Hanns Eisler |

Hanns Eisler

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20, nyimbo zankhondo za Hans Eisler, wopeka wachikomyunizimu yemwe pambuyo pake adachita gawo lalikulu m'mbiri ya nyimbo zosinthira zaka za zana la XNUMX, zidayamba kufalikira m'maboma ogwira ntchito ku Berlin, kenako ku Berlin. magulu ozungulira a German proletariat. Mogwirizana ndi olemba ndakatulo Bertolt Brecht, Erich Weinert, woimba Ernst Busch, Eisler akuyambitsa mtundu watsopano wa nyimbo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku - nyimbo ya slogan, nyimbo yojambula yomwe imayitanitsa kulimbana ndi dziko la capitalism. Umu ndi momwe mtundu wanyimbo umayambira, womwe watenga dzina "Kampflieder" - "nyimbo zolimbana." Eisler adabwera ku mtundu uwu m'njira yovuta.

Hans Eisler anabadwira ku Leipzig, koma sanakhale kuno kwa nthawi yayitali, zaka zinayi zokha. Anakhala ubwana ndi unyamata wake ku Vienna. Maphunziro a nyimbo anayamba ali aang'ono, ali ndi zaka 12 amayesa kulemba. Popanda thandizo la aphunzitsi, kuphunzira kokha zitsanzo za nyimbo zodziwika kwa iye, Eisler analemba nyimbo zake zoyamba, zolembedwa ndi dilettantism. Ali mnyamata, Eisler amalowa m'gulu la achinyamata osintha zinthu, ndipo nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse itayamba, amatenga nawo mbali pakupanga ndi kufalitsa mabuku ofalitsa nkhani zolimbana ndi nkhondoyo.

Anali ndi zaka 18 pamene anapita kunkhondo monga msilikali. Pano, kwa nthawi yoyamba, nyimbo ndi malingaliro osintha adadutsa m'maganizo mwake, ndipo nyimbo zoyamba zinawuka - mayankho ku zenizeni zomuzungulira.

Pambuyo pa nkhondo, kubwerera ku Vienna, Eisler analowa Conservatory ndipo anakhala wophunzira wa Arnold Schoenberg, mlengi wa dongosolo dodecaphonic, cholinga kuwononga mfundo zaka zambiri za logic nyimbo ndi chuma aesthetics nyimbo. Muzochita zophunzitsira zazaka zimenezo, Schoenberg adatembenukira ku nyimbo zachikale, kutsogolera ophunzira ake kuti alembe motsatira malamulo ovomerezeka omwe ali ndi miyambo yakuya.

Zaka zimene anathera m’kalasi la Schoenberg (1918-1923) zinapatsa Eisler mwaŵi wa kuphunzira zoyambira za luso lopeka. M'ma sonata ake a piyano, Quintet wa zida zamphepo, kwaya pa mavesi a Heine, timitu tating'ono ta mawu, chitoliro, clarinet, viola ndi cello, zolembera zolimba komanso zigawo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zikuwonekera, choyamba, mwachilengedwe, kukopa. wa mphunzitsi, Schoenberg.

Eisler amalumikizana kwambiri ndi atsogoleri a luso lakwaya la amateur, lomwe lapangidwa kwambiri ku Austria, ndipo posakhalitsa amakhala m'modzi mwa akatswiri okonda kwambiri maphunziro anyimbo m'malo ogwirira ntchito. Lingaliro la "Music and Revolution" limakhala lokhazikika komanso losawonongeka kwa moyo wake wonse. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amamva kufunikira kwamkati kuti akonzenso malo okongola omwe Schoenberg ndi gulu lake adachita. Kumapeto kwa 1924, Eisler anasamukira ku Berlin, kumene moyo wa anthu ogwira ntchito ku Germany ukugunda kwambiri, kumene chikoka cha Communist Party chikukulirakulira tsiku ndi tsiku, kumene zolankhula za Ernst Thalmann zimasonyeza mwachidwi kwa anthu ogwira ntchito. Ndi chiwopsezo chanji chomwe chimadzadza ndikuchitapo kanthu mwachangu, kulunjika ku fascism.

Zochita zoyamba za Eisler monga wolemba zidayambitsa chipongwe chenicheni ku Berlin. Chifukwa chake chinali kasewero ka mawu omveka pamawu obwerekedwa kuchokera ku malonda a nyuzipepala. Ntchito yomwe Eisler adadzipangira yekha inali yomveka bwino: mwadala prosaism, mwa tsiku ndi tsiku, kumenya "mbama pamaso pa anthu kukoma", kutanthauza zokonda za anthu a m'tauni, philistines, monga Russian futurists ankachita mu zolemba ndi pakamwa. Otsutsawo adachita moyenerera pakuchita kwa "Zotsatsa m'manyuzipepala", osasankha mawu otukwana ndi mawu achipongwe.

Eisler mwiniyo adachita nawo gawoli ndi "Zilengezo" modabwitsa, pozindikira kuti chisangalalo cha chipwirikiti ndi zonyansa m'dambo la philistine siziyenera kuwonedwa ngati chochitika chachikulu. Kupitiliza ubwenzi womwe adayamba nawo ku Vienna ndi ogwira ntchito osachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, Eisler adalandira mwayi wokulirapo ku Berlin, kulumikiza zochitika zake ndi sukulu ya ogwira ntchito ya Marxist, imodzi mwamalo opangira malingaliro okonzedwa ndi Komiti Yaikulu ya Chipani cha Communist ku Germany. Apa ndipamene ubwenzi wake wolenga ndi olemba ndakatulo Bertolt Brecht ndi Erich Weinert, ndi olemba Karl Rankl, Vladimir Vogl, Ernst Meyer anakhazikitsidwa.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 20s inali nthawi ya kupambana kwathunthu kwa jazi, zachilendo zomwe zinawonekera ku Germany pambuyo pa nkhondo ya 1914-18. Eisler amakopeka ndi jazi wanthawizo osati ndi kuusa mtima kwamtima, osati ndi kumvera chisoni kwa foxtrot pang'onopang'ono, komanso osati ndi phokoso la kuvina kwa shimmy panthawiyo - amayamikira kwambiri kumveka kwa kamvekedwe kake, chinsalu chosawonongeka cha gululi yoguba, pomwe nyimbo za nyimbo zimawonekera bwino. Umu ndi momwe nyimbo za Eisler ndi ma ballads zimayambira, zikuyandikira mumayendedwe awo oyimba nthawi zina kumalankhulidwe, mwa zina - nyimbo zachi German, koma nthawi zonse kutengera kugonjera kwathunthu kwa woimbayo kumayendedwe achitsulo (nthawi zambiri akuyenda) , pazochitika zomvetsa chisoni, zolankhula. Kutchuka kwakukulu kumapindula ndi nyimbo monga "Comintern" ("Factories, dzukani!"), "Song of Solidarity" ku malemba a Bertolt Brecht:

Anthu a padziko lapansi adzuke, Aphatikize mphamvu zawo, Akhale dziko laufulu Dziko lapansi litidyetse!

Kapena nyimbo monga "Nyimbo za Cotton Pickers", "Asilikali a Chidambo", "Ukwati Wofiyira", "Nyimbo ya Mkate Wosatha", yomwe idatchuka m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi ndipo idakumana ndi tsogolo la luso losintha kwambiri: chikondi ndi chikondi cha magulu ena a anthu ndi chidani cha adani awo.

Eisler amatembenukiranso ku mawonekedwe owonjezera, ku ballad, koma apa samabweretsa zovuta zomveka kwa woimbayo - tessitura, tempo. Chilichonse chimasankhidwa ndi chilakolako, njira zotanthauzira, ndithudi, pamaso pa mawu oyenera. Kasewero kameneka ndi koyenera kwambiri kwa Ernst Busch, mwamuna ngati Eisler yemwe adadzipereka yekha ku nyimbo ndi kusintha. Wosewera wochititsa chidwi yemwe ali ndi zithunzi zambiri zojambulidwa ndi iye: Iago, Mephistopheles, Galileo, ngwazi zamasewera a Friedrich Wolf, Bertolt Brecht, Lion Feuchtwanger, Georg Buchner - anali ndi mawu achilendo oimba, a baritone of high metal timbre. Lingaliro lodabwitsa la rhythm, mawu omveka bwino, ophatikizana ndi luso lochita masewero olimbitsa thupi, adamuthandiza kupanga chithunzi chonse cha zithunzi zamagulu amtundu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku nyimbo yosavuta kupita ku dithyramb, kabuku, kalankhulidwe ka oratorical propaganda. Ndizovuta kulingalira kufanana kwenikweni pakati pa cholinga cha woimbayo ndi mawonekedwe ake kuposa gulu la Eisler-Bush. Kuimba kwawo limodzi nyimbo ya balladi yakuti “Secret Campaign Against the Soviet Union” (Balladi imeneyi imadziwika kuti “Anxious March”) ndi “Ballads of the Disabled War” inachititsa chidwi kwambiri.

Maulendo a Eisler ndi Bush ku Soviet Union m'zaka za m'ma 30, misonkhano yawo ndi olemba Soviet, olemba, zokambirana ndi AM Gorky adasiya chidwi chachikulu osati m'makumbukiro okha, komanso muzochita zenizeni, popeza ochita masewera ambiri adatengera kutanthauzira kwa Bush. , ndi olemba - kalembedwe kake ka Eisler. Nyimbo zosiyana monga "Polyushko-field" ndi L. Knipper, "Apa asilikali akubwera" ndi K. Molchanov, "alamu a Buchenwald" ndi V. Muradeli, "Ngati anyamata a dziko lonse lapansi" ndi V. Solovyov-Sedoy , ndi chiyambi chawo chonse, anatengera kwa Eisler mawu omveka bwino, omveka bwino, komanso omveka bwino.

Kubwera kwa chipani cha Nazi kulamulira kudayika malire mu mbiri ya Hans Eisler. Kumbali imodzi inali gawo lomwe limagwirizanitsidwa ndi Berlin, ndi zaka khumi za chipani chachikulu ndi ntchito yopeka, ina - zaka zoyendayenda, zaka khumi ndi zisanu zakusamuka, choyamba ku Ulaya ndiyeno ku USA.

Pamene mu 1937 a Republican aku Spain adakweza mbendera yolimbana ndi magulu achifwamba a Mussolini, Hitler ndi zotsutsana zawo, Hans Eisler ndi Ernst Busch adapezeka ali mgulu la magulu a Republican phewa ndi phewa ndi odzipereka omwe adathamangira kuchokera kumayiko ambiri. kukathandiza abale a ku Spain. Apa, m'ngalande za Guadalajara, Campus, Toledo, nyimbo zongopeka ndi Eisler zidamveka. "March of the Fifth Regiment" ndi "Nyimbo ya Januware 7" idayimbidwa ndi onse aku Republican Spain. Nyimbo za Eisler zinamveka ngati zakusamvera mofanana ndi mawu a Dolores Ibarruri akuti: “Kuli bwino kufa uli chiimire kusiyana ndi kukhala wogwada.”

Ndipo pamene magulu ankhondo ophatikizana a fascism ananyonga Republican Spain, pamene chiwopsezo cha nkhondo yapadziko lonse chinakhala chenicheni, Eisler anasamukira ku America. Apa akupereka mphamvu zake kwa pedagogy, zisudzo konsati, kupanga nyimbo filimu. Mu mtundu uwu, Eisler adayamba kugwira ntchito kwambiri atasamukira ku likulu la cinema yaku America - Los Angeles.

Ndipo, ngakhale nyimbo zake zidayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi opanga mafilimu ndipo adalandiranso mphotho zovomerezeka, ngakhale Eisler adakondwera ndi chithandizo chaubwenzi cha Charlie Chaplin, moyo wake ku States sunali wokoma. Wopeka wachikomyunizimuyo sanadzutse chifundo cha akuluakulu a boma, makamaka pakati pa awo amene, ali pa ntchito, anafunikira “kutsata malingaliro.”

Kulakalaka Germany kumawonekera m'zolemba zambiri za Eisler. Mwina chinthu champhamvu kwambiri chiri mu nyimbo yaing'ono "Germany" ku mavesi a Brecht.

Mapeto a chisoni changa Inu muli kutali tsopano madzulo atakuta Kumwamba ndi kwanu. Tsiku latsopano lidzabwera Kodi mukukumbukira kambirimbiri Nyimbo yomwe anthu a ku ukapolo anaimba Mu nthawi yowawa iyi

Nyimbo ya nyimboyi ili pafupi ndi chikhalidwe cha Chijeremani komanso nthawi yomweyo nyimbo zomwe zinakulira pa miyambo ya Weber, Schubert, Mendelssohn. Kumveka bwino kwambiri kwa nyimboyi kumasonyeza kuti mtsinjewu unasefukira kuchokera kukuya kwauzimu.

Mu 1948, Hans Eisler anaphatikizidwa m’ndandanda wa “alendo osafunika,” anali mlandu. Monga momwe wofufuza wina akunenera, "Mkulu wina wa McCarthyist anamutcha Karl Marx wa nyimbo. Wolemba nyimboyo anatsekeredwa m’ndende.” Ndipo patangopita nthawi yochepa, ngakhale kuti Charlie Chaplin, Pablo Picasso ndi akatswiri ena ambiri aluso adachitapo kanthu, "dziko laufulu ndi demokalase" linatumiza Hans Eisler ku Ulaya.

Akuluakulu a ku Britain anayesa kutsatira anzawo akunja ndipo anakana kulandira alendo a Eisler. Kwa nthawi ndithu Eisler amakhala ku Vienna. Anasamukira ku Berlin mu 1949. Misonkhano ndi Bertolt Brecht ndi Ernst Busch inali yosangalatsa, koma chosangalatsa kwambiri chinali msonkhano ndi anthu omwe anaimba nyimbo zonse za Eisler za nkhondo isanayambe ndi nyimbo zake zatsopano. Pano ku Berlin, Eisler analemba nyimbo ya mawu a Johannes Becher "Tidzauka kuchokera m'mabwinja ndi kumanga tsogolo labwino", lomwe linali Nyimbo Yadziko Lonse la German Democratic Republic.

Tsiku lobadwa la Eisler la 1958 lidakondweretsedwa mwaulemu mu 60. Anapitilizabe kulemba nyimbo zambiri zamasewera ndi makanema. Ndipo kachiwiri, Ernst Busch, amene anapulumuka mozizwitsa m’ndende za Nazi, anaimba nyimbo za bwenzi lake ndi mnzake. Panthawiyi "Kumanzere kwa March" ku mavesi a Mayakovsky.

Pa September 7, 1962, Hans Eisler anamwalira. Dzina lake linaperekedwa ku Higher School of Music ku Berlin.

Si ntchito zonse zomwe zatchulidwa munkhani yayifupi iyi. Chofunika kwambiri chimaperekedwa ku nyimboyo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, chipinda cha Eisler ndi nyimbo za symphonic, makonzedwe ake amatsenga a nyimbo za Bertolt Brecht, ndi nyimbo za mafilimu ambiri sizinalowe m'mbiri ya Eisler, komanso mbiri ya chitukuko cha mitundu imeneyi. Njira za unzika, kukhulupirika ku zolinga za chisinthiko, chifuniro ndi luso la woimba, yemwe amadziwa anthu ake ndikuimba nawo limodzi - zonsezi zinapereka kusatsutsika kwa nyimbo zake, chida champhamvu cha woimbayo.