Glenn Gould (Glenn Gould) |

Glenn golide

Madzulo a May 7, 1957, anthu ochepa kwambiri anasonkhana kaamba ka konsati mu Nyumba Yaikulu ya Moscow Conservatory. Dzina la woimbayo silinadziwike kwa aliyense wa okonda nyimbo ku Moscow, ndipo pafupifupi aliyense wa omwe analipo anali ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu cha madzulo ano. Koma zimene zinachitika pambuyo pake n’zosakayikitsa kuti aliyense azikumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali.

Umu ndi mmene Pulofesa GM Kogan analongosolera maganizo ake: “Kuyambira pa mipiringidzo yoyamba ya fugue yoyambirira ya Bach’s Art of Fugue, imene woimba limba wa ku Canada Glen Gould anayambitsa konsati yake, zinaonekeratu kuti tinali kulimbana ndi chochitika chochititsa chidwi kwambiri mu gawo la ntchito zaluso pa piyano. Malingaliro awa sanasinthe, koma amangolimbikitsidwa mu konsati yonse. Glen Gould akadali wamng'ono kwambiri (ali ndi zaka makumi awiri ndi zinayi). Ngakhale zili choncho, iye ali kale wojambula wokhwima komanso mbuye wangwiro wokhala ndi umunthu wodziwika bwino, wodziwika bwino. Kukondana kumeneku kumawonekera m'chilichonse - m'masewero, ndi kutanthauzira, ndi njira zamakono zosewerera, komanso ngakhale machitidwe akunja. Maziko a zolemba za Gould ndi ntchito zazikulu zolembedwa ndi Bach (mwachitsanzo, Sixth Partita, Goldberg Variations), Beethoven (mwachitsanzo, Sonata, Op. 109, Fourth Concerto), komanso olankhula achi Germany azaka za zana la XNUMX (sonatas ndi Hindemith , Alban Berg). Ntchito za oimba monga Chopin, Liszt, Rachmaninoff, osatchulapo za chikhalidwe cha virtuoso kapena salon, mwachiwonekere sizimakopa woimba piyano wa ku Canada konse.

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Kuphatikizika komweko kwa zizolowezi zachikale ndi zofotokozera zikuwonetsanso kutanthauzira kwa Gould. Ndizodabwitsa chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwakukulu kwa malingaliro ndi chifuniro, chokhazikika modabwitsa mu kamvekedwe, mawu, kulumikizana kwamphamvu, kufotokoza kwambiri mwanjira yake; koma kufotokoza uku, motsindika, nthawi yomweyo kumangodziletsa. Kukhazikika kumene woimba piyano "amasiya" kuchokera kumalo ake, amadziimba yekha mu nyimbo, mphamvu zomwe amafotokozera ndi "kuika" zolinga zake pa omvera ndizodabwitsa. Zolinga izi mwa njira zina, mwina, ndizokambitsirana; Komabe, munthu sangalephere kupereka ulemu ku kukhudzika kochititsa chidwi kwa woimbayo, sitingachitire mwina koma kusirira chidaliro, kumveka bwino, kutsimikizika kwa maonekedwe awo, luso lolondola komanso labwino la piyano - ngakhale mzere womveka (makamaka piyano ndi pianissimo) ndime zosiyana, zotseguka zotere, kupyola ndi kupyola "kuyang'ana" polyphony. Chilichonse mu pianism ya Gould ndi yapadera, mpaka pamakina ake. Kutsika kwake kotsika kwambiri ndikodabwitsa. Kayendetsedwe kake ndi dzanja lake laulere panthawi yamasewera ndi yachilendo… Glen Gould akadali pa chiyambi cha luso lake. N’zosakayikitsa kuti ali ndi tsogolo labwino.”

Tatchulapo ndemanga yachiduleyi pafupifupi yonse, osati chifukwa chakuti chinali kuyankha kwakukulu pamasewero a woyimba piyano wa ku Canada, koma makamaka chifukwa chithunzi chofotokozedwa ndi chidziwitso chotere cha woimba wolemekezeka wa Soviet, modabwitsa, chasunga zowona zake, makamaka ndipo kenako, ngakhale kuti nthawi, ndithudi, inasintha zina pa izo. Izi, mwa njira, zimatsimikizira zomwe mbuye wokhwima, wopangidwa bwino Gould adawonekera pamaso pathu.

Analandira maphunziro ake oyambirira a nyimbo m'tawuni ya amayi ake ku Toronto, kuyambira ali ndi zaka 11 adapita ku Royal Conservatory komweko, komwe adaphunzira piyano m'kalasi ya Alberto Guerrero ndi kupanga ndi Leo Smith, komanso adaphunzira ndi oimba bwino kwambiri mu filimu. mzinda. Gould adayamba ngati woyimba piyano komanso woyimba limba mu 1947, ndipo adamaliza maphunziro awo ku Conservatory mu 1952. Palibe chomwe chidaneneratu za kukwera kwa meteoric ngakhale atachita bwino ku New York, Washington ndi mizinda ina yaku US mu 1955. Chotsatira chachikulu cha zisudzozi. inali mgwirizano ndi kampani yojambula nyimbo ya CBS, yomwe inakhalabe ndi mphamvu kwa nthawi yaitali. Posakhalitsa mbiri yayikulu idapangidwa - "Goldberg" zosinthika za Bach - zomwe pambuyo pake zidadziwika kwambiri (zisanachitike, komabe, anali atalemba kale zolemba zingapo za Haydn, Mozart ndi olemba amakono ku Canada). Ndipo unali usiku womwewo ku Moscow umene unayala maziko a kutchuka padziko lonse kwa Gould.

Atakhala ndi udindo wapamwamba m'gulu la oimba piyano otsogola, Gould adatsogolera zochitika zoimbaimba kwa zaka zingapo. Zowona, adadziwika mwachangu osati chifukwa cha luso lake lokha, komanso chifukwa chakuchita bwino komanso kuuma mtima kwake. Kapena adafuna kutentha kwina kwa okonza konsati mu holoyo, adatuluka pa siteji atavala magolovesi, ndiye adakana kusewera mpaka pamakhala galasi lamadzi pa piyano, ndiye adayamba milandu yoyipa, ma concerts adayimitsa, kenako adawonetsa. kusakhutitsidwa ndi anthu, kudayambana ndi makondakitala.

Ofalitsa padziko lonse lapansi adazungulira, makamaka, nkhani ya momwe Gould, akubwereza Brahms Concerto ku D zazing'ono ku New York, adasemphana kwambiri ndi wotsogolera L. Bernstein pakutanthauzira kwa ntchitoyo kuti ntchitoyo idatsala pang'ono kugwa. Pamapeto pake, Bernstein adalankhula ndi omvera asanayambe konsati, ndikuchenjeza kuti "sangathe kutenga udindo pa chilichonse chomwe chinali pafupi kuchitika", koma adzachitabe, monga momwe Gould adachitira "ndizoyenera kumvetsera" ...

Inde, kuyambira pachiyambi, Gould adatenga malo apadera pakati pa ojambula amakono, ndipo adakhululukidwa ndendende chifukwa chachilendo chake, chifukwa cha luso lake lapadera. Iye sakanafikiridwa ndi miyezo ya makolo, ndipo iye mwiniyo anali kudziŵa zimenezo. Ndi khalidwe, atabwerera ku USSR, poyamba ankafuna kutenga nawo mbali mu mpikisano wa Tchaikovsky, koma, ataganiza, anasiya lingaliro ili; n’zokayikitsa kuti luso loyambirira lotereli lingagwirizane ndi mpikisano. Komabe, osati choyambirira, komanso mbali imodzi. Ndipo zomwe Gould anachita mu konsati, momveka bwino sanali mphamvu zake zokha, komanso zofooka zake - zonse repertoire ndi stylistic. Ngati kutanthauzira kwake kwa nyimbo za Bach kapena olemba amakono - chifukwa cha chiyambi chake - nthawi zonse adalandira kuyamikira kwakukulu, ndiye kuti "kuthamangitsidwa" kumagulu ena oimba kunayambitsa mikangano yosatha, kusakhutira, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale kukayikira kuzama kwa zolinga za woimba piyano.

Ziribe kanthu momwe Glen Gould adachitira, komabe, lingaliro lake losiya ntchito ya konsati lidakwaniritsidwa ngati mphezi. Kuyambira 1964, Gould sanawonekere pa siteji ya konsati, ndipo mu 1967 adawonekera poyera ku Chicago. Kenako adanena poyera kuti sakufuna kuchitanso ndipo akufuna kudzipereka yekha pakujambula. Zinamveka kuti chifukwa chake, udzu wotsiriza, chinali kulandiridwa kosagwirizana komwe adapatsidwa ndi anthu a ku Italy pambuyo pochita masewera a Schoenberg. Koma wojambula mwiniwakeyo adalimbikitsa chisankho chake ndi malingaliro ake. Iye adanena kuti m'zaka zaumisiri, moyo wa konsati uyenera kutha, kuti kujambula kwa galamafoni kokha kumapereka mwayi kwa wojambula kuti apange mawonekedwe abwino, komanso anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro abwino a nyimbo, popanda kusokonezedwa ndi oyandikana nawo. holo ya konsati, popanda ngozi. Gould ananeneratu kuti: “Maholo ochitirako konsati adzatha. "Zolemba zidzalowa m'malo mwake."

Chisankho cha Gould ndi zolimbikitsa zake zidachititsa chidwi kwambiri pakati pa akatswiri ndi anthu. Ena adanyoza, ena adatsutsa kwambiri, ena - ochepa - adavomereza mosamala. Komabe, mfundo ndi yakuti kwa zaka pafupifupi khumi ndi theka, Glen Gould ankalankhulana ndi anthu pokhapokha ngati palibe, koma mothandizidwa ndi zolemba.

Kumayambiriro kwa nthawiyi, adagwira ntchito mopindulitsa komanso molimbika; dzina lake linasiya kuonekera pamutu wa nkhani yochititsa manyaziyi, komabe linakopa chidwi cha oimba, otsutsa, ndi okonda nyimbo. Zolemba za New Gould zinkawoneka pafupifupi chaka chilichonse, koma chiwerengero chawo ndi chaching'ono. Chimodzi mwazojambula zake ndi ntchito za Bach: Partitas asanu ndi limodzi, makonsati mu D zazikulu, F zazing'ono, G zazing'ono, "Goldberg" zosiyana ndi "Well-Tempered Clavier", zopangidwa ndi magawo awiri ndi atatu, French Suite, Italian Concerto. , "Art of Fugue" ... Apa Gould amachita mobwerezabwereza ngati woyimba wapadera, monga palibe wina aliyense, amene amamva ndi kukonzanso nyimbo za Bach zovuta kwambiri, momveka bwino, komanso zauzimu. Ndi chilichonse mwazojambula zake, amatsimikizira mobwerezabwereza kuthekera kwa kuwerenga kwamakono kwa nyimbo za Bach - osayang'ana m'mbuyo pazithunzi zakale, osabwereranso kumayendedwe ndi zida zakale, ndiko kuti, amatsimikizira mphamvu zakuya ndi zamakono. za nyimbo za Bach lero.

Gawo lina lofunika kwambiri la zolemba za Gould ndi ntchito ya Beethoven. Ngakhale kale (kuyambira 1957 mpaka 1965) adalemba ma concerto onse, ndipo adawonjezera mndandanda wa zojambula zake ndi ma sonatas ambiri ndi maulendo atatu akuluakulu. Apa amakopanso ndi kutsitsimuka kwa malingaliro ake, koma osati nthawi zonse - ndi organicity ndi kukopa; nthaŵi zina kumasulira kwake kumakhala kosemphana kotheratu, monga momwe ananenera katswiri wanyimbo wa Soviet ndi woimba piyano D. Blagoy, “osati kokha ndi miyambo, komanso ndi maziko a kulingalira kwa Beethoven.” Mwachisawawa, nthawi zina pamakhala kukayikira kuti kupatuka kuchokera ku tempo yovomerezeka, rhythmic pattern, magawo osunthika samayambitsidwa ndi lingaliro loganiziridwa bwino, koma ndi chikhumbo chochita chirichonse mosiyana ndi ena. “Zojambula zaposachedwa kwambiri za Gould za sonatas za Beethoven zochokera ku opus 31,” analemba motero mmodzi wa otsutsa akunja apakati pa zaka za m’ma 70, “sadzakhutiritsa onse amene amam’sirira ndi otsutsa ake. Amene amamukonda chifukwa amapita ku situdiyo kokha pamene iye ali wokonzeka kunena chinachake chatsopano, osati ananenedwa ndi ena, adzapeza kuti zimene zikusowa mu sonatas atatu amenewa ndendende zovuta kulenga; kwa ena, chirichonse chimene iye amachita mosiyana ndi anzake sichidzawoneka makamaka choyambirira.

Lingaliro limeneli limatibweretsanso ku mawu a Gould mwiniwakeyo, amene nthaŵi ina analongosola cholinga chake motere: “Choyamba, ndimayesetsa kupeŵa tanthauzo la golidi, loperekedwa ndi oimba piyano ambiri osakhoza kufa. Ndikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kwambiri kuwunikira mbali zojambulira zomwe zimawunikira chidutswacho mosiyanasiyana. Kuphedwa kuyenera kukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi ntchito yolenga - iyi ndiyo chinsinsi, iyi ndiyo njira yothetsera vutoli. Nthawi zina mfundo imeneyi inachititsa kuti apindule kwambiri, koma pamene kuthekera kulenga umunthu wake kunasemphana ndi chikhalidwe cha nyimbo, kulephera. Ogula zolembera azolowera kuti kujambula kwatsopano kwa Gould kunali kodabwitsa, komwe kunapangitsa kuti amve ntchito yodziwika bwino. Koma, monga m'modzi mwa otsutsawo adanenera bwino, m'matanthauzidwe osamvetsetseka, mukuyesetsa kosatha kwa chiyambi, chiwopsezo cha chizolowezi chimabisalanso - onse ochita masewera ndi omvera amawazolowera, ndiyeno amakhala "madindo oyambira".

Repertoire ya Gould yakhala ikuwonetsedwa momveka bwino, koma osati yopapatiza. Iye sankasewera Schubert, Chopin, Schumann, Liszt, ankaimba nyimbo zambiri za m'zaka za zana la 3 - sonatas ndi Scriabin (No. 7), Prokofiev (No. 7), A. Berg, E. Ksheneck, P. Hindemith, onse ntchito za A. Schoenberg, zomwe zinaphatikizapo limba; adatsitsimutsa ntchito za olemba akale - Byrd ndi Gibbons, adadabwa mafani a nyimbo za piyano ndi pempho losayembekezereka ku zolemba za Liszt za Beethoven's Fifth Symphony (anapanganso phokoso lamagazi la okhestra pa piyano) ndi zidutswa za Wagner operas; adalemba mosayembekezereka zitsanzo zoyiwalika za nyimbo zachikondi - Grieg's Sonata (Op. XNUMX), Wiese's Nocturne and Chromatic Variations, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale Sibelius sonatas. Gould adapanganso ma cadenza ake a ma concerto a Beethoven ndipo adayimbanso gawo la piano mu monodrama ya Enoch Arden ya R. Strauss, ndipo pomaliza, adalemba Bach's Art of Fugue pa organ ndipo, kwa nthawi yoyamba atakhala pa harpsichord, adapatsa omwe amamukonda. Kutanthauzira kwabwino kwa Handel's Suite. Pazonsezi, Gould adagwira ntchito ngati wofalitsa, wolemba mapulogalamu a pa TV, zolemba ndi zolemba zake zomwe adajambula, polemba ndi pakamwa; nthawi zina mawu ake analinso kuukira kuti anakwiyitsa oimba kwambiri, nthawi zina, m'malo mwake, zozama, ngakhale maganizo odabwitsa. Koma zidachitikanso kuti adatsutsa zolemba zake zamalemba ndi zotsutsana ndi kutanthauzira kwake.

Ntchito yosunthika komanso yothandizayi idapereka chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti wojambulayo anali asananene mawu omaliza; kuti m'tsogolomu kusaka kwake kudzabweretsa zotsatira zazikulu zaluso. M'zojambula zake zina, ngakhale mosadziwika bwino, panalibe chizoloŵezi chochoka ku zovuta zomwe zakhala zikuchitika mpaka pano. Zinthu za kuphweka kwatsopano, kukana makhalidwe ndi kupambanitsa, kubwereranso ku kukongola koyambirira kwa phokoso la piyano zikuwonekera bwino kwambiri m'zojambula zake za sonatas zingapo za Mozart ndi ma intermezzo 10 a Brahms; kasewero wa wojambulayo sanataye kutsitsimuka kwake ndi chiyambi chake.

N’zoona kuti n’zovuta kunena kuti zimenezi zikachitika mpaka pati. Mmodzi mwa owonera akunja, "akuneneratu" njira ya chitukuko chamtsogolo cha Glenn Gould, adanenanso kuti pamapeto pake adzakhala "woimba wamba", kapena azisewera ndi "wovuta" wina - Friedrich Gulda. Palibe chilichonse chimene chinkaoneka ngati chosatheka.

M'zaka zaposachedwa, Gould - "Fisher woimba" uyu, monga atolankhani amamutcha - adakhala kutali ndi moyo waluso. Anakhazikika ku Toronto, m’chipinda cha hotelo, mmene anakonzekeretsa situdiyo yaing’ono yojambulira. Kuchokera apa, zolemba zake zidafalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Iye mwiniyo sanachoke m'nyumba yake kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo ankangoyenda ndi galimoto usiku. Apa, mu hotelo iyi, imfa yosayembekezereka inapeza wojambulayo. Koma, ndithudi, cholowa cha Gould chikupitirirabe, ndipo kusewera kwake kumakhudza lero ndi chiyambi chake, kusagwirizana ndi zitsanzo zilizonse zodziwika. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi zolemba zake, zosonkhanitsidwa ndi ndemanga za T. Page ndikufalitsidwa m'zinenero zambiri.

Grigoriev L., Platek Ya.