Mitundu itatu yayikulu mu nyimbo
Zamkatimu
Pali mitundu itatu yayikulu. Monga momwe zilili ndi zazing'ono, izi ndi zachilengedwe, zamtundu wa harmonic ndi melodic.
Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane mbali za mtundu uliwonse.
zazikulu zachilengedwe
Uwu ndiye mulingo wosavuta kwambiri, womangidwa molingana ndi mfundo yosinthira matani ndi ma semitones: "2 tones - semitone - 3 tones - semitone." Pazonse, pali masitepe asanu ndi atatu oimba pamlingo wotere (I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII ndi kachiwiri I).
Ndipo, molingana ndi kapangidwe kake ka sikelo iyi, pakati pa masitepe a I ndi II payenera kukhala mtunda wa liwu limodzi lonse, pakati pa masitepe a II ndi III payeneranso kukhala liwu lonse, masitepe a III ndi IV ndi theka. kamvekedwe padera (semitone). Kupitilira apo, molingana ndi njira yomweyi, pakati pa masitepe a IV ndi V, V ndi VI, VI ndi VII, muyeneranso kutenga kamvekedwe kathunthu kuti mugwire ntchito. Pomaliza, semitone imatseka unyolo pakati pa VII ndi I sitepe yobwerezedwa pamwambapa.
Tapenda kale mwatsatanetsatane njira yopangira masikelo molingana ndi ndondomekoyi mu phunziro la "Frame in Music: Major and Minor" - kumeneko mungapeze zitsanzo ndi mafotokozedwe a matani ndi semitones.
Kuti tifupikitse, tiyeni tione chitsanzo chimodzi chokha. Tinene kuti tifunika kupeza A lalikulu (matchulidwe a zilembo - A-dur). Sikelo iyi imayamba ndi phokoso LA ndipo imathera nayo. Chifukwa chake, poyambira, titha kungolemba kuchuluka kwa zolemba kuchokera ku LA kupita ku yotsatira, yapamwamba LA, ndiye kuti, kupanga mtundu wopanda kanthu.
Kenako, muyenera kuyika zinthu moyenera munjira iyi, malinga ndi ndondomekoyi. Pakhoza kukhala zizindikiro zina za kusintha - zakuthwa kapena zophwanyika. Kuti zikhale zosavuta komanso zomveka bwino, pogwira ntchito ndi ma toni ndi ma semitones, panthawiyi nthawi zambiri amalangizidwa kugwiritsa ntchito kiyibodi ya piyano.
MFUPI ZA TONES NDI SEMITONES
Kumbukirani kuti ngati pali wakuda wowalekanitsa pakati pa makiyi awiri oyandikana a piyano, ndiye kuti mtunda pakati pawo udzakhala wofanana ndi toni imodzi (mwachitsanzo, FA ndi SOL, LA ndi SI).
Ngati palibe wakuda wolekanitsa, ngati makiyi awiri oyera amalumikizana mwachindunji ndipo ndi oyandikana nawo pafupi wina ndi mzake, ndiye kuti mtunda pakati pawo udzakhala wofanana ndi theka la toni (pali mipata iwiri yokha pa kiyibodi - MI-FA ndi SI-DO).
Komanso, semitone ndi mtunda pakati pa makiyi awiri apafupi (nthawi zambiri ophatikizana - akuda ndi oyera kapena oyera ndi akuda). Mwachitsanzo: C ndi C-Sharp kapena C-SHARP ndi RE, etc.
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Chifukwa chake, tiyeni tibweretse mtunda pakati pa masitepe a workpiece yathu molingana ndi chilinganizo chachikulu chachilengedwe.
| ZOKHUDZA | DISTANCE MALINGA NDI FORMULA | KULIMA |
| I-II | kamvekedwe | LA ndi SI - pakati pa zolembazi pali liwu limodzi lonse, monga momwe ziyenera kukhalira, palibe kusintha komwe kumafunika apa, tiyeni tipitirire. |
| II-III | kamvekedwe | SI ndi DO - pakati pa phokosoli ndi semitone, koma ndondomekoyi imafuna liwu lonse, kotero kuwongolera kumafunika apa. Popeza tilibe semitone imodzi ku liwu lonse, timawonjezera pokweza cholemba DO - timatenga DO-SHARP, potero tikuwonjezera mtunda, ndipo tili ndi chizindikiro choyamba. |
| III-IV | Semitone | C-SHARP ndi RE - semitone: momwe ziyenera kukhalira. Monga mukuwonera, kusintha kwa malo am'mbuyomu kunali ndi phindu panonso: chifukwa chake, tili ndi dongosolo lathunthu kumbali zonse ziwiri. |
| IV-V | kamvekedwe | RE ndi MI - kamvekedwe kake, monga momwe ziyenera kukhalira, tiyeni tipitirire. |
| V-VI | kamvekedwe | MI ndi FA ndi semitones, koma muyenera kamvekedwe lonse. Timachotsa drawback iyi, kuwonjezera FA siteji, kutenga FA-SHARP m'malo, ndipo tsopano mtunda pakati pa MI ndi FA-SHARP magawo wakhala tani lonse. |
| XNUMX-XNUMX | kamvekedwe | F-SHARP ndi SALT - kachiwiri semitone, ndipo kachiwiri, molingana ndi ndondomeko, toni ikufunika. Timachita chimodzimodzi - timawonjezera zosowa, ndipo motero timapeza SALT-SHARP. |
| VII-I | Semitone | G-SHARP ndi LA - semitone, monga ziyenera kukhalira, zonse ziri bwino apa. |
Pogwira ntchito pa sikeloyo, tinali ndi zilembo zitatu zatsopano, zakuthwa zitatu - F-SHARP, C-SHARP ndi SOL-SHARP. Chifukwa cha maonekedwe awo ndi kugwirizana kwa ziwerengero za phokoso ndi ndondomeko ya mlingo waukulu. Ngati chimodzi mwa zizindikirozi sichinavomerezedwe, ndiye kuti sikelo yaikulu yeniyeni sikanagwira ntchito, ndiko kuti, idzamveka ngati fungulo laling'ono kapena mwanjira ina.
Komabe, kuti mudziwe kuti ndi mapiko kapena ma flats ati omwe akuyenera kukhalapo pamlingo umodzi kapena wina wachilengedwe, sikofunikira konse kumanganso sikelo molingana ndi chilinganizo nthawi iliyonse. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito tebulo lazotsatira zomwe zapangidwa - zomwe zimatchedwa makiyi asanu, komanso kuphunzira momwe mungadziwire zizindikiro m'makiyi nthawi yomweyo malinga ndi njira yomwe tafotokozera m'phunziro "Momwe mungakumbukire zizindikiro mu makiyi." Woimba waluso sayenera kuganiza kwa mphindi zingapo za zizindikiro zomwe zili pamlingo wina, koma ayenera kungodziwa "kuwirikiza kawiri" (phunzirani, kuloweza, mbuye).
NJIRA YOZINDIKIRA ZIZINDIKIRO M MAKHIYI AKULUAKULU
Tiyeni tikumbukire mwachidule chiyambi cha njira yodziwira zizindikiro mwachangu m'makiyi akulu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chilinganizo cha kapangidwe ka sikelo yayikulu. Muyenera kukumbukira nthawi zonse dongosolo lolondola la makiyi akuthwa ndi ma flats. Dongosolo lakuthwa ndi FA DO SOL RE LA MI SI. Lathyathyathya dongosolo: SI MI LA RE SOL DO FA.
Malamulo 1. Ngati fungulo lili lakuthwa, ndiye kuti lakuthwa komaliza mu sikelo ndi sitepe imodzi yotsika kuposa tonic.
Mwachitsanzo, mu fungulo la B lalikulu: tonic ndi SI, ndipo lakuthwa lomaliza lidzakhala sitepe yotsika kuposa SI, ndiko kuti, LA. Pazonse, padzakhala 5 yakuthwa mu C yaikulu: FA DO SOL RE LA (tikunena zonse mwadongosolo, timayima pa "potsiriza" LA SHARP).
Malamulo 2. Ngati tonality ndi yathyathyathya, ndiye kuti tidziwe zizindikiro zomwe timapita mu dongosolo la ma flats, timafika pa tonic yomwe timafunikira ndikuwonjezeranso, chotsatira chotsatira.
Mwachitsanzo, mu kiyi ya A-flat major, tonic ndi phokoso la A-flat. Timapita mu dongosolo la ma flats: SI, MI, LA (pano tafika ku tonic) + timagwira RE yotsatira yokhazikika. Pazonse, pali ma flats 4 mu A-flat major: SI MI LA ndi RE.
Kodi mungadziwe bwanji ngati fungulo ndi lakuthwa kapena lathyathyathya? Zosavuta kwambiri. Makiyi a Flat nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawu oti "flat" m'dzina lawo (mwachitsanzo, B-flat major, MI-flat major, C-flat major). M'dzina la makiyi akuthwa, masitepe osavuta osasinthika amawonekera, kapena pali mawu oti "lakuthwa" (mwachitsanzo, G wamkulu, E wamkulu, F-lakuthwa kwambiri).
Komabe, pali zosiyana ndi lamuloli, awa ndi makiyi akuluakulu awiri omwe ayenera kukumbukiridwa: C yaikulu (palibe zotchinga kapena zophwanyika konse) ndi F yaikulu (pali B-flat imodzi mmenemo, ngakhale kuti palibe mawu oti "flat" m'dzina la kiyi).
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Zachilengedwe zazikulu ndizofala kwambiri mu nyimbo zachikale komanso nyimbo zachikale zopangidwa ndi oimba. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, nyimbo ya National Anthem ya Chitaganya cha Russia inalembedwa mu kiyi ya chilengedwe C yaikulu.
Harmonic Major
Mu zazikulu za harmonic, mosiyana ndi zachilengedwe, digiri yachisanu ndi chimodzi imatsitsidwa. The kuchepa kumachitika ndi theka kamvekedwe ntchito lathyathyathya chizindikiro (ngati pamaso kuchepa sitepe anali cholemba koyera, ndiye, popanda kusintha), pawiri lathyathyathya (ngati pamaso kuchepa sitepe anali kale otsika, lathyathyathya), kapena ntchito bekar chizindikiro (zimenezo , ngati sitepe inali cholemba lakuthwa pamaso kugwa).
Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mu harmonic E-flat yaikulu (Es-dur), kuwonjezera pa ma flats ake atatu (SI, MI, LA-FLAT), C-FLAT (VI yochepetsedwa sitepe) idzawonekeranso. Mu harmonic B-yaikulu (H-dur), chifukwa chotsitsa sitepe yachisanu ndi chimodzi, G-BECAR idzawonekera (mu fungulo ili, sitepe yoyambirira, yachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi G-SHARP).
Harmonic idachepetsa digiri ya VI pakusintha kwakukulu kwa masikelo, komanso kumapangitsa kuwoneka kwatsopano komanso kutsika kwakanthawi munjira iyi. Kotero, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa III ndi VI digirii yotsika, nthawi yochepetsera yachinayi (mphindi 4) imapangidwa, yomwe siili mu zazikulu zachilengedwe. Pakati pa VI yochepetsedwa ndi masitepe a VII pali nthawi yowonjezera yachiwiri (uv.2).
Kuphatikiza apo, kusintha sitepe imodzi yokha kumakhudzanso mapangidwe a chords mu kiyi. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha VI kuchepetsedwa sitepe, subdominant triad - S53 (subdominant ndi IV sitepe, imodzi mwa masitepe waukulu wa mode) amakhala ang'onoang'ono, pamene yaikulu zachilengedwe anali yaikulu. Utatu wa digiri ya VI, yomwe inali yaying'ono mu zazikulu zachilengedwe, imawonjezeka (Uv.53).
Kutsitsa kwa digiri yachisanu ndi chimodzi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi oimba mosangalala kuti awonjezere luso la nyimbo, kuti apange phokoso latsopano la phokoso. Kupatula apo, chodabwitsa chaching'ono chosayembekezereka m'mikhalidwe yachisoni chachikulu chimapanga mithunzi yofewa, kumveka kwachilendo, nthawi zina kumabweretsa mitundu yakum'mawa. Chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti njira zosavuta izi sizimawonekera kwa omvera, kutsika kwa sitepe ya VI nthawi zonse kumawonedwa mwapadera.
Kuti inu nokha muthe kuyamikira kukongola ndi phokoso losangalatsa la harmonic yaikulu, tikukulimbikitsani kuti mumvetsere chitsanzo kuchokera ku mabuku oimba. Ichi ndi nyimbo ya opera NA Rimsky-Korsakov "Usiku Usanafike Khirisimasi".
melodic wamkulu
M'mayimbidwe akuluakulu, masitepe awiri amasintha nthawi imodzi - VI ndi VII, ndipo amatsikanso. Komabe, sikelo ya melodic ndi yapadera; mosiyana ndi zachilengedwe ndi za harmonic, zimakhala zosiyana pamene zikuyenda mmwamba ndi pansi. Kotero, mu nyimbo zazikuluzikulu za nyimbo palibe kusintha panthawi yopita kumtunda, ndiko kuti, zazikulu zachibadwa zachibadwa zimaseweredwa kapena kuimbidwa, ndipo pokhapokha pamene mukuyenda pansi masitepe a VI ndi VII amatsikira.
Kotero, mwachitsanzo, mu melodic E-flat yaikulu (ife tikudziwa kale - "zathu" zitatu: SI, MI, LA) padzakhalanso D-flat ndi C-flat. Mu melodic C yaikulu (zanu zakuthwa zisanu: FA, DO, SOL, RE, LA), mukuyenda pansi padzakhala LA-BECAR NDI SO-BECAR.
Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, melodic yaikulu ndi yofanana kwambiri ndi mawu ang'onoang'ono a dzina lomwelo. Monga mukudziwira, makiyi a dzina lomwelo (mwachitsanzo, B wamkulu ndi B wamng'ono, C wamkulu ndi C wamng'ono, ndi zina zotero) amasiyana ndi masitepe atatu okha - III, VI ndi VII (pazing'onozing'ono ndi otsika, komanso akuluakulu. iwo ndi okwera). Kotero, chinthu chokha chomwe chimasiyanitsa melodic chachikulu ndi chaching'ono chachirengedwe ndi sitepe yachitatu, pamene sitepe yachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri pankhaniyi ndi yotsika ndipo chifukwa chake imagwirizana.
Zotsatira zaluso zogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wanyimbo zazikuluzikulu nthawi zambiri zimatengera masewerawa ndi zazikulu ndi zazing'ono: tikuwoneka kuti tili mu kiyi yaing'ono, koma zimakhala kuti sitiri (mtundu wa snag)!
Tiyeni tichitenso
Choncho, mu nyimbo pali mitundu itatu yaikulu: zachilengedwe, harmonic ndi melodic.
- chilengedwe chachikulu sikelo imapezeka ndi mgwirizano woterewu pakati pa phokoso: "matani 2 - semitone - matani 3 - semitone".
- Harmonic Major - sitepe yachisanu ndi chimodzi imatsitsidwa mmenemo.
- melodic wamkulu - posunthira mmwamba, palibe chomwe chimasintha, koma pamene mukuyenda pansi, masitepe asanu ndi limodzi ndi asanu ndi awiri amatsika.
Zochita zochepa
Kuti muphatikize, tikukulimbikitsani kuti muyesere pang'ono. Ntchitoyi ili motere: kujambula ndi kusewera (kapena kuimba / kunena) masikelo achilengedwe, ma harmonic ndi oimba mu makiyi a G-dur, B-dur.
ONANI MAYANKHO:
Mphamvu ya G-dur ndi G yaikulu, ndi yakuthwa, komanso, pali chizindikiro chimodzi chokha - F-charp. Mu Harmonic G yayikulu, digiri ya VI yotsitsidwa ndi MI-FLAT. Mu melodic G yaikulu - posunthira pansi, zizindikiro za FA-BEKAR (zochepetsedwa VII digiri) ndi MI-FLAT (zochepetsedwa VI) zidzawonekera.
Kiyi ya B-dur ndi B-flat yayikulu, yosalala. Zizindikiro zazikulu ndi SI-FLAT ndi MI-FLAT. Mu harmonic B-flat yaikulu - timawonjezera chizindikiro chosasinthika mu G-flat (popeza sitepe yachisanu ndi chimodzi idatsitsidwa). Mu melodic scale, pamene tikukwera, palibe chomwe chimasintha, koma tikatsika, timadutsa A-FLAT ndi G-FLAT (masitepe otsika, malinga ndi lamulo).
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Tabulo lalikulu
Ngati kuyang'ana mu masikelo kumakubweretseranibe zovuta, ndiye kwa nthawi yoyamba mutha kugwiritsa ntchito tebulo lathu ndi malingaliro kuti mudziyese nokha. Pakapita nthawi, zonse zikhala bwino, ndipo mudzayenda mamba mosavuta komanso mwachilengedwe monga momwe nsomba imasambira m'madzi.
Ndiye kodi tebulolo lili ndi chiyani? Choyamba, syllabic ndi zilembo za fungulo lalikulu (mwa njira, pali 15 okha). Kachiwiri, zizindikiro zazikulu zomwe zimapanga mtundu wanu woyamba - wachilengedwe - wa gamma. Mizati yachitatu ndi yachinayi ikuwonetsa kusintha komwe kumachitika mumitundu yamasikelo a harmonic ndi melodic.
Chifukwa chake, malinga ndi tebulo ili, mumlingo wachilengedwe wa D wamkulu pali zizindikiro zazikulu zokha: F-SHARP ndi C-SHARP. The harmonic D yaikulu imaphatikizapo B-flat, melodic D-major imaphatikizapo C-BECAR ndi B-flat.
Kapena chitsanzo china: A-flat major ndi achilengedwe - pali ma flats anayi okha pamlingo wake: SI, MI, LA, RE. Mu mawonekedwe a harmonic, F-FLAT idzawonjezedwa kwa iwo, ndipo mu mawonekedwe a nyimbo, F-FLAT ndi G-FLAT zidzawonjezedwa.
Ndizo zonse pakadali pano. Tikuwonani m'maphunziro otsatirawa!
Mukhozanso Mukufuna
Phokoso la nyimbo ndi katundu wake
Za Harmonic microchromatics
