Horn: kufotokoza kwa chida, kapangidwe, mbiri, mitundu, phokoso, momwe kusewera

French horn ndi chida choimbira cha gulu lamphepo, chomwe chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri kwa oimba. Mosiyana ndi ena, ali ndi kamvekedwe kofewa komanso kofewa, kosalala komanso kowoneka bwino, komwe kamapangitsa kuti athe kufotokoza zachisoni kapena zachisoni, komanso zachisangalalo, zosangalatsa.

nyanga ndi chiyani

Dzina la chida champhepo lachokera ku German "waldhorn", lomwe limatanthauza "nyanga ya nkhalango". Phokoso lake limatha kumveka mumagulu a symphony ndi amkuwa, komanso m'magulu ophatikizika ndi solo.

Nyanga zamakono za ku France zimapangidwa makamaka ndi mkuwa. Ali ndi mawu osangalatsa kwambiri omwe angasangalatse odziwa nyimbo zachikale. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa omwe adatsogolera - nyangayo idayamba ku Roma Yakale, komwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro.

Chida chipangizo

Kalelo m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, panali chida champhepo chotchedwa nyanga yachilengedwe. Mapangidwe ake amaimiridwa ndi chitoliro chachitali chokhala ndi pakamwa ndi belu. Panalibe mabowo, ma valve, zipata zomwe zimapangidwira, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka kukulitsa kwambiri ma tonal osiyanasiyana. Ndi milomo ya woimbayo yokha imene inkatulutsa mawu ndipo inkalamulira luso lonse loimba.

Pambuyo pake, dongosololi linasintha kwambiri. Mavavu ndi machubu owonjezera adalowetsedwa m'mapangidwewo, omwe adakulitsa kwambiri mwayi ndikupangitsa kuti zitheke kusinthana ndi kiyi yosiyana popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mzere wowonjezera wa "nkhokwe yankhondo". Ngakhale kuti ndi yaying'ono, kutalika kwa nyanga yamakono ya ku France ndi 350 cm. Kulemera kwake kumafika pafupifupi 2 kg.

Kodi lipenga limamveka bwanji?

Masiku ano, masanjidwewo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu F (mu Fa system). Kusiyanasiyana kwa lipenga pakumveka kuli pakati pa H1 (si contra-octave) mpaka f2 (fa yachiwiri octave). Zomveka zonse zapakatikati mu mndandanda wa chromatic zimagwera pamndandanda. Zolemba mu sikelo ya Fa zimalembedwa mu treble clef chachisanu kuposa phokoso lenileni, pomwe bass ndi gawo lachinayi.

Timbre ya lipenga mu kaundula wapansi ndi coarsized, kukumbukira bassoon kapena tuba. Pakatikati ndi kumtunda, phokosolo ndi lofewa komanso losalala pa piyano, lowala komanso losiyana pa forte. Kusinthasintha kotereku kumakupatsani mwayi wofotokozera zachisoni kapena zachisoni.

Mu 1971, bungwe la International Association of Horn Players linaganiza zopatsa chidacho dzina lakuti "nyanga".

History

Kholo la chidacho ndi lipenga, lomwe linapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro. Zida zoterezi sizinali zosiyana pakukhalitsa ndipo sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito kawirikawiri. Kenako anapangidwa ndi mkuwa. Chogulitsacho chinapatsidwa mawonekedwe a nyanga za nyama popanda frills.

Phokoso lazitsulo zazitsulo zakhala zomveka kwambiri komanso zosiyana kwambiri, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti zitheke kuzigwiritsa ntchito posaka, pabwalo lamilandu ndikuchita zochitika zamwambo. Makolo otchuka kwambiri a "nyanga ya m'nkhalango" analandira ku France pakati pa zaka za m'ma 17. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zana lotsatira chidacho chinalandira dzina lakuti "nyanga yachilengedwe".

M'zaka za zana la 18, kusintha kwakukulu kwa "nyanga ya m'nkhalango" ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwake m'magulu oimba nyimbo kunayamba. Ntchito yoyambira inali mu opera "The Princess of Elis" - ntchito ya JB Lully. Kapangidwe ka nyanga ya ku France ndi njira yoimbirayo zakhala zikusintha nthawi zonse. Woyimba nyanga Humple, kuti amveketse bwino, adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito tampon yofewa, ndikuyiyika mu belu. Posakhalitsa anaona kuti n’zotheka kutsekereza dzenje lotulukira ndi dzanja. Patapita nthawi, osewera ena amanyanga anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi.

Mapangidwewo adasintha kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, pomwe valavu idapangidwa. Wagner anali mmodzi mwa olemba oyambirira kugwiritsa ntchito chida chamakono muzolemba zake. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, nyanga yosinthidwayo inkatchedwa chromatic ndipo inalowa m'malo mwachilengedwe.

Mitundu ya nyanga

Malinga ndi mapangidwe ake, nyangazo zimagawidwa m'mitundu 4:

1. Wokwatiwa. Lipenga ili ndi ma valve atatu, phokoso lake limapezeka mu kamvekedwe ka Fa ndi ma octave 3 3/1.
2. Pawiri. Okonzeka ndi mavavu asanu. Ikhoza kusinthidwa mumitundu 4. Chiwerengero chomwecho cha ma octave.
3. Kuphatikiza. Makhalidwe ake ndi ofanana ndi mapangidwe awiri, koma ali ndi ma valve anayi.
4. Katatu. Zatsopano zosiyanasiyana. Idakhala ndi valavu yowonjezera, chifukwa chake mutha kufikira olembetsa apamwamba.

Mpaka pano, mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi iwiri. Komabe, katatu pang'onopang'ono kutchuka kwambiri chifukwa cha kumveka bwino komanso kapangidwe kake.

Kuyimba lipenga

Kusewera chidacho kumakupatsani mwayi wochita bwino zolemba zazitali ndi nyimbo zopumira kwambiri. Njirayi simafuna mpweya wambiri (kupatulapo zolembera zowopsya). Pakatikati pali gulu la valve lomwe limayang'anira kutalika kwa mzere wa mpweya. Chifukwa cha makina a valve, ndizotheka kutsitsa mawu achilengedwe. Dzanja lamanzere la woyimba nyanga lili pa makiyi a msonkhano wa valve. Mpweya umawomberedwa mu nyanga ya ku France kudzera mkamwa.

Pakati pa osewera nyanga, njira ziwiri zopezera mawu osowa a masikelo a diatonic ndi chromatic ndizofala. Yoyamba imakulolani kuti mupange phokoso "lotsekedwa". Njira yosewera imaphatikizapo kuphimba belu ndi dzanja ngati damper. Pa piyano, phokosolo limakhala lodekha, losamveka, lolira paphokoso, lokhala ndi manotsi osamveka.

Njira yachiwiri imalola chipangizocho kupanga phokoso "loyima". Kulandila kumaphatikizapo kuyambitsa nkhonya mu belu, yomwe imatsekereza potulukira. Phokoso limakwezedwa ndi theka la sitepe. Njira yotereyi, ikaseweredwa pamasinthidwe achilengedwe, idapereka phokoso la chromaticism. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito muzochitika zochititsa chidwi, pamene phokoso la piyano liyenera kulira ndikukhala lovuta komanso losokoneza, lakuthwa komanso lopweteka pa forte.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuphedwa ndi belu mmwamba ndikotheka. Njira imeneyi imapangitsa kuti phokoso la phokoso likhale lokwera kwambiri, komanso limapereka khalidwe lomvetsa chisoni kwa nyimbo.

Osewera nyanga otchuka

Kugwira ntchito pa chidacho kunadzetsa kutchuka kwa oimba ambiri. Zina mwa zodziwika kwambiri zakunja ndi:

• Ajeremani G. Bauman ndi P. Damm;
• Achingelezi A. Civil ndi D. Brain;
• Austrian II Leitgeb;
• Czech B. Radek.

Pakati pa mayina apanyumba, omwe amamveka kwambiri ndi awa:

• Vorontsov wotchedwa Dmitry Alexandrovich;
• Mikhail Nikolaevich Buyanovsky ndi mwana wake Vitaly Mikhailovich;
• Anatoly Sergeevich Demin;
• Valery Vladimirovich Polekh;
• Yana Denisovich Tamm;
• Anton Ivanovich Usov;
• Arkady Shilkloper.

Zojambula za French Horn

Mtsogoleri mu chiwerengero cha otchuka ndi Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Zina mwa izo ndi "Concerto for horn and orchestra No. 1 in D major", komanso No. 2-4, yolembedwa mu kalembedwe ka E-flat major.

Mwa nyimbo za Richard Strauss, zodziwika kwambiri ndi 2 concertos za lipenga ndi orchestra mu E-flat major.

Ntchito za wolemba nyimbo wa Soviet Reinhold Gliere amaonedwanso kuti ndi nyimbo zodziwika bwino. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi "Concerto for Horn ndi Orchestra mu B Flat Major".

M'nyanga yamakono ya ku France, pali zotsalira zochepa za makolo ake. Analandira ma octave ambiri, amatha kuwoneka ngati azeze kapena chida china chokongola. N’zosadabwitsa kuti ma bass ake otsimikizira moyo kapena mawu osamveka bwino angamveke m’ntchito za olemba ambiri.