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Greek sustnma, German. Tonsystem

Altitude (nthawi) gulu la nyimbo. mawu ozikidwa pa c.-l. mfundo imodzi. Pamtima pa Z. with. nthawi zonse pamakhala matani angapo motsimikizika, zoyezeka. Mawu akuti Z. With." amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzinthu zosiyanasiyana:

1) kamangidwe ka mawu, mwachitsanzo, kuchuluka kwa mawu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito munthawi inayake (nthawi zambiri mkati mwa octave, mwachitsanzo, masiwuni asanu, mamvekedwe khumi ndi awiri);

2) dongosolo lotsimikizika la zinthu za dongosolo (zomveka ngati sikelo; zomveka ngati zovuta zamagulu a phokoso, mwachitsanzo, zolembera mu dongosolo la tonal la akuluakulu ndi ang'onoang'ono);

3) dongosolo la khalidwe, maubwenzi semantic, ntchito za phokoso, amene aumbike pa maziko a mfundo ya kugwirizana pakati pawo (mwachitsanzo, tanthauzo la malankhulidwe mu modes melodic, harmonic tonality);

4) kumanga, masamu. kufotokozera maubwenzi pakati pa phokoso (dongosolo la Pythagorean, dongosolo lofanana la temperament).

Tanthauzo lalikulu la lingaliro la Z. ndi. kugwirizana ndi kamvekedwe ka mawu ndi kamangidwe kake. Z.s. zimasonyeza mlingo wa chitukuko, zomveka. kugwirizana ndi dongosolo la muses. kuganiza ndi mbiri zimasintha ndi izo. Chisinthiko cha Z. ndi., m'mbiri yeniyeni. Njirayi, yomwe imachitika m'njira yovuta komanso yodzaza ndi zotsutsana zamkati, zonse zimabweretsa kukonzanso kwa kusiyanitsa kwa mawu, kuwonjezeka kwa matani omwe akuphatikizidwa mu dongosolo, kulimbikitsa ndi kuphweka kugwirizana pakati pawo, kupanga zovuta. nthambi zotsogola zamalumikizidwe kutengera ubale wamawu.

Logic chiwembu cha chitukuko Z. ndi. pafupifupi limafanana ndi konkire mbiri. ndondomeko ya mapangidwe ake. Z.s. m'lingaliro lenilenilo chibadwa chimatsogolera kunyezimira kwachikale, kopanda mamvekedwe osiyana, kumene mamvekedwe a mawu akuyamba kuonekera.

Nyimbo ya fuko la Kubu (Sumatra) ndi nyimbo yachikondi ya mnyamata. Malinga ndi E. Hornbostel.

Mawonekedwe apansi a Z. s omwe amalowetsamo. imayimira kuyimba kwa kamvekedwe ka mawu amodzi, kuyimirira (), moyandikana () pamwamba kapena pansi.

Russian folk nthabwala

Kolyadnaya

Liwu loyandikana silingakhazikitsidwe mokhazikika pautali wina kapena kukhala pafupifupi kutalika kwake.

Kukula kwina kwadongosolo kumatsimikizira kuthekera kwa kuyenda kwapang'onopang'ono, cantilena kusuntha kwa nyimbo (pansi pamikhalidwe ya kachitidwe ka masitepe asanu, asanu ndi awiri kapena mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana) ndikuwonetsetsa kugwirizana kwa zonse chifukwa chodalira mawu omwe amamveka. mu ubale waubwenzi wapamwamba kwambiri wina ndi mnzake. Choncho, gawo lotsatira lofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha Z. s. - "nthawi ya quart", kudzaza kusiyana pakati pa phokoso la "consonance yoyamba" (quart imasanduka phokoso lomwe ndilotalikirana kwambiri ndi kamvekedwe koyambirira ndipo likugwirizana nalo; monga Zotsatira zake, zimapindula kwambiri kuposa ma consonances enanso abwino kwambiri - octave, wachisanu) . Kudzaza quart kumapanga mndandanda wamawu omveka - ma trichords omwe si a semitone ndi ma tetrachords angapo amitundu yosiyanasiyana:

TRICHORD

TETRACHORDS

LULLABY

EPIC CHANT

Nthawi yomweyo, ma toni oyandikana ndi odutsa amakhazikika ndipo amakhala othandizira atsopano oyandikana nawo. Pamaziko a tetrachord, pentachords, hexachords amawuka:

MASLENICHNA

kuvina kozungulira

Kuchokera pakuphatikizana kwa ma trichords ndi ma tetrachords, komanso ma pentachords (mosakanikirana kapena mosiyana), machitidwe ophatikizika amapangidwa omwe amasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa mawu - ma hexachords, heptachords, octachords, omwe nawonso amaphatikizidwa kukhala ovuta kwambiri. , makina amawu amitundu yambiri. octave ndi non-octave:

PENTATONICA

Malingaliro a kampani UKRAINIAN VESNIA

PYASOVAYA

Znamenny nyimbo

NYIMBO YA FOLK YA RUSSIA

KWA Khrisimasi YA MAYI WA MULUNGU, YIMBIRO YOSAINIKA

HEXACHORD SYSTEM

Theoretical generalization ya mchitidwe woyambitsa mawu ku Europe. nyimbo zakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma Middle Ages ndi Renaissance (“musica ficta”), pamene mfundo za mawu athunthu ndi kutsatizana kwa kamvekedwe kamvekedwe kamvekedwe kamvekedwe kamvekedwe kamvekedwe kamvekedwe kamvekedwe kamvekedwe ka mawu (mwachitsanzo, m’malo mwa cd ed stroke cis-d etc.), zosonyezedwa mu mawonekedwe a chromatic-enharmonic. Masitepe khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri (wolemba Prosdochimo de Beldemandis, kumapeto kwa zaka za 14 - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 15):

Kukula kwa polyphony ndi mapangidwe a consonant triad monga chinthu chachikulu cha nyimbo. zinayambitsa kukonzanso kwathunthu kwamkati - kugawanika kwa ma toni onse a dongosolo mozungulira consonance iyi, yomwe imakhala ngati likulu, ntchito ya tonic. triads (tonic), ndi mawonekedwe ake makanema ojambula pamasitepe ena onse a diatonic. gamma:

Udindo wa constructive factor Z. s. pang'onopang'ono akudutsa ladomelodich. zitsanzo za chord-harmonic; mogwirizana ndi izi Z. ndi. imayamba kuperekedwa osati ngati sikelo ("masitepe a phokoso" - scala, Tonleiter), koma mwa mawonekedwe a magulu omveka ogwirizana. Komanso pazigawo zina za chitukuko cha Z. ndi., mizere yonse yayikulu yamitundu yoyambirira Z. yokhala ndi. ziliponso mu Z. s. melodic mphamvu. linearity, microsystems kuchokera ku kamvekedwe ka mawu (ndodo) ndi zoyandikana nazo, kudzaza chachinayi (ndi chachisanu), kuchulukitsa kwa ma tetrachords, ndi zina zotero. Zovuta za centralization imodzi. magulu a mawu athunthu-zigawo zonse-pamodzi ndi masikelo ena, amakhala mtundu watsopano wa mawu s-harmonics. tonality (onani cholembedwa pamwambapa), ndipo kuphatikiza kwawo kumapanga "kachitidwe kachitidwe" ka makiyi akulu ndi ang'onoang'ono pamasitepe aliwonse achromatic. sikelo. Kuchuluka kwa sonic kwa dongosololi kumafikira ku infinity, koma kumachepetsedwa ndi kuthekera kwa kuzindikira kwa mamvekedwe ndipo ndimitundu yodzaza ndi ma chromatically kuyambira pafupifupi A2 mpaka c5. Kupangidwa kwa makina akuluakulu ang'onoang'ono a tonal m'zaka za zana la 16. idafuna kusinthidwa kwa dongosolo la Pythagorean mu magawo asanu (mwachitsanzo, f - c - g - d - a - e - h) ndi yachisanu-tertian (yotchedwa yoyera, kapena yachilengedwe, Fogliani - Zarlino system), pogwiritsa ntchito awiri amanga. nthawi - gawo lachisanu 2:3 ndi lachitatu 4:5 (mwachitsanzo, F - a - C - e - G - h - D; zilembo zazikulu zimasonyeza prima ndi magawo asanu a katatu, zilembo zazing'ono zimasonyeza magawo atatu, malinga ndi M. Hauptmann). Kukula kwa kachitidwe ka tonal (makamaka mchitidwe wogwiritsa ntchito makiyi osiyanasiyana) kunafunikira kuti pakhale dongosolo lofanana la kupsa mtima.

Zolumikizana nazo zimawonongeka. tonality imatsogolera kukhazikitsidwa kwa maulalo pakati pawo, kuphatikizika kwawo ndi kupitilira - kuphatikiza. Pamodzi ndi ndondomeko yotsutsa ya kukula kwa intratonal chromaticity (kusintha), kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za tonal kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti mkati mwa tonality yomweyi nthawi iliyonse, chojambula chilichonse ndi sikelo iliyonse kuchokera pa sitepe iliyonse ndizotheka. Izi zidakonzekera kukonzanso kwatsopano kwa kapangidwe ka Z. ndi. m'ntchito ya olemba angapo a m'zaka za zana la 20: magawo onse a chromatic. mamba awo amamasulidwa, dongosolo limasandulika masitepe 12, pomwe nthawi iliyonse imamveka mwachindunji (osati pamaziko a magawo asanu kapena asanu a tertz); ndi gawo loyambilira la Z. s. amakhala semitone (kapena chachikulu chachisanu ndi chiwiri) - monga chochokera chachisanu ndi chachikulu chachitatu. Izi zimapangitsa kukhala kotheka kupanga ma symmetrical (mwachitsanzo, terzochromatic) modes ndi machitidwe, kutuluka kwa tonal khumi ndi ziwiri, zomwe zimatchedwa. "Ufulu waulere" (onani nyimbo za Atonal), gulu la serial (makamaka, dodecaphony), etc.

Non-European Z. with. (mwachitsanzo, mayiko aku Asia, Africa) nthawi zina amapanga mitundu yomwe ili kutali ndi ya ku Europe. Chifukwa chake, ma diatonic ochulukirapo kapena ocheperako a nyimbo zaku India amakongoletsedwa ndi mawu. mithunzi, yofotokozedwa momveka ngati zotsatira za kugawa octave m'magawo 22 (shruti system, yomwe imatanthauzidwanso ngati kutalika konse komwe kotheka).

Mu nyimbo za Javanese, magawo 5 ndi 7 "ofanana" a octave (slendro ndi pelog) samayenderana ndi sikelo yanthawi zonse ya anhemitonic pentatonic kapena XNUMX kapena XNUMX-tertz diatonic sikelo.

Zothandizira: Serov AH, Russian wowerengeka nyimbo monga phunziro la sayansi (3 nkhani), "Musical Nyengo", 1869-70, No 18, 1870-71, No 6 ndi 13, kusindikizidwanso. m’buku lake lakuti: Selected Articles, vol. 1, M.-L., 1950; Sokalsky PP, Russian Folk nyimbo 1888-1901, M., 1, Tyulin Yu. H., Kuphunzitsa za kumvana, L., 3, M, 1908; Kuznetsov KA, Arabic music, in: Essays on the history and theory of music, vol. 1937, L., 1966; Ogolevets AS, Chiyambi cha kulingalira kwamakono kwa nyimbo, M.-L., 2; Zomvera nyimbo. Zonse. Mkonzi. HA Garbuzova, M, 1940; Jami A., Treatise on Music. Mkonzi. ndi ndemanga za VM Belyaev, Tash., 1946; Pereverzev NK, Mavuto a kuyimba kwa nyimbo, M., 1954; Meshchaninov P., Evolution of the phula nsalu (structural-acoustic substantiation ...), M., 1960 (manuscript); Kotlyarevsky I., Diatonics ndi chromatics monga gulu la kulingalira kwa nyimbo, Kipv, 1966; Fortlage K., Das musikalische System der Griechen in seiner Urgestalt, Lpz., 1970, Riemann H., Katechismus der Musikgeschichte, Tl 1971, Lpz., 1847, Rus. pa. - Katekisimu wa Mbiri ya Nyimbo, gawo 1, M., 1888), yake, Das chromatische Tonsystem, m'buku lake: Preludien und Studien, Bd I, Lpz., 1.

Yu. H. Kholopov