Giovanni Battista Pergolesi |

Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

Pergoles. "Maid-Maid". A Serpina penserete (M. Bonifaccio)

Wolemba nyimbo wa opera wa ku Italy J. Pergolesi adalowa m'mbiri ya nyimbo monga mmodzi mwa omwe adayambitsa mtundu wa buffa opera. Koyambira, zolumikizidwa ndi miyambo yamasewera amtundu wa masks (dell'arte), opera buffa idathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zadziko, zademokalase m'bwalo lanyimbo lazaka za zana la XNUMX; adalemeretsa nkhokwe ya sewero la opera ndi mawu atsopano, mawonekedwe, njira zamasewera. Mawonekedwe amtundu watsopano omwe adapangidwa mu ntchito ya Pergolesi adawonetsa kusinthasintha, kuthekera kosinthidwa ndikusinthidwa mosiyanasiyana. Kukula kwa mbiri ya onepa-buffa kumachokera ku zitsanzo zoyambirira za Pergolesi ("The Servant-Mistress") - kupita ku WA ​​Mozart ("Ukwati wa Figaro") ndi G. Rossini ("The Barber of Seville") ndi kupitilira apo. mpaka m'zaka za zana la XNUMX ("Falstaff" lolemba J. Verdi, "Mavra" lolemba I. Stravinsky, wolembayo adagwiritsa ntchito mitu ya Pergolesi mu ballet "Pulcinella", "The Love for Three Oranges" lolemba S. Prokofiev).

Moyo wonse wa Pergolesi unakhala ku Naples, wotchuka chifukwa cha sukulu yake yotchuka ya opera. Kumeneko anamaliza maphunziro a Conservatory (pakati pa aphunzitsi ake anali oimba otchuka a opera - F. Durante, G. Greco, F. Feo). M'bwalo lamasewera la Neapolitan la San Bartolomeo, opera yoyamba ya Pergolesi, Salustia (1731), idachitika, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi, mbiri yakale ya opera The Proud Prisoner inachitika mubwalo lomwelo. Komabe, si ntchito yaikulu imene inakopa chidwi cha anthu, koma interludes awiri sewero lanthabwala, amene Pergolesi, kutsatira mwambo wa ku Italy zisudzo, anaika pakati zochita za seria opera. Posakhalitsa, atalimbikitsidwa ndi kupambana, woimbayo adalemba kuchokera kuzinthu izi zomwe zimayimba opera yodziimira - "The Servant-Mistress". Chilichonse chinali chatsopano mu seweroli - chiwembu chosavuta chatsiku ndi tsiku (wantchito wanzeru ndi wochenjera Serpina amakwatiwa ndi mbuye wake Uberto ndipo akukhala mbuye wake), mawonekedwe anyimbo anzeru a otchulidwa, ma ensembles osangalatsa, ogwira ntchito, nyimbo ndi malo osungiramo mavinidwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kuthamanga kofulumira kwa zochitika za siteji kunafuna luso lalikulu la sewero kuchokera kwa ochita sewero.

Chimodzi mwa zisudzo zoyamba za buffa, zomwe zidadziwika kwambiri ku Italy, The Maid-Madame adathandizira kuti zisudzo zamatsenga zichuluke m'maiko ena. Kupambana kopambana kunatsagana ndi zomwe adapanga ku Paris m'chilimwe cha 1752. Ulendo wopita ku gulu la "Buffons" la ku Italy unakhala nthawi ya zokambirana zakuthwa kwambiri (zomwe zimatchedwa "Nkhondo ya Buffons"), momwe omvera a mtundu watsopano unasemphana (pakati pawo anali encyclopedist - Diderot, Rousseau, Grimm ndi ena) ndi mafani a French court opera (nyimbo zoopsa). Ngakhale, mwa lamulo la mfumu, "buffons" posakhalitsa anathamangitsidwa ku Paris, zilakolako sizinathe kwa nthawi yaitali. M'nyengo ya mikangano za njira zosinthira zisudzo nyimbo, mtundu wa French zisudzo opera. Mmodzi mwa oyamba - "The Village Sorcerer" ndi wolemba wotchuka wa ku France ndi filosofi Rousseau - adapanga mpikisano woyenera "The Maid-Mistress".

Pergolesi, amene anakhala zaka 26 okha, anasiya wolemera, chidwi cholowa chake kulenga. Wolemba wotchuka wa buffa operas (kupatula The Servant-Mistress - The Monk in Love, Flaminio, etc.), adagwiranso ntchito bwino m'mitundu ina: adalemba seria operas, nyimbo zakwaya zopatulika (misa, cantatas, oratorios), zida zoimbira. ntchito (trio sonatas, overtures, concertos). Atangotsala pang'ono kumwalira, cantata "Stabat Mater" inalengedwa - imodzi mwa ntchito zouziridwa kwambiri za wolemba nyimbo, zomwe zinalembedwera kagulu kakang'ono ka chipinda (soprano, alto, quartet ya chingwe ndi chiwalo), chodzaza ndi nyimbo zapamwamba, zowona mtima komanso zozama. kumva.

Ntchito za Pergolesi, zomwe zidapangidwa zaka pafupifupi 3 zapitazo, zimakhala ndi malingaliro odabwitsa a unyamata, kumasuka kwa mawu, mtima wopatsa chidwi, womwe susiyanitsidwa ndi lingaliro la chikhalidwe cha dziko, mzimu womwe waluso waku Italy. “M’nyimbo zake,” B. Asafiev analemba za Pergolesi, “pamodzi ndi chikondi chochititsa chidwi chachikondi ndi kuledzera kwa mawu, muli masamba odzala ndi thanzi labwino, moyo wamphamvu ndi madzi a dziko lapansi, ndipo pambali pawo pali nkhani. momwe chidwi, kuchenjera, nthabwala ndi chisangalalo chosatsutsika chosasamala zimalamulira mosavuta komanso momasuka, monga masiku a carnivals.

I. Okhalova

Zolemba:

machitidwe - zopitilira 10 za opera, kuphatikiza The Proud Captive (Il prigionier superbo, ndi interludes The Maid-Mistress, La serva padrona, 1733, San Bartolomeo Theatre, Naples), Olympiad (L'Olimpiade, 1735, ” Theatre Tordinona, Rome), buffa operas, kuphatikizapo The Monk in Love (Lo frate 'nnamorato, 1732, Fiorentini Theatre, Naples), Flaminio (Il Flaminio, 1735, ibid.); zofotokozera, cantatas, misa ndi ntchito zina zopatulika, kuphatikizapo Stabat Mater, concertos, trio sonatas, arias, duets.