Hans Knappertsbusch |

Hans Knappertbusch

Okonda nyimbo, oimba anzawo ku Germany ndi mayiko ena amangomutcha kuti "Kna" mwachidule. Koma kuseri kwa dzina lodziwika bwinoli kunali ulemu waukulu kwa wojambula wodabwitsa, mmodzi wa Mohicans otsiriza a sukulu yakale ya German conductor. Hans Knappertsbusch anali woimba-filosofi komanso panthawi imodzimodziyo woimba wachikondi - "wotsiriza wachikondi pa podium", monga Ernst Krause anamutcha. Chilichonse cha machitidwe ake chinakhala chochitika chenicheni cha nyimbo: chinatsegula malingaliro atsopano kwa omvera mu nyimbo zodziwika bwino nthawi zina.

Pamene chithunzi chochititsa chidwi cha wojambula uyu chinawonekera pa siteji, mkangano wina wapadera unauka muholoyo, yomwe sinasiye oimba ndi omvera mpaka kumapeto. Zinkawoneka kuti zonse zomwe ankachita zinali zosavuta, nthawi zina zosavuta. Mayendedwe a Knappertsbusch anali odekha modabwitsa, osakhudza chilichonse. Nthawi zambiri, panthawi zovuta kwambiri, adasiya kuchititsa, kutsitsa manja ake, ngati kuti akuyesera kuti asasokoneze kuyenda kwa lingaliro la nyimbo ndi manja ake. Lingaliro linapangidwa kuti gulu la oimba likuimba lokha, koma linali lodziimira palokha: mphamvu ya talente ya kondakitala ndi kuwerengera kwake mwaluso kunali kwa oimba omwe anatsala okha ndi nyimbo. Ndipo nthawi zina pachimake pomwe Knappertsbusch mwadzidzidzi adaponya manja ake akuluakulu m'mwamba ndi m'mbali - ndipo kuphulika kumeneku kunakhudza kwambiri omvera.

Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner ndi Wagner ndi olemba omwe kumasulira kwawo Knappertsbusch adafika patali. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kutanthauzira kwake kwa ntchito za olemba opambana kaŵirikaŵiri kunayambitsa mkangano waukulu, ndipo kunkawoneka kwa ambiri kukhala akuchoka pamwambo. Koma kwa Knappertsbusch kunalibe malamulo ena kusiyapo nyimbo zokha. Mulimonse momwe zingakhalire, lero zojambula zake za ma symphonies a Beethoven, Brahms ndi Bruckner, zisudzo za Wagner, ndi ntchito zina zambiri zakhala chitsanzo cha kuwerenga kwamakono kwa classics.

Kwa zaka zopitilira theka, Knappertsbusch yakhala imodzi mwamalo otsogola m'moyo wanyimbo ku Europe. Mu unyamata wake, iye ankafuna kukhala wafilosofi, ndipo ndi zaka makumi awiri okha potsiriza anakonda nyimbo. Kuyambira 1910, Knappertsbusch wakhala akugwira ntchito m'nyumba za opera m'mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya ku Germany - Elberfeld, Leipzig, Dessau, ndipo mu 1922 adalowa m'malo mwa B. Walter, akutsogolera Munich Opera. Ndiye anali odziwika bwino m'dziko lonselo, ngakhale kuti anali wamng'ono "General Music Director" m'mbiri ya Germany.

Panthawiyo, kutchuka kwa Knappertsbush kunafalikira ku Ulaya konse. Ndipo limodzi mwa mayiko oyamba kuyamikira luso lake linali Soviet Union. Knappertsbusch adayendera USSR katatu, ndikusiya chidwi chosaiwalika ndi kutanthauzira kwake kwa nyimbo zachijeremani ndi "potsiriza adagonjetsa mitima ya omvera" (monga momwe olemba ndemanga adalembera panthawiyo) ndi machitidwe ake a Fifth Symphony ya Tchaikovsky. Umu ndi mmene magazini ya Life of Art inayankhira ku imodzi ya makonsati ake: “Chilankhulo chachilendo, chachilendo, chosinthika kwambiri ndi chobisika, chomwe nthawi zina sichimamveka bwino, koma mayendedwe omveka a nkhope, mutu, thupi lonse, zala. Knappertsbusch amayaka panthawi yochita masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi zokumana nazo zamkati zomwe zimawonekera mu mawonekedwe ake onse, zimapitilira kwa gulu la oimba ndikumupatsa matenda mosaletseka. Ku Knappertsbusch, luso limaphatikizidwa ndi malingaliro amphamvu komanso malingaliro. Zimenezi zimamuika m’gulu la makokitala odziwika kwambiri amakono.”

Anazi atayamba kulamulira ku Germany, Knappertsbusch anachotsedwa ntchito ku Munich. Kuwona mtima ndi kusasunthika kwa wojambulayo sikunali kosangalatsa kwa chipani cha Nazi. Anasamukira ku Vienna, kumene mpaka mapeto a nkhondo anachita zisudzo State Opera. Nkhondo itatha, wojambulayo sanachite kaŵirikaŵiri kuposa poyamba, koma konsati iliyonse kapena masewero a opera motsogozedwa ndi iye anapambanadi. Kuyambira 1951, wakhala akutenga nawo mbali pafupipafupi pazikondwerero za Bayreuth, komwe adachititsa Der Ring des Nibelungen, Parsifal, ndi Nuremberg Mastersingers. Pambuyo pa kubwezeretsedwa kwa German State Opera ku Berlin, mu 1955 Knappertsbusch anabwera ku GDR kuti azitsogolera Der Ring des Nibelungen. Ndipo kulikonse oimba ndi anthu ankachitira chidwi ndi wojambula wodabwitsayo ndi ulemu waukulu.

L. Grigoriev, J. Platek