Pauline Viardot-Garcia |

Pauline Viardot-Garcia

Wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Russia N. Pleshcheev analemba mu 1846 ndakatulo "Kwa Woyimba", yoperekedwa kwa Viardo Garcia. Nachi chidutswa chake:

Anawonekera kwa ine ... naimba nyimbo yopatulika, - Ndipo maso ake adayaka ndi moto waumulungu ... Chifaniziro chotumbululuka mwa iye ndinawona Desdemona, Pamene adawerama pa zeze wagolide, Ponena za msondodzi adayimba nyimbo ndikusokoneza kubuula. ya nyimbo yakale ija. Anamvetsetsa mozama, anaphunzira Iye amene ankadziwa anthu ndi zinsinsi za mitima yawo; Ndipo ngati wamkulu adzuka m'manda, Iye amaika korona wake pamphumi pake. Nthawi zina Rosina wamng'ono amawonekera kwa ine Ndi kukhudzika, monga usiku wa dziko lakwawo ... Ndikumva mawu ake amatsenga, M'dziko lachonde ndidalakalaka ndi moyo wanga, Kumene zonse zimamveka khutu, zonse zimakondweretsa maso, Kumene chipinda chapamwamba cha mlengalenga. Kumwamba kumawala ndi buluu kosatha, Kumene miluzi iimba mluzu pa nthambi za mkuyu, Ndi mthunzi wa mkuyu ukugwedezeka pamwamba pa madzi.

Michel-Ferdinanda-Pauline Garcia anabadwira ku Paris pa July 18, 1821. Bambo ake a Polina, Tenor Manuel Garcia ndiye anali pachimake pa kutchuka kwake. Amayi Joaquin Siches analinso wojambula ndipo nthawi ina "ankakhala ngati chokongoletsera cha Madrid." Amayi ake anali Mfumukazi Praskovya Andreevna Golitsyna, dzina la mtsikanayo.

Mphunzitsi woyamba wa Polina anali bambo ake. Polina, iye analemba masewera angapo, canons ndi ariettas. Kwa iye, Polina anatengera kukonda nyimbo za J.-S. Bach. Manuel Garcia anati: “Ndi woimba weniweni yekha amene angakhale woimba weniweni.” Kuti athe kuchita khama ndi moleza mtima nyimbo, Polina analandira dzina lakuti Nyerere mu banja.

Ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi zitatu, Polina anayamba kuphunzira mogwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cholembedwa motsogoleredwa ndi A. Reicha. Kenako anayamba kuphunzira limba kuchokera Meisenberg, kenako Franz Liszt. Mpaka zaka 15, Polina anali kukonzekera kukhala woimba piyano ndipo ngakhale madzulo ake mu Brussels "Artistic Circle".

Pa nthawi imeneyo ankakhala ndi mlongo wake, woimba kwambiri Maria Malibran. Kalelo mu 1831, Maria anauza E. Leguva za mlongo wake kuti: “Mwana ameneyu … adzatiphimba tonse.” Tsoka ilo, Malibran adamwalira momvetsa chisoni kwambiri. Maria sanangothandiza mlongo wake pazachuma komanso ndi upangiri, koma, popanda kudzikayikira, adachita gawo lalikulu pamavuto ake.

Mwamuna wa Pauline adzakhala Louis Viardot, bwenzi la Malibran ndi mlangizi. Ndipo mwamuna wa Maria, Charles Berio, anathandiza woimbayo kugonjetsa njira zovuta kwambiri panjira yake yaluso. Dzina lakuti Berio linamutsegulira zitseko za maholo ochitirako konsati. Ndi Berio, adaimba koyamba pagulu - muholo ya Brussels City Hall, mu konsati yotchedwa konsati ya osauka.

M'chilimwe cha 1838, Polina ndi Berio anapita pa ulendo konsati ku Germany. Pambuyo pa konsati ku Dresden, Polina adalandira mphatso yake yoyamba yamtengo wapatali - chovala cha emarodi. Masewera adachitanso bwino ku Berlin, Leipzig ndi Frankfurt am Main. Kenako wojambulayo anaimba ku Italy.

Pauline anayamba kuchita pagulu ku Paris pa December 15, 1838, mu holo ya Renaissance Theatre. Omvera analandira ndi manja awiri kuimba kwa woimbayo wa zidutswa zingapo zovuta mwaukadaulo zomwe zimafuna umunthu weniweni. Pa Januware 1839, XNUMX, A. de Musset adasindikiza nkhani mu Revue de Demonde, momwe adalankhula za "mawu ndi mzimu wa Malibran", kuti "Pauline amaimba akamapuma", akumaliza chilichonse ndi ndakatulo zoperekedwa ku zoyambira. Pauline Garcia ndi Eliza Rachel.

Kumayambiriro kwa 1839, Garcia adamupanga kuwonekera koyamba kugulu la Royal Theatre ku London ngati Desdemona ku Rossini's Otello. Nyuzipepala ya ku Russia yotchedwa Severnaya Pchela inalemba kuti “anadzutsa chidwi chambiri pakati pa okonda nyimbo”, “analandiridwa ndi m’manja ndipo anaitanidwa kawiri madzulo… koma posakhalitsa adazindikira luso lake loimba, zomwe zimamupangitsa kukhala membala woyenera wa banja la Garcia, wodziwika m'mbiri ya nyimbo kuyambira zaka za zana la XNUMX. Zoona, mawu ake sakanakhoza kudzaza nyumba zazikulu, koma munthu ayenera kudziwa kuti woimbayo akadali wamng'ono kwambiri: ali ndi zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziwiri zokha. Pochita zinthu mochititsa chidwi, adadziwonetsa kuti ndi mlongo wake wa Malibran: adapeza mphamvu zomwe munthu wanzeru yekha angakhale nazo!

Pa Okutobala 7, 1839, Garcia adayamba ku Italy Opera monga Desdemona ku Rossini's Otello. Wolemba T. Gautier adalandira mwa iye "nyenyezi ya kukula kwake, nyenyezi yokhala ndi mazira asanu ndi awiri", woimira mzera waulemerero wa luso la Garcia. Iye anaona kavalidwe kake ka zovala, kosiyana kwambiri ndi zovala zofala kwa osangalatsidwa a ku Italy, “kuvala, mwachiwonekere, mu zovala za agalu asayansi.” Gauthier anatcha mawu a wojambulayo “chimodzi mwa zida zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zimamveka.

Kuyambira Okutobala 1839 mpaka Marichi 1840, Polina anali nyenyezi yayikulu ya Opera ya ku Italy, anali "pamafashoni", monga adanenera Liszt M. D'Agout. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi mfundo yakuti atangodwala, oyang'anira zisudzo adapereka ndalamazo kwa anthu, ngakhale kuti Rubini, Tamburini ndi Lablache adatsalirabe.

Nyengo ino adayimba mu Otello, Cinderella, The Barber of Seville, Rossini's Tancrede ndi Don Giovanni wa Mozart. Komanso, mu zoimbaimba Polina anachita ntchito Palestrina, Marcello, Gluck, Schubert.

Chodabwitsa, chinali kupambana komwe kunakhala gwero la zovuta ndi zomvetsa chisoni kwa woimbayo. Chifukwa chawo n’chakuti oimba otchuka Grisi ndi Persiani “sanalole kuti P. Garcia achite mbali zofunika kwambiri.” Ndipo ngakhale holo yayikulu, yozizira ya Opera ya ku Italy inalibe kanthu madzulo ambiri, Grisi sanalole mpikisano wachichepereyo kulowa. Polina sanachitire mwina koma kukayendera kunja. Chapakati pa mwezi wa April, anapita ku Spain. Ndipo pa October 14, 1843, Polina ndi Louis Viardot anafika ku likulu la Russia.

Opera ya ku Italy inayamba nyengo yake ku St. Kwa kuwonekera kwake, Viardot adasankha udindo wa Rosina mu The Barber of Seville. Kupambana kunali kokwanira. Okonda nyimbo ku St. Petersburg anasangalala kwambiri ndi zochitika za phunziro loimba, pomwe wojambulayo mosayembekezera anaphatikizapo Nightingale ya Alyabyev. Ndizofunikira kuti patapita zaka zambiri Glinka mu "Zolemba" zake adati: "Viardot anali wabwino kwambiri."

Rosina adatsatiridwa ndi Desdemona ku Rossini's Otello, Amina ku Bellini's La Sonnambula, Lucia ku Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor, Zerlina ku Mozart's Don Giovanni ndipo, potsiriza, Romeo ku Bellini's Montecchi et Capulets. Viardot posakhalitsa anakumana ndi oimira bwino Russian luso anzeru: nthawi zambiri ankapita ku nyumba Vielgorsky, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri Count Matvey Yurevich Vielgorsky anakhala mmodzi wa mabwenzi ake apamtima. Mmodzi wa zisudzo anapezeka ndi Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev, amene posakhalitsa anadziwitsidwa kuchezera wotchuka. Monga AF Koni, "chisangalalo chinalowa m'moyo wa Turgenev mozama kwambiri ndipo chinakhalabe kumeneko kwamuyaya, zomwe zinakhudza moyo wonse wa munthu wokhala ndi mwamuna mmodzi."

Patatha chaka chimodzi, likulu la Russia anakumananso Viardot. Adawala m'gulu lomwe adadziwika bwino ndipo adapambana zipambano zatsopano mu Cinderella ya Rossini, Don Pasquale ya Donizetti ndi Norma ya Bellini. M’kalata yake ina yopita kwa George Sand, Viardot analemba kuti: “Onani anthu abwino kwambiri amene ndimakumana nawo. Ndi iye amene amandipangitsa kuti ndipite patsogolo kwambiri. "

Kale pa nthawi imeneyo woimba anasonyeza chidwi ndi nyimbo Russian. Chidutswa cha Ivan Susanin, chimene Viardot anachita pamodzi ndi Petrov ndi Rubini, chinawonjezeredwa ku Nightingale ya Alyabyev.

"Kupambana kwa mawu ake kunagwera pa nyengo za 1843-1845," akulemba AS Rozanov. - Munthawi imeneyi, zida zanyimbo-zodabwitsa komanso zoseketsa zidatenga malo apamwamba muzojambula za ojambulawo. Mbali ya Norma inaonekera kwa izo, ntchito yomvetsa chisoni inanena za nthawi yatsopano mu ntchito opera woimba. “Chifuwa choopsa” chinasiya chizindikiro chosadziŵika pa mawu ake, kuchititsa kuti lizimiririka msanga. Komabe, mfundo pachimake pa ntchito Viardot ntchito ayenera choyamba kuonedwa ngati Fidesz mu Mneneri, kumene iye, kale woimba wokhwima, anakwanitsa kukwaniritsa mgwirizano wodabwitsa pakati pa ungwiro wa mawu ndi nzeru za mafanizo ochititsa chidwi. pa chithunzi cha siteji, "chimake chachiwiri" chinali mbali ya Orpheus, yomwe Viardot ankaimba monyengerera, koma mopanda mawu. Zosafunikira kwenikweni, komanso kupambana kwakukulu kwaukadaulo, zinali za Viardot zigawo za Valentina, Sappho ndi Alceste. Zinali ndendende maudindo awa, odzaza ndi malingaliro omvetsa chisoni, ndi mitundu yonse ya talente yake yamasewera, zomwe zimafanana kwambiri ndi malo osungiramo malingaliro a Viardot ndi chikhalidwe cha talente yake yowala kwambiri. Zinali zikomo kwa iwo kuti Viardot, wochita zisudzo, adatenga udindo wapadera pazaluso za opera komanso zaluso zazaka za zana la XNUMX. ”

Mu May 1845, a Viardots anachoka ku Russia, kupita ku Paris. Pa nthawiyi Turgenev anagwirizana nawo. Ndipo m'dzinja, nyengo ya St. Petersburg inayambanso kwa woimbayo. Maudindo atsopano adawonjezeredwa ku maphwando omwe amawakonda - mumasewera a Donizetti ndi Nicolai. Ndipo paulendo uwu, Viardot anakhalabe wokondedwa wa anthu a ku Russia. Tsoka ilo, nyengo yakumpoto idasokoneza thanzi la wojambulayo, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo adakakamizika kusiya maulendo okhazikika ku Russia. Koma izi sizikanasokoneza ubale wake ndi "dziko lachiŵiri". Imodzi mwa makalata ake opita kwa Matvey Vielgorsky ili ndi mizere yotsatirayi: “Nthawi zonse ndikakwera m’ngolo n’kupita ku Nyumba ya Zisudzo ya ku Italy, ndimadziyerekezera ndili panjira yopita ku Bwalo la Zisudzo la Bolshoi. Ndipo ngati misewu ili ndi chifunga pang'ono, chinyengo chatha. Koma ngoloyo ikangoyima, imasowa, ndipo ndimatha kupuma.

Mu 1853, Viardot-Rosina anagonjetsanso anthu onse ku St. II Panaev akudziwitsa Turgenev, yemwe panthawiyo adathamangitsidwa ku malo ake a Spasskoe-Lutovinovo, kuti Viardot "amapanga phokoso ku St. Petersburg, pamene akuimba - kulibe malo." Mu Meyerbeer's The Prophet, amasewera imodzi mwamaudindo ake abwino kwambiri - Fidesz. zoimbaimba ake amatsatira mmodzi ndi mzake, imene nthawi zambiri kuimba zachikondi Dargomyzhsky ndi Mikh. Vielgorsky Uwu unali sewero lomaliza la woimba ku Russia.

AS Rozanov analemba kuti: “Ndi luso lokopa kwambiri, woimbayo anajambula zithunzi za akazi a m’Baibulo kawiri konse. - M'katikati mwa zaka za m'ma 1850, adawonekera ngati Mahala, amayi a Samsoni, mu opera Samson ndi G. Dupre (pa siteji ya bwalo laling'ono m'malo a "School of Singing") wotchuka wa tenor's "School of Singing") ndipo, malinga ndi wolemba. , chinali “chachikulu ndi chokondweretsa” . Mu 1874, adakhala woyamba kuyimba gawo la Delila mu opera ya Saint-Saens's Samson et Delilah. Kuchita kwa gawo la Lady Macbeth mu opera ya dzina lomwelo ndi G. Verdi ndi chimodzi mwazochita za P. Viardot.

Zinkawoneka kuti zakazo zinalibe mphamvu pa woimbayo. EI Apreleva-Blaramberg akukumbukira kuti: "Pa limodzi la nyimbo "Lachinayi" m'nyumba ya Viardot mu 1879, woimbayo, yemwe panthawiyo anali ndi zaka zosakwana 60, "adadzipereka" ku zopempha zoimba ndikusankha malo ogona kuchokera ku Verdi's Macbeth. Saint-Saens anakhala pansi pa piyano. Madame Viardot adalowa pakati pachipindacho. Kumveka koyamba kwa mawu ake kunamveka modabwitsa; phokosoli linkawoneka ngati likutuluka movutikira kuchokera ku chida china cha dzimbiri; koma zitatha pang'ono, mawuwo adatenthedwa ndi kukopa omvera ... Palibe mthunzi umodzi wa nkhanza zowopsa za moyo wazimayi womwe unasokonekera, ndipo pamene, akutsitsa mawu ake kwa pianissimo wofatsa, momwe madandaulo, mantha, ndi kuzunzika zinamveka, woimbayo adayimba, akugwedeza wokongola wake woyera. manja, mawu ake otchuka. "Palibe fungo la ku Arabia lomwe lidzachotse fungo la magazi m'manja aang'ono awa ..." - kunjenjemera kwachisangalalo kunadutsa omvera onse. Pa nthawi yomweyi - osati mawonekedwe amodzi a zisudzo; kuyeza m’zonse; mawu odabwitsa: mawu aliwonse amanenedwa momveka bwino; owuziridwa, ntchito yoyaka moto pokhudzana ndi lingaliro la kulenga la zomwe adachita adamaliza kuyimba kwangwiro.

Atasiya kale siteji ya zisudzo, Viardot amadziwonetsera ngati woimba wamkulu wachipinda. Viardot, yemwe anali ndi talente yodabwitsa kwambiri, adakhalanso woyimba waluso. Chisamaliro chake monga wolemba mawu amawu amakopeka makamaka ndi zitsanzo za ndakatulo zaku Russia - ndakatulo za Pushkin, Lermontov, Koltsov, Turgenev, Tyutchev, Fet. Zolemba za chikondi chake zinasindikizidwa ku St. Petersburg ndipo zinali zodziwika kwambiri. Pa libretto ya Turgenev, iye analembanso operettas angapo - "Akazi Anga Kwambiri", "Wamatsenga Otsiriza", "Cannibal", "galasi". Ndizodabwitsa kuti mu 1869 Brahms adachita sewero la The Last Sorcerer ku Villa Viardot ku Baden-Baden.

Anapereka gawo lalikulu la moyo wake ku pedagogy. Pakati pa ophunzira ndi ophunzira a Pauline Viardot ndi otchuka Desiree Artaud-Padilla, Baylodz, Hasselman, Holmsen, Schliemann, Schmeiser, Bilbo-Bachele, Meyer, Rollant ndi ena. Oimba ambiri a ku Russia adadutsa naye sukulu yoimba bwino kwambiri, kuphatikizapo F. Litvin, E. Lavrovskaya-Tserteleva, N. Iretskaya, N. Shtemberg.

Pauline Viardot anamwalira usiku wa May 17-18, 1910.