1724, "Rodelinda" - 1725, "Admet" - 1726. Mu ntchito izi, Handel amapita kupyola chimango cha seria yamasiku ano yaku Italy ya opera ndikupanga (mtundu wake wanyimbo wokhala ndi zilembo zomveka bwino, kuzama kwamaganizidwe komanso kusamvana kwakukulu. Zojambula za ku Italy za nthawi yawo. Masewero ake adayima pakhomo la kusintha kwa machitidwe omwe akubwera, omwe Handel sanangomva, komanso adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri (kale kwambiri kuposa Gluck ndi Rameau) . , kukula kwa kudzidalira kwa dziko, kusonkhezeredwa ndi malingaliro a Chidziwitso, zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kutengeka kwakukulu kwa oimba a ku Italy ndi oimba a ku Italy kumapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi maganizo oipa pa opera yonse. alian operas, mtundu womwewo wa opera, chikhalidwe chake chimanyozedwa. ndi, ochita capricious. Monga nthabwala, sewero lanthabwala lachingerezi lotchedwa The Beggar's Opera lolembedwa ndi J. Gay ndi J. Pepush lidawonekera mu 1728. Ndipo ngakhale kuti zisudzo za Handel ku London zikufalikira ku Europe monga zaluso zamtundu uwu, kuchepa kwa kutchuka kwa zisudzo zaku Italy zonse zikufalikira. zikuwonetsedwa mu Handel. Malo owonetsera zisudzo akunyanyalidwa, kupambana kwa zochitika zapayekha sikusintha chithunzi chonse.

Mu June 1728, Academy inasiya kukhalapo, koma ulamuliro wa Handel monga wolemba nyimbo sunagwere. Mfumu ya ku England George II idamulamula kuti aziimba nyimbo pamwambo wachifumu, womwe unachitika mu Okutobala 1727 ku Westminster Abbey. Pa nthawi yomweyi, ndi khalidwe lake lokhazikika, Handel akupitirizabe kumenyera opera. Amapita ku Italy, amalemba gulu latsopano, ndipo mu December 1729, ndi opera Lothario, amatsegula nyengo ya sukulu yachiwiri ya opera. M'ntchito ya wolembayo, ndi nthawi yofufuza zatsopano. "Poros" ("Por") - 1731, "Orlando" - 1732, "Partenope" - 1730. "Ariodant" - 1734, "Alcina" - 1734 - muzochita zonsezi wolembayo amasintha kutanthauzira kwa opera-seria mtundu m'njira zosiyanasiyana - imayambitsa ballet ("Ariodant", "Alcina"), chiwembu cha "matsenga" chimadzaza ndi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, zamaganizidwe ("Orlando", "Alcina"), m'chinenero choyimba chimafika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri. - kuphweka ndi kuya kwa kufotokoza. Palinso kutembenuka kuchokera ku opera yayikulu kupita ku nyimbo yanyimbo mu "Partenope" yokhala ndi chitsulo chofewa, kupepuka, chisomo, mu "Faramondo" (1737), "Xerxes" (1737). Handel mwiniwake adatcha imodzi mwamasewera ake omaliza, Imeneo (Hymeneus, 1738), operetta. Zotopetsa, osati zopanda ndale, kulimbana kwa Handel kwa nyumba ya opera kumatha kugonjetsedwa. The Second Opera Academy inatsekedwa mu 1737. Monga kale, mu Opera ya Beggar, zojambulazo sizinali popanda kuphatikizidwa kwa nyimbo zodziwika bwino za Handel, kotero tsopano, mu 1736, parody yatsopano ya opera ( The Wantley Dragon) imatchula mosadziwika bwino. Dzina la Handel. Wolembayo amatenga kugwa kwa Academy molimbika, amadwala ndipo sagwira ntchito pafupifupi miyezi 8. Komabe, mphamvu yodabwitsa yobisika mwa iye imayambiranso. Handel amabwerera kuntchito ndi mphamvu zatsopano. Amapanga zojambula zake zamakono zamakono - "Imeneo", "Deidamia" - ndipo amamaliza nawo ntchito yamtundu wa opaleshoni, yomwe adapereka zaka zoposa 30 za moyo wake. Chidwi cha wolembayo chimayang'ana pa oratorio. Ali ku Italy, Handel anayamba kupanga cantatas, nyimbo zopatulika za kwaya. Pambuyo pake, ku England, Handel analemba nyimbo zakwaya, festive cantatas. Kutseka kwa ma korasi mu zisudzo, ma ensembles adathandiziranso pakuwongolera zolemba zakwaya za woipeka. Ndipo opera ya Handel palokha, pokhudzana ndi oratorio yake, maziko, gwero la malingaliro ochititsa chidwi, zithunzi za nyimbo, ndi kalembedwe.

Mu 1738, 2 oratorios odziwika bwino adabadwa - "Saul" (September - 1738) ndi "Israel ku Egypt" (October - 1738) - nyimbo zazikulu zodzaza ndi mphamvu zopambana, nyimbo zazikulu zolemekeza mphamvu za munthu. mzimu ndi mphamvu. 1740s - nthawi yabwino kwambiri pantchito ya Handel. Mbambande imatsatira mwambambande. "Mesiya", "Samsoni", "Belisazara", "Hercules" - oratorios otchuka padziko lonse lapansi - adalengedwa mu mphamvu zolenga zomwe sizinachitikepo, m'kanthawi kochepa kwambiri (1741-43). Komabe, kupambana sikubwera mwamsanga. Chidani pa mbali ya English aristocracy, sabotaging ntchito oratorios, mavuto azachuma, ntchito mopambanitsa kachiwiri kuyambitsa matenda. Kuyambira March mpaka October 1745, Handel anali kuvutika maganizo kwambiri. Ndipo kachiwiri mphamvu ya titanic ya wolembayo amapambana. Mkhalidwe wa ndale m'dzikoli ukusinthanso kwambiri - poyang'anizana ndi chiwopsezo cha kuukira kwa London ndi asilikali a Scotland, malingaliro okonda dziko lapansi akusonkhanitsidwa. Ulemelero waulemu wa oratorios wa Handel umakhala wogwirizana ndi momwe aku Britain. Mouziridwa ndi malingaliro omasula dziko, Handel analemba 2 grandiose oratorios - Oratorio for the Case (1746), kuyitanitsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi kuukira, ndi Judas Maccabee (1747) - nyimbo yamphamvu yolemekeza ngwazi zogonjetsa adani.

Handel amakhala fano la England. Ziwembu za m'Baibulo ndi zithunzi za oratorios panthaŵiyi zimakhala ndi tanthauzo lapadera la mawu omveka bwino a mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino, ungwazi, ndi umodzi wadziko. Chilankhulo cha oratorios cha Handel ndi chophweka komanso cholemekezeka, chimadzikokera chokha - chimapweteka mtima ndikuchichiritsa, sichisiya aliyense wopanda chidwi. Oratorios omaliza a Handel - "Theodora", "The Choice of Hercules" (onse 1750) ndi "Jephthae" (1751) - amawulula kuya kwa sewero lamalingaliro lomwe silinapezeke ku mtundu wina uliwonse wa nyimbo za nthawi ya Handel.

Mu 1751 wolembayo adachita khungu. Kuzunzika, kudwala mopanda chiyembekezo, Handel amakhalabe pagulu pomwe akuchita ma oratorios ake. Anaikidwa m'manda, monga momwe adafunira, ku Westminster.

Kusilira kwa Handel kudadziwika ndi olemba onse, m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ndi XNUMX. Handel adapembedza Beethoven. M'nthawi yathu ino, nyimbo za Handel, zomwe zili ndi mphamvu zambiri zaluso, zimapeza tanthauzo ndi tanthauzo latsopano. Njira zake zamphamvu zimagwirizana ndi nthawi yathu, zimakopa mphamvu ya mzimu waumunthu, kupambana kwa kulingalira ndi kukongola. Zikondwerero zapachaka zolemekeza Handel zimachitika ku England, Germany, kukopa ochita masewera ndi omvera ochokera padziko lonse lapansi.

Y. Evdokimova

Makhalidwe a kulenga

Ntchito yolenga ya Handel inali yotalikirapo. Iye anabweretsa chiwerengero chachikulu cha ntchito zosiyanasiyana Mitundu. Nayi opera ndi mitundu yake (seria, abusa), nyimbo zakwaya - zadziko ndi zauzimu, oratorios ambiri, nyimbo zamawu am'chipinda ndipo, pomaliza, zophatikiza za zida: harpsichord, organ, orchestral.

Handel adapereka zaka zoposa makumi atatu za moyo wake ku opera. Iye wakhala ali pakati pa zokonda za wolemba nyimboyo ndipo amamukopa kuposa mitundu ina yonse ya nyimbo. Chithunzi pamlingo waukulu, Handel adamvetsetsa bwino mphamvu ya chikoka cha opera ngati mtundu wodabwitsa wanyimbo ndi zisudzo; 40 operas - ichi ndi zotsatira za kulenga za ntchito yake m'dera lino.

Handel sanali wokonzanso seria ya opera. Zomwe adafuna ndikufufuza komwe kudatsogolera kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX kupita kumasewera a Gluck. Komabe, mu mtundu womwe sunakwaniritse zofuna zamakono, Handel adakwanitsa kukhala ndi malingaliro apamwamba. Asanaulule lingaliro la makhalidwe abwino mu epics ya anthu a Baibulo oratorios, iye anasonyeza kukongola kwa malingaliro ndi zochita za anthu mu zisudzo.

Kuti luso lake likhale losavuta komanso lomveka bwino, wojambulayo amayenera kupeza mitundu ina, ya demokarasi ndi chinenero. M'mbiri yakale, katunduwa anali wobadwa kwambiri mu oratorio kusiyana ndi opera seria.

Gwirani ntchito pa oratorio yopangidwira Handel njira yotulutsira ku zovuta zopanga komanso zovuta zamaganizidwe ndi zaluso. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, oratorio, yoyandikana kwambiri ndi opera mumtundu, inapereka mwayi waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yonse ndi njira zolembera. Munali mu mtundu wa oratorio kuti Handel adalenga ntchito zoyenera ndi luso lake, ntchito zazikulu kwambiri.

Oratorio, yomwe Handel adatembenukira ku 30s ndi 40s, sinali mtundu watsopano kwa iye. Ntchito zake zoyamba za oratorio zimachokera ku nthawi yomwe amakhala ku Hamburg ndi Italy; makumi atatu otsatira adalembedwa m'moyo wake wonse wakulenga. Zowona, mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 30, Handel sanasamalire oratorio; atangosiya seria ya opera m'pamene adayamba kupanga mtundu uwu mozama komanso momveka bwino. Choncho, ntchito za oratorio za nthawi yotsiriza zikhoza kuonedwa ngati kutsiriza mwaluso kwa njira yolenga ya Handel. Chilichonse chomwe chidakula ndikukhazikika mukuya kwachidziwitso kwazaka zambiri, zomwe zidazindikirika pang'ono ndikuwongoleredwa pogwira ntchito pa opera ndi nyimbo zoimbira zida, zidalandira mawu athunthu komanso angwiro mu oratorio.

Opera yaku Italy idabweretsa luso la Handel pakuyimba kwamawu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuyimba payekha: kubwereza momveka bwino, kumveka bwino komanso mawonekedwe anyimbo, zomvetsa chisoni komanso za virtuoso. Zilakolako, nyimbo zachingerezi zidathandizira kukulitsa luso lolemba kwaya; zida zoimbira, makamaka nyimbo za orchestra, zidathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito njira zokongola komanso zofotokozera za okhestra. Choncho, chidziwitso cholemera kwambiri chisanayambe kulengedwa kwa oratorios - zolengedwa zabwino kwambiri za Handel.

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Nthaŵi ina, pokambitsirana ndi mmodzi wa oseŵera ake, wopeka nyimboyo anati: “Ndikadakwiya, mbuyanga, ndikangopatsa anthu chisangalalo. Cholinga changa ndikuwapanga kukhala abwino kwambiri. "

Kusankhidwa kwa maphunziro mu oratorios kunachitika mogwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zamakhalidwe abwino ndi zokongoletsa, ndi ntchito zomwe Handel adapatsidwa kuti azijambula.

Mapulani a oratorios Handel adachokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana: mbiri yakale, zakale, za m'Baibulo. Kutchuka kwakukulu pa nthawi ya moyo wake komanso kuyamikira kwakukulu pambuyo pa imfa ya Handel kunali ntchito zake pambuyo pake pa nkhani zotengedwa m'Baibulo: "Saul", "Israel ku Egypt", "Samson", "Messiah", "Judas Maccabee".

Munthu sayenera kuganiza kuti, atatengeka ndi mtundu wa oratorio, Handel adakhala wopeka wachipembedzo kapena watchalitchi. Kupatula nyimbo zingapo zolembedwa pazochitika zapadera, Handel ilibe nyimbo zatchalitchi. Iye adalemba ma oratorios m'mawu oimba komanso ochititsa chidwi, omwe amawafunira ku zisudzo komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Koma chifukwa cha chitsenderezo champhamvu cha atsogoleri achipembedzo m’pamene Handel anasiya ntchito yoyambirirayo. Pofuna kutsindika chikhalidwe cha dziko la oratorios ake, anayamba kuwaimba pa siteji ya konsati ndipo motero anapanga mwambo watsopano wa nyimbo za pop ndi zoimbaimba za oratorios za m'Baibulo.

Kuchonderera kwa Baibulo, ziwembu zochokera m’Chipangano Chakale, sikunatsimikiziridwenso mwanjira iriyonse yachipembedzo. Zimadziwika kuti m'nthawi ya Middle Ages, magulu ambiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu nthawi zambiri ankavala maonekedwe achipembedzo, akuguba pansi pa chizindikiro cha kumenyera choonadi cha tchalitchi. Zolemba zakale za Marxism zimalongosola chodabwitsa ichi: m’Nyengo Zapakati, “malingaliro a anthu aunyinji anakulitsidwa ndi chakudya chachipembedzo chokha; chotero, pofuna kusonkhezera gulu la namondwe, kunali koyenera kusonyeza zokonda za unyinjiwa kwa iwo mu zovala zachipembedzo ”(Marx K., Engels F. Soch., 2nd ed., vol. 21, p. 314.) ).

Chiyambireni Chisinthiko, kenako Chisinthiko cha Chingerezi chazaka za zana la XNUMX, chikuyenda pansi pa zikwangwani zachipembedzo, Baibulo lakhala pafupifupi buku lodziwika bwino lomwe limalemekezedwa m'banja lililonse lachingerezi. Miyambo ya m'Baibulo ndi nkhani za ngwazi za mbiri yakale yachiyuda nthawi zambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika za mbiri ya dziko lawo ndi anthu, ndipo "zovala zachipembedzo" sizinabise zofuna zenizeni, zosowa ndi zofuna za anthu.

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nkhani za m’Baibulo monga ziwembu za nyimbo za dziko sikunangokulitsa mikangano ya ziwembu zimenezi, komanso kunapanga zofunidwa zatsopano, zosayerekezeka kwambiri ndi zodalirika, ndipo zinapatsa phunzirolo tanthauzo latsopano la chikhalidwe. Mu oratorio, zinali zotheka kupyola malire a ziwembu zanyimbo zachikondi, kusinthasintha kwachikondi komwe kumavomerezedwa mu seria yamakono. Mitu ya m'Baibulo sinalole kutanthauzira zopanda pake, zosangalatsa ndi kupotoza, zomwe zinali pansi pa nthano zakale kapena zochitika za mbiri yakale mu seria opera; potsirizira pake, nthano ndi zithunzi zomwe zakhala zikudziwika kwa aliyense, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiwembu, zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kubweretsa zomwe zili muzolembazo pafupi ndi kumvetsetsa kwa anthu ambiri, kutsindika chikhalidwe cha demokalase cha mtundu womwewo.

Chosonyeza kuti Handel amadzizindikira yekha ndi momwe amasankhira nkhani za m'Baibulo.

Chisamaliro cha Handel sichimakhudzidwa ndi tsogolo la munthu wa ngwazi, monga mu opera, osati pazochitika zake zanyimbo kapena zochitika zachikondi, koma ku moyo wa anthu, ku moyo wodzaza ndi zovuta ndi zokonda dziko. M’chenicheni, miyambo ya m’Baibulo inagwira ntchito monga mmene zinalili m’mene zinali zotheka kulemekeza m’mafanizo olemekezeka kumverera kodabwitsa kwa ufulu, chikhumbo cha kudziimira paokha, ndi kulemekeza zochita za anthu odzipereka mwaufulu. Ndi malingaliro awa omwe amapanga zenizeni za oratorios za Handel; chotero iwo anazindikiridwa ndi anthu a m’nthaŵi ya wolembayo, iwo anazindikiridwanso ndi oimba apamwamba kwambiri a mibadwo ina.

VV Stasov analemba mu imodzi mwa ndemanga zake kuti: "Konsati inatha ndi kwaya ya Handel. Ndani wa ife amene sanalote za izo pambuyo pake, ngati mtundu wina wa chigonjetso chambiri, chopanda malire cha anthu onse? Handel iyi inali yodabwitsa bwanji! Ndipo kumbukirani kuti pali makwaya angapo ngati iyi. ”

Mawonekedwe amphamvu kwambiri azithunzizo adakonzeratu mawonekedwe ndi njira zomwe amayimba nyimbo. Handel anadziŵa bwino kwambiri luso la wopeka nyimbo za opera, ndipo anachititsa kupambana konse kwa nyimbo za opera kukhala katundu wa oratorio. Koma mosiyana ndi seria ya opera, ndi kudalira kwake pa kuyimba payekha komanso udindo waukulu wa aria, kwaya inakhala maziko a oratorio monga njira yofotokozera malingaliro ndi malingaliro a anthu. Ndi makwaya amene amapatsa oratorios a Handel mawonekedwe apamwamba, opambana, akumathandiza, monga momwe Tchaikovsky analembera, "chiyambukiro chachikulu cha mphamvu ndi mphamvu."

Pogwiritsa ntchito luso la virtuoso polemba kwaya, Handel amakwaniritsa zomveka zosiyanasiyana. Mwaufulu ndi kusinthasintha, amagwiritsa ntchito makwaya muzochitika zosiyana kwambiri: posonyeza chisoni ndi chisangalalo, changu champhamvu, mkwiyo ndi mkwiyo, powonetsera ubusa wowala, idyll yakumidzi. Tsopano iye amabweretsa phokoso la kwaya ku mphamvu yaikulu, ndiye amawachepetsa kukhala pianissimo yowonekera; nthawi zina Handel amalemba makwaya m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale yolemera, kuphatikiza mawu kukhala misa yaying'ono; mwayi wolemera wa polyphony umagwira ntchito ngati njira yolimbikitsira kuyenda komanso kuchita bwino. Ma polyphonic ndi chordal episode amatsata mosinthana, kapena mfundo zonse ziwiri - polyphonic ndi chordal - zimaphatikizidwa.

Malinga ndi PI Tchaikovsky, "Handel anali katswiri wokhoza kuyendetsa mawu. Popanda kukakamiza kuyimba kwakwaya nkomwe, osapitilira malire achilengedwe a kaundula wa mawu, adatulutsa mu choyimbicho zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zomwe olemba ena sanakwaniritse ... ".

Makwaya mu oratorios a Handel nthawi zonse amakhala mphamvu yogwira ntchito yomwe imatsogolera nyimbo ndi chitukuko chodabwitsa. Choncho, ntchito za kwaya ndi zochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi zofunika kwambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana. Mu oratorios, kumene munthu wamkulu ndi anthu, kufunikira kwa kwaya kumawonjezeka makamaka. Izi zitha kuwoneka m'chitsanzo cha nyimbo yoyimba "Israel ku Egypt". Mu Samsoni, maphwando a ngwazi ndi anthu, ndiye kuti, ma arias, ma duets ndi makwaya, amagawidwa mofanana ndipo amathandizidwa ndi wina ndi mzake. Ngati mu oratorio "Samsoni" kwaya amangosonyeza maganizo kapena mayiko a anthu omenyana, ndiye mu "Yudas Maccabee" gulu loimba limagwira ntchito kwambiri, kutenga nawo mbali pazochitika zazikulu.

Sewero ndi chitukuko chake mu oratorio amadziwika kokha kudzera mu nyimbo. Monga momwe Romain Rolland akunenera, mu oratorio "nyimbo imakhala yodzikongoletsa yokha." Monga ngati kupanga kusowa kwa zokongoletsera zokongoletsera ndi machitidwe a zisudzo, oimba amapatsidwa ntchito zatsopano: kujambula ndi phokoso zomwe zikuchitika, malo omwe zochitika zikuchitika.

Monga mu opera, mawonekedwe a kuyimba payekha mu oratorio ndi aria. Mitundu yonse yamitundu ndi mitundu ya ma arias omwe apangidwa m'masukulu osiyanasiyana a opera, Handel amasamutsira ku oratorio: ma arias akuluakulu amtundu wa ngwazi, ma arias odabwitsa komanso olira maliro, pafupi ndi operatic lamento, brilliant and virtuosic, momwe mawu amapikisana momasuka ndi chida cha solo, ubusa wokhala ndi kuwala kowoneka bwino, pomaliza, zopanga nyimbo monga arietta. Palinso mitundu yatsopano yoyimba payekha, yomwe ndi ya Handel - aria yokhala ndi kwaya.

Chodziwika kwambiri cha da capo aria sichimapatula mitundu ina yambiri: apa pali kuwonekera kwaulere kwa zinthu popanda kubwerezabwereza, ndi mbali ziwiri za aria zomwe zimakhala zosiyana ndi zithunzi ziwiri za nyimbo.

Mu Handel, aria ndi osasiyanitsidwa ndi zonse zolembedwa; ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa nyimbo ndi nyimbo.

Pogwiritsa ntchito ma oratorios mawonekedwe akunja a opera arias komanso ngakhale njira zodziwika bwino za kalembedwe ka mawu, Handel imapereka zomwe zili mu aria iliyonse munthu payekha; kugonjera mitundu yoyimba paokha ku mapangidwe apadera aluso ndi ndakatulo, amapewa schematism ya seria operas.

Kulemba kwanyimbo kwa Handel kumadziwika ndi zithunzi zowoneka bwino, zomwe amapeza chifukwa chofotokozera zamalingaliro. Mosiyana ndi Bach, Handel samayesetsa kuwunikira mwanzeru, kuti atumize mithunzi yobisika yamalingaliro kapena kumverera kwanyimbo. Monga momwe katswiri wanyimbo wa Soviet TN Livanova akulembera, nyimbo za Handel zimapereka "malingaliro akulu, osavuta komanso amphamvu: chikhumbo chopambana ndi chisangalalo cha chigonjetso, kulemekezedwa kwa ngwazi ndi chisoni chowala chifukwa cha imfa yake yaulemerero, chisangalalo chamtendere ndi bata pambuyo povutikira. nkhondo, ndakatulo zosangalatsa za chilengedwe.”

Zithunzi za nyimbo za Handel nthawi zambiri zimalembedwa ndi "zikwapu zazikulu" zomwe zimatsindika kwambiri; nyimbo zoyambira, kumveka bwino kwa nyimbo ndi mgwirizano zimawapatsa mpumulo wazithunzi, kuwala kwa kujambula zithunzi. Kuvuta kwa nyimbo zanyimbo, ndondomeko yowoneka bwino ya zithunzi zanyimbo za Handel pambuyo pake zidazindikirika ndi Gluck. Zithunzi za ma arias ndi ma korasi ambiri a Gluck's opera akupezeka mu oratorios a Handel.

Mitu yachidziwitso, kuchuluka kwamitundu kumaphatikizidwa mu Handel ndikumveka bwino kwambiri kwa chilankhulo cha nyimbo, ndi ndalama zolimba kwambiri. Beethoven, pophunzira za oratorios za Handel, ananena mosangalala kuti: “Ndiwo amene muyenera kuphunzira kuchokera ku njira zochepetsetsa kuti mupeze zotsatira zodabwitsa.” Kukhoza kwa Handel kufotokoza malingaliro aakulu, apamwamba ndi kuphweka kwakukulu kunadziwika ndi Serov. Atamvetsera kwaya yochokera ku “Judas Maccabee” mu imodzi ya makonsati, Serov analemba kuti: “Kodi oimba amakono amatalikirana motani ndi kuphweka kwa maganizo koteroko. Komabe, n’zoona kuti kuphweka kumeneku, monga tanenera kale pa nthawi ya Abusa Symphony, kumapezeka kokha mu nzeru za ukulu woyamba, umene mosakayikira unali Handel.

V. Galatskaya

• Handel's oratorio →
• Kupanga kwa ntchito kwa Handel →
• Kupanga kwa zida za Handel →
• Zojambulajambula za Handel →
• Kupanga kwa zida za Chamber za Handel →
• Handel Organ Concertos →
• Concerti Grossi ya Handel →
• Mitundu yakunja →